Neuropsychological Effects of Caffeine: Is Caffeine Addictive? Md
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Additions and Deletions to the Drug Product List
Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drug Product List 40TH EDITION Cumulative Supplement Number 09 : September 2020 ADDITIONS/DELETIONS FOR PRESCRIPTION DRUG PRODUCT LIST ACETAMINOPHEN; BUTALBITAL; CAFFEINE TABLET;ORAL BUTALBITAL, ACETAMINOPHEN AND CAFFEINE >A> AA STRIDES PHARMA 325MG;50MG;40MG A 203647 001 Sep 21, 2020 Sep NEWA ACETAMINOPHEN; CODEINE PHOSPHATE SOLUTION;ORAL ACETAMINOPHEN AND CODEINE PHOSPHATE >D> AA WOCKHARDT BIO AG 120MG/5ML;12MG/5ML A 087006 001 Jul 22, 1981 Sep DISC >A> @ 120MG/5ML;12MG/5ML A 087006 001 Jul 22, 1981 Sep DISC TABLET;ORAL ACETAMINOPHEN AND CODEINE PHOSPHATE >A> AA NOSTRUM LABS INC 300MG;15MG A 088627 001 Mar 06, 1985 Sep CAHN >A> AA 300MG;30MG A 088628 001 Mar 06, 1985 Sep CAHN >A> AA ! 300MG;60MG A 088629 001 Mar 06, 1985 Sep CAHN >D> AA TEVA 300MG;15MG A 088627 001 Mar 06, 1985 Sep CAHN >D> AA 300MG;30MG A 088628 001 Mar 06, 1985 Sep CAHN >D> AA ! 300MG;60MG A 088629 001 Mar 06, 1985 Sep CAHN ACETAMINOPHEN; HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE TABLET;ORAL HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE AND ACETAMINOPHEN >A> @ CEROVENE INC 325MG;5MG A 211690 001 Feb 07, 2020 Sep CAHN >A> @ 325MG;7.5MG A 211690 002 Feb 07, 2020 Sep CAHN >A> @ 325MG;10MG A 211690 003 Feb 07, 2020 Sep CAHN >D> AA VINTAGE PHARMS 300MG;5MG A 090415 001 Jan 24, 2011 Sep DISC >A> @ 300MG;5MG A 090415 001 Jan 24, 2011 Sep DISC >D> AA 300MG;7.5MG A 090415 002 Jan 24, 2011 Sep DISC >A> @ 300MG;7.5MG A 090415 002 Jan 24, 2011 Sep DISC >D> AA 300MG;10MG A 090415 003 Jan 24, 2011 Sep DISC >A> @ 300MG;10MG A 090415 003 Jan 24, 2011 Sep DISC >D> @ XIROMED 325MG;5MG A 211690 -
Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Therapy Update: a Bibliography
LWW/JPNN AS310-13 July 28, 2004 23:11 Char Count= 0 J Perinat Neonat Nurs Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 292–306 c 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Therapy Update: A Bibliography Jason Sauberan, PharmD BIBLIOGRAPHY I. Overview A. Clark RH, Bloom BT, Gerstmann DR Medications Used in Neonatal Intensive Care Units—A Descriptive Study [abstract 3047]. In: Program and abstracts of the 2004 Pediatric Academic Societies’ Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA. B. Barr J, Brenner-Zada G, Heiman E, Pareth G, Bulkowstein M, Greenberg R, Berkovitch M. Unlicensed and off-label medication use in a neonatal intensive care unit: a prospective study. Am J Perinatol. 2002 Feb;19(2):67–72. C. O’Donnell CP, Stone RJ, Morley CJ. Unlicensed and off-label drug use in an Australian neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics. 2002 Nov;110(5):e52. D. Committee on Drugs. American Academy of Pediatrics. Uses of drugs not described in the package insert (off-label uses). Pediatrics. 2002 Jul;110(1 Pt 1):181–3. II. Anti-infectives A. Linezolid 1. Deville JG, Adler S, Azimi PH, Jantausch BA, Morfin MR, Beltran S, Edge-Padbury B, Naberhuis-Stehouwer S, Bruss JB. Linezolid versus vancomycin in the treatment of known or suspected resistant gram-positive infections in neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Sep;22(9 Suppl):S158–63. 2. Vo M, Cirincione BB, Rubino CM, Jungbluth GL. Pharmacokinetics of Linezolid in Neonates and Young Infants [abstract A-1409]. In: Program and abstracts of the 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, CA. -
Synthetic Cathinones ("Bath Salts")
Synthetic Cathinones ("Bath Salts") What are synthetic cathinones? Synthetic cathinones, more commonly known as "bath salts," are synthetic (human- made) drugs chemically related to cathinone, a stimulant found in the khat plant. Khat is a shrub grown in East Africa and southern Arabia, and people sometimes chew its leaves for their mild stimulant effects. Synthetic variants of cathinone can be much stronger than the natural product and, in some cases, very dangerous (Baumann, 2014). In Name Only Synthetic cathinone products Synthetic cathinones are marketed as cheap marketed as "bath salts" should substitutes for other stimulants such as not be confused with products methamphetamine and cocaine, and products such as Epsom salts that people sold as Molly (MDMA) often contain synthetic use during bathing. These cathinones instead (s ee "Synthetic Cathinones bathing products have no mind- and Molly" on page 3). altering ingredients. Synthetic cathinones usually take the form of a white or brown crystal-like powder and are sold in small plastic or foil packages labeled "not for human consumption." Also sometimes labeled as "plant food," "jewelry cleaner," or "phone screen cleaner," people can buy them online and in drug paraphernalia stores under a variety of brand names, which include: Flakka Bloom Cloud Nine Lunar Wave Vanilla Sky White Lightning Scarface Image courtesy of www.dea.gov/pr/multimedia- library/image-gallery/bath-salts/bath-salts04.jpg Synthetic Cathinones • January 2016 • Page 1 How do people use synthetic cathinones? People typically swallow, snort, smoke, or inject synthetic cathinones. How do synthetic cathinones affect the brain? Much is still unknown about how synthetic cathinones affect the human brain. -
Application and Review of Pediatric Pharmacotherapy, Sample Chapter
Application and Review of Pediatric Pharmacotherapy Chapter No. 1 Dated: 29/7/2010 At Time: 16:16:4 Section 1 Neonatal intensive care “Luck is where preparation meets opportunity.” This section consists of 16 medication orders followed by corresponding patient profiles representing pharmacotherapy associated with patients admit- ted to a neonatal intensive care unit. Each patient profile is followed by multiple-choice questions pertaining to the medication order and profile infor- mation. Choose the one best-lettered response to each item. The correct answers are provided at the end of this section. The reader is encouraged to attempt all questions for each case or for the entire section prior to referring to the answers. Moreover, where appropriate, the answer key provides a thor- ough explanation of the correct response and should serve as an additional learning tool for the reader. Application and Review of Pediatric Pharmacotherapy Chapter No. 1 Dated: 29/7/2010 At Time: 16:16:4 2 | Application and Review of Pediatric Pharmacotherapy Medication orders Physician order Patient weight: 2.5 kg Aminophylline 10 mg iv load, then begin 2.5 mg iv q 12 h Obtain theophylline concentration 1 h postinfusion of loading dose Date/time: 12/01/2100 Patient name: Baby Boy Turner Physician: John Craver Patient ID: 111222 Medical profile Patient: Baby Boy Turner Patient weight: 2.5 kg Age: 1d/o Present illness: Apneic episodes Allergies: None Medical history: 33 weeks gestation, Apgar 7 and 9 Labs: pending Medication profile Questions Q1 Which of the following is an acceptable definition of apnea of prematurity? 1 o cessation of breathing for less than 20 s 2 o cessation of breathing for at least 20 s 3 o cessation of breathing for less than 20 s when accompanied by bradycardia A o 1 only B o 3 only C o 1 and 3 only Application and Review of Pediatric Pharmacotherapy Chapter No. -
Study of Adulterants and Diluents in Some Seized Captagon-Type Stimulants
MedDocs Publishers ISSN: 2638-1370 Annals of Clinical Nutrition Open Access | Mini Review Study of Adulterants and Diluents in Some Seized Captagon-Type Stimulants Ali Zaid A Alshehri1,2*; Mohammed saeed Al Qahtani1,3; Mohammed Aedh Al Qahtani1,4; Abdulhadi M Faeq1,5; Jawad Aljohani1,6; Ammar AL-Farga7 1Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 2Poison Control and Medical Forensic Chemistry Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 3Khammis Mushayte Maternity & Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia 4Ahad Rufidah General, Hospital, Aseer, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia 5Comprehensive Specialized Clinics of Security Forces in Jeddah, Ministry of Interior, Saudi Arabia 6Compliance Department, Yanbu Health Sector, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia 7Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia *Corresponding Author(s): Ali Zaid A Alshehri Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Email: [email protected] Received: Apr 27, 2020 Accepted: Jun 05, 2020 Published Online: Jun 10, 2020 Journal: Annals of Clinical Nutrition Publisher: MedDocs Publishers LLC Online edition: http://meddocsonline.org/ Copyright: © Alshehri AZA (2020). This Article is distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Introduction ATS are synthetic compounds belonging to the class of stimu- and heroin users combined [3,4]. Fenethylline, 7-(2-amethyl lants that excite the Central Nervous System (CNS) to produce phenyl-amino ethyl)-theophylline, is a theophylline derivative of adrenaline-like effects such as amphetamine, methamphet- amphetamine. It is a psychoactive drug which is similar to am- amine, fenethylline, methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine phetamine in many ways [5]. -
Caffeine in the Treatment of Pain
Rev Bras Anestesiol ARTIGOS DE REVISÃO 2012; 62: 3: 387-401 ARTIGOS DE REVISÃO Cafeína para o Tratamento de Dor Cristiane Tavares, TSA 1, Rioko Kimiko Sakata, TSA 2 Resumo: Tavares C, Sakata RK – Cafeína para o Tratamento de Dor. Justificativa e objetivos: A cafeína é uma substância amplamente consumida com efeitos em diversos sistemas e que apresenta farmacoci- nética e farmacodinâmica características, causando interações com diversos medicamentos. O objetivo deste estudo é fazer uma revisão sobre os efeitos da cafeína. Conteúdo: Nesta revisão, são abordados a farmacologia da cafeína, os mecanismos de ação, as indicações, as contraindicações, as doses, as interações e os efeitos adversos. Conclusões: Faltam estudos controlados, randomizados e duplos-cegos para avaliar a eficácia analgésica da cafeína nas diversas síndromes dolorosas. Em pacientes com dor crônica, é necessário ter cautela em relação ao desenvolvimento de tolerância, abstinência e interação medi- camentosa no uso crônico de cafeína. Unitermos: ANALGESIA; DOR; DROGAS, Alcaloide/cafeína. ©2012 Elsevier Editora Ltda. Todos os direitos reservados. INTRODUÇÃO Estrutura química A cafeína foi isolada em 1820, mas a estrutura correta des- A cafeína é um alcaloide presente em mais de 60 espécies ta metilxantina foi estabelecida na última década do século de plantas 4. Sua estrutura molecular pertence a um grupo XIX. Os efeitos não foram claramente reconhecidos até 1981, de xantinas trimetiladas que incluem seus compostos inti- quando o bloqueio de receptores adenosina foi correlacio- mamente relacionados: teobromina (presente no cacau) e nado às propriedades estimulantes da cafeína e de seus teofilina (presente no chá) 1. Quimicamente, esses alcaloides análogos 1. Provavelmente a cafeína é uma das substâncias são semelhantes a purinas, xantinas e ácido úrico, que são psicoativas mais utilizadas no mundo, promovendo efeitos compostos metabolicamente importantes 4. -
DEMAND REDUCTION a Glossary of Terms
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.00.XI.9 ISBN: 92-1-148129-5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was prepared by the: United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), Vienna, Austria, in consultation with the Commonwealth of Health and Aged Care, Australia, and the informal international reference group. ii Contents Page Foreword . xi Demand reduction: A glossary of terms . 1 Abstinence . 1 Abuse . 1 Abuse liability . 2 Action research . 2 Addiction, addict . 2 Administration (method of) . 3 Adverse drug reaction . 4 Advice services . 4 Advocacy . 4 Agonist . 4 AIDS . 5 Al-Anon . 5 Alcohol . 5 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) . 6 Alternatives to drug use . 6 Amfetamine . 6 Amotivational syndrome . 6 Amphetamine . 6 Amyl nitrate . 8 Analgesic . 8 iii Page Antagonist . 8 Anti-anxiety drug . 8 Antidepressant . 8 Backloading . 9 Bad trip . 9 Barbiturate . 9 Benzodiazepine . 10 Blood-borne virus . 10 Brief intervention . 11 Buprenorphine . 11 Caffeine . 12 Cannabis . 12 Chasing . 13 Cocaine . 13 Coca leaves . 14 Coca paste . 14 Cold turkey . 14 Community empowerment . 15 Co-morbidity . 15 Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Outline of Future Activities in Drug Abuse Control (CMO) . 15 Controlled substance . 15 Counselling and psychotherapy . 16 Court diversion . 16 Crash . 16 Cross-dependence . 17 Cross-tolerance . 17 Custody diversion . 17 Dance drug . 18 Decriminalization or depenalization . 18 Demand . 18 iv Page Demand reduction . 19 Dependence, dependence syndrome . 19 Dependence liability . 20 Depressant . 20 Designer drug . 20 Detoxification . 20 Diacetylmorphine/Diamorphine . 21 Diuretic . 21 Drug . 21 Drug abuse . 22 Drug abuse-related harm . 22 Drug abuse-related problem . 22 Drug policy . 23 Drug seeking . 23 Drug substitution . 23 Drug testing . 24 Drug use . -
Analysis of Consumption of Energy Drinks by a Group of Adolescent Athletes
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Analysis of Consumption of Energy Drinks by a Group of Adolescent Athletes Dariusz Nowak 1,* and Artur Jasionowski 2 1 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru´n,Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, D˛ebowa3, Bydgoszcz 85-626, Poland 2 Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru´n, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, D˛ebowa3, Bydgoszcz 85-626, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-525-855-401; Fax: +48-525-855-403 Academic Editor: María M. Morales Suárez-Varela Received: 28 April 2016; Accepted: 5 July 2016; Published: 29 July 2016 Abstract: Background: Energy drinks (EDs) have become widely popular among young adults and, even more so, among adolescents. Increasingly, they are consumed by athletes, particularly those who have just begun their sporting career. Uncontrolled and high consumption of EDs, in addition to other sources of caffeine, may pose a threat to the health of young people. Hence, our objective was to analyze the consumption of EDs among teenagers engaged in sports, including quantity consumed, identification of factors influencing consumption, and risks associated with EDs and EDs mixed with alcohol (AmEDs). Methods: The study involved a specially designed questionnaire, which was completed by 707 students, 14.3 years of age on average, attending secondary sports schools. Results: EDs were consumed by 69% of the young athletes, 17% of whom drank EDs quite often: every day or 1–3 times a week. -
Adenosine Strongly Potentiates Pressor Responses to Nicotine in Rats (Caffeine/Blood Pressure/Sympathetic Nervous System) REID W
Proc. Nadl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 81, pp. 5599-5603, September 1984 Neurobiology Adenosine strongly potentiates pressor responses to nicotine in rats (caffeine/blood pressure/sympathetic nervous system) REID W. VON BORSTEL, ANDREW A. RENSHAW, AND RICHARD J. WURTMAN Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Regulation, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Communicated by Walle J. H. Nauta, May 14, 1984 ABSTRACT Intravenous infusion of subhypotensive doses epinephrine output during nerve stimulation is decreased (6). of adenosine strongly potentiates the pressor response of anes- Adenosine can be produced ubiquitously and is present in thetized rats to nicotine. A dose of nicotine (40 jpg/kg, i.v.), plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (7, 8); the nucleoside can which, given alone, elicits a peak increase in diastolic pressure therefore potentially act at a number of different loci, both of -15 mm Hg, increases pressure by -70 mm Hg when arte- central and peripheral, within the complex neural circuitry rial plasma adenosine levels have been increased to 2 puM from involved in the regulation of a single physiological function, a basal concentration of =1 puM. The pressor response to ciga- such as maintenance of blood pressure or heart rate. Neither rette smoke applied to the lungs is also strongly potentiated normal plasma adenosine levels nor the relative and absolute during infusion of adenosine. Slightly higher adenosine con- sensitivities of neural and cellular processes to adenosine centrations (-4 jaM) attenuate pressor responses to electrical have been well characterized in intact animals. The studies stimulation of preganglionic sympathetic nerves, or to injec- described below explore the effects of controlled measured tions of the a-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine, but continue alterations in arterial plasma adenosine concentrations on to potentiate pressor responses to nicotine. -
Narco-Terrorism Today: the Role of Fenethylline and Tramadol
Narco-terrorism today: the role of fenethylline and tramadol Introduction The relationship between psychoactive substances and violent crimes such as war acts and terrorism dates long back in history. Viking warriors famously fought in a trance-like state, probably as a result of taking agaric "magic" mushrooms and bog myrtle (McCarthy, 2016). More recently, under the German Nazis’ Third Reich, methamphetamine gained an extreme popularity, despite an official “drug-free” propaganda. Under the trademark Pervitin, it could be sold without prescription until 1939, and it was not regulated by the Reich Opium Law of 1941. Pervitin was commonly used in recreational and working settings, and, of course, the stimulant was shipped to German soldiers when the troops invaded France, allowing them to march sleepless for 36 to 50 hours (Ohler, 2016). On the other side, Benzedrine, a racemic mixture of amphetamine initially developed as a bronchodilator, was the stimulant of choice of the Allied forces during World War II (McCarthy, 2016). Vietnam War (1955-1975) is considered to be the first “pharmacological war” of modern history, so called due to an unprecedented high level of consumption of psychoactive substances by military personnel (Kamienski, 2016). In 1971, a report by the House Select Committee on Crime revealed that from 1966 to 1969, the US armed forces had used 225 million tablets of stimulants, mostly Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine), an amphetamine derivative that is nearly twice as strong as the Benzedrine used in the Second World War (Kamienski, 2016). The use of illicit drugs such as stimulants or painkillers by terrorists or insurgents while undertaking their terrorist activities has been hypothesized but still needs further documentation. -
The Xanthines (Theobromine and Aminophyllin)
effect of this might conceivably escape detection in THE XANTHINES (THEOBROMINE AND individuals engaged in very heavy work. From this AMINOPHYLLINE) IN THE TREAT- point of view our subjects were particularly favorable for this since of as MENT OF CARDIAC PAIN study, most them, shown in the table, were not engaged in any occupation. HARRY M.D. GOLD, GLYCERYL TRINITRATE TEST NATHANIEL T. M.D. KWIT, Early in the course of the study it was believed AND desirable to HAROLD M.D. restrict the selection of patients to those OTTO, who could establish their qualifications for service in NEW YORK such a study as this by their ability to distinguish An endeavor was made in this study to secure evi- between the efficacy of glyceryl trinitrate taken under dence on the question of whether the xanthines relieve the tongue and a soluble placebo tablet taken in the cardiac pain. same manner for relief during attacks of pain. The SELECTION OF PATIENTS discovery of several patients who found the two equally effective those who had suffered an of The were 100 ambulant in attend- among attack subjects patients thrombosis and were to thoracic ance at the cardiac in whom the of coronary subject pain clinic, diagnosis on effort led us to abandon this restriction. arteriosclerotic heart disease with cardiac pain was made, in accordance with the nomenclature and criteria The results obtained in sixty patients in whom the the New York Heart Association.1 glyceryl trinitrate test was made are of some interest. adopted by These received trinitrate were selected from a total case load of patients glyceryl tablets, %0o They approxi- or cr 0.4 which were mately 700 patients, representing an average sample /4so grain (0.6 mg.), they of the cardiac clinic several racial directed to take under the tongue at the onset of an population, comprising attack of In of these of groups, both native and born. -
Chocolate, Theobromine, Dogs, and Other Great Stuff
Nancy Lowry, Professor of Chemistry, Hampshire College, Amherst, MA [email protected] Chocolate, Theobromine, Dogs, and Other Great Stuff. Chocolate is now considered a health food, according to many news reports. It provides a goodly dose of antioxidants, prolongs the lives of Dutch men, contains compounds that chemically echo tetrahydocannabinoid and encourage feelings of love, and it even “may halve the risk of dying,” according to a recent headline in the New Scientist. On the other hand, if chocolate is included in the diet in therapeutic doses, it will also most assuredly lead to obesity. Furthermore, the amounts of anandamide (the THC mimic) and phenylethylamine (the so-called “love” compound) are present in chocolate in very, very low amounts. And finally, we all have a 100% chance of dying at some time, so a headline that talks about cutting our chance of dying in half makes no sense. Nevertheless, chocolate is great stuff. It comes in many varieties. One end of the spectrum is bitter baking chocolate; adding sugar provides chocolate of various degrees of sweetness. Adding milk finally brings us to milk chocolate, which many people consider barely makes it over the line into chocolate. White chocolate is only cocoa butter fat, and really isn’t chocolate at all. Over 600 different molecules contribute to the taste of chocolate. Many people talk about the caffeine in chocolate, but there is relatively very little caffeine in chocolate; the compound that particularly characterizes chocolate is theobromine, a very close relative of caffeine. There is six to ten times more theobromine in chocolate than caffeine.