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Exploring William Hamilton's Greenhouse Complex and the Rise of American Botany in Early Federal Philadelphia W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2014 The Fruits of their Labors: Exploring William Hamilton's Greenhouse Complex and the Rise of American Botany in Early Federal Philadelphia Sarah Jane Chesney College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Botany Commons, History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Chesney, Sarah Jane, "The Fruits of their Labors: Exploring William Hamilton's Greenhouse Complex and the Rise of American Botany in Early Federal Philadelphia" (2014). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539624009. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-mppb-yv50 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Fruits of Their Labors: Exploring William Hamilton’s Greenhouse Complex and the Rise of American Botany in Early Federal Philadelphia Sarah Jane Chesney Austin, Texas MA, The College of William and Mary, 2009 BA, University of Pennsylvania, 2005 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anthropology The College of William and Mary August, 2014 © Copyright by Sarah Jane Chesney 2014 All Rights Reserved APPROVAL PAGE This Dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Docti Sarah J lesi Approved by the_£omm pril, 2014 Committee Chair Associate Professor Frederick H. Smith, Anthropology The College of William and Mary (a OUAA Associate Professor William H. Fisher, Anthropology The College of William and Mi Visiting Professpr Marley R, Br_pWn III, Anthropology The^College of William and Mary Assistanf Prbf^ssor^David G. Orr, Anthropology Temple University ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the world of early American botany and the transatlantic community of botanical enthusiasts from the perspective of William Hamilton, gentleman botanical collector in late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Philadelphia. Drawing on both existing documentary sources and three seasons of archaeological excavation at The Woodlands, Hamilton's country estate on the west bank of the Schuylkill River, I analyze both the physical requirements of botanical collecting as well as the more nuanced social, cultural, and economic elements of this trade and its early modern participants. The personal experiences of individual participants in this exchange are often traced through the existing documentary evidence they leave behind, in the form of letters, plant orders, and published works. But this botanical exchange was not just intellectual; it was also physical and material, as both knowledge about plants and the plants themselves were shipped back and forth across the Atlantic Ocean. Exploring the physical and material elements of this trade adds immeasurably to our understanding of the experiences of individual participants by locating them and the items exchanged within the physical spaces of these exchanges themselves. The archaeological investigation of William Hamilton's greenhouse complex at The Woodlands explores the physical and material elements of this trade in one specific site of exchange - Hamilton’s greenhouse complex - and the ways in which those physical and material elements reflect the experiences of the participants in this transatlantic botanical trade. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii Dedications iv List of Figures v Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Landscape and Space 9 Chapter 3. The “Botanic Revolution” 45 Chapter 4. The Transatlantic Botanical Community 79 Chapter 5. William Hamilton and The W oodlands 119 Chapter 6. Archaeology at The Woodlands: The Search For Hamilton’s Greenhouse Complex 165 Chapter 7. Conclusions 216 Bibliography 230 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS They say that it takes a village to raise a child; well, it takes a multigenerational support group in three separate time zones to bring a dissertation to completion. I would never have made it this far without the support, patience, and encouragement of the people on this page. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Frederick H. Smith, without whose patience and encouragement I would never have made it past my first semester of graduate school. Professor Smith has been an unending source of encouragement and guidance on this project and on my future career. I am deeply indebted to him. I am also beholden to Dr. Marley R. Brown III, Dr. William H. Fisher, and Dr. David G. Orr, the other members of my dissertation committee for their encouragement and thoughtful comments on this project. Their insights and advice are sincerely appreciated. I am especially beholden to Professor Orr for his early encouragement of this project, and his trust that I could take it on. I am also extremely grateful to the staff, volunteers, and board members of The Woodlands Cemetery Company. Without their enthusiasm and encouragement, this project would never have happened. The support of Jessica Baumert, Erica Maust, Phil Price, and Jim Mundy has touched me deeply. I am especially thankful to Tim Long whose early interest in this project helped smooth the way for me to proceed, and to Joel Fry, of Bartram’s Garden, who has often provided important insight into the previous archaeological work at The Woodlands and the history of the Hamilton family. The bulk of this project -- the archaeological work -- would have been impossible without the heroic labor of my Temple University volunteers in the lab and field: you all are amazing! I am especially grateful to Jesse West-Rosenthal for his photographic skills, and to Carolyn Horlacher, who not only sweated beside me in the field, but began the early processing work on all that material from the midden... I would never have been prepared to tackle any archaeological project, or deal with the inevitable complications of a site were it not for my years spent working with the Colonial Williamsburg archaeology team - the best crew in the business. I cannot even begin to calculate what I’ve learned from working alongside Andy Edwards, Meredith Poole, Mark Kostro, Jason Burroughs, Hank Lutton, and Lucie Vinciguerra - or how much fun I’ve had on site. You guys are my gold standard for first-rate archaeological research in a relaxed and supportive environment. I am incredibly fortunate to have some of the most intelligent, thoughtful, amazing colleagues, and am honored to call them not just colleagues, but friends. Carl Carlson-Drexler, Derek Miller, Katie Sikes, Alix Martin, Jenn Ogbome, Chris Barton, Libby Cook, Debbie Miller, Deidre Kelleher, Jesse West-Rosenthal, Shannon Mahoney, Amanda Johnson, Lindsay Keiter, Teagan Schweitzer, Dessa Lightfoot, Katie Cavallo: you all have been around for the long haul, have let me bounce ideas off of you, provided me with encouragement, kept me laughing, and were always up for one more beer. I would never have made it this far without learning from all of you. The next round is on me! My two years spent among the extended family of the McNeil Center for Early American Studies have been some of the most productive and enlightening of my life: the bulk of this dissertation was written in the company and with the support of some truly first-class historical minds. Thanks to the input and support of Craig Hollander, Sarah Schuetze, Tristan Tomlinson, Steve Smith, Sonic Woytonik, Susan Brandt, Andrew Fagal, Bill Carter, Lisa Lauria, Brenna Holland, Katie Hemphill, and Chase Wallace, I have a much better understanding of what it means to be “interdisciplinary” - and how much fun you can have crossing disciplinary divides. I am forever indebted to the people who have witnessed all the good, bad, and ugly parts of this process, and still encouraged me to keep going. My parents, Molly and Lee Chesney raised me to be an independent thinker, and to never give up on my dreams. Without their love and unfailing belief in me I would not be the person I am today. My brother, Sam, and sister-in-law Angelica, are my role models for a beautiful, committed, adult relationship between two of the most competent people I’ve ever met. My aunt, Kathy Malone, is a true inspiration. Her passion for teaching American history as a fully inclusive story of the humanities is amazing. And finally, my sister from another mother, Carin Bloom, has been one of my biggest cheerleaders, and a constant source of inspiration as an archaeologist, a woman, and a friend. Thank you. iii This dissertation is dedicated to the past, present, and future visitors to The Woodlands. For over 200 years, this patch of ground along the Schuylkill River has been a retreat from the demands of urban life, a green space welcoming the curious to its grounds as explorers, naturalists, family members, history buffs, joggers, outdoor enthusiasts, and others reveling in the marvel of this place. I offer this dissertation as yet another way to explore The Woodlands, and am honored to have had a chance to create my own meaning in this space. LIST OF FIGURES 1. The Woodlands, from William Birch’s Country Estates of North America, 1808 2. Ole Worm’s Cabinet of Curiosities, from the frontispiece of Museum Wormianum, 1655 3. HABS drawing of Wye House Orangery, Talbot County, Maryland 4. Hamilton family landholdings in West Philadelphia. Prepared by J. M. Duffin. 5. Varle Plan for West Philadelphia, 1802 6. Portrait of William Hamilton and his niece, Ann Hamilton Lyle, but Benjamin W est 7. HABS plan drawing of the first floor of the Hamilton Mansion, Philadelphia, PA 8.
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