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ASTRONAUTIOUE 1997 (Suite) ASTRONAUTIOUE 1997 (suite) Jacques Vercheval Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique 4 Les satellite.r de satellites disposent d'un systeme de croissance du phytoplancton et les tilicommNnications decrochage orbital a mettre en bancs de poissons. oeuvre au tern1e de leur vie utile Early Bird 1 est aussi un satellite estimee a deux ans. Le systeme Les 91 satellites de u~lecommu­ americain. Lance par une fusee russe "Iridium" devrait etre operationnel nications se repartissent essentiel­ Start-I, il est dote d'un systeme lement en deux groupes: d'une part, en septembre 1998. Huit microsatel­ d'acquisition d'images panchro­ 29 satellites geostationnaires lances lites Orbcomm ont ete lances par matiques (resolution de 3 metres) et pour Ie compte de douze pays une seule fusee Pegase-XL ameri­ multispectrales (resolution de 15 (Argentine, Inde, Japon, Norvege, caine. Le systeme ORBCOMM metres) de la vegetation. Philippines, Suede, Indonesie, Grand complet comprendra trois plans Le satellite indien IRS-ID, lance Duche du Luxembourg, Republique orbitaux inclines a 45 degres avec avec une fusee indienne a quatre Populaire de Chine, Russie, Tha'i­ chacun huit satellites ainsi qu'un etages PSLV-IC de 468 tonnes, est lande et USA) et trois organisations plan orbital incline a 70 degres avec equipe d'une camera panchroma­ internationales (Eutelsat, lnmarsat deux a quatre satellites pour couvrir tique, d'une camera multispectrale et et lntelsat), d'autre part, 58 satellites les regions polaires. d'un detecteur a champ large. La appartenant aux deux systemes Les six satellites n'appartenant pas a resolution est de 23,5 metres pour mondiaux "Iridium" et "Orbcom", Ie l'un des groupes precites ont ete les photos couleur et 5 metres pour premier pour la telephonie mobile, Ie lances par la Russi,e, notamment Ie les images en noir et blanc. Un mau­ second pour Ie relais des locali­ microsatellite americain Faisat-2V vais fonctionnement au niveau du sations par GPS de vehicules destine a la recherche et la preven­ quatrieme etage n'a pas permis d'at­ mobiles et de donnees en prove­ tion des desastres naturels et l'aide teindre I'orbite circulaire a 820 km. nance des pipe-lines de petrole. aux services de secours. C'est egale­ Le perigee de I'or"bite a pu, toutefois, Quinze satellites geostationnaires ment Ie cas du satellite chinois etre releve progressivement de 328 ont ete lances par une fusee euro­ Asiasat 3 qui n'a pu, toutefois, km a 739 km en utilisant Ie carburant peenne Ariane, sept autres par une gagner son orbite nominale en raison propre du satellite au detriment de fusee americaine Atlas, quatre autres de l'explosion du quatrieme etage de sa duree de vie. par une fusee russe Proton et trois la fusee Proton lors d'une seconde Resurs-F 21 est un satellite russe. en fin par une fusee chinoise Longue mise a feu. Les quatre autres satel­ Le module de rentree avec les Marche. lites sont russes: Molniya 1-90 et les donnees enregistrees a ete recupere Gonets D-l 4 it 6. Cinquante satellites Iridium ont ete au terme d'une mission de 25 jours. mis sur orbite, les deux maquettes Dummy SI et S2 incluses. La constel­ 5 Les satellites de 6 Les satellites lation "Iridium" complete sera tiliditection constituee de onze plans orbitaux technologiques comprenant chacun cinq satellites Quatre satellites ont ete lances pour operationnels et un satellite de SSTI-LEWIS (Small Spacecraft l'observation de la Terre par la tele­ reserve chacun, soit un total de Technology Initiative-Lewis) est un detection: soixante-six satellites lances chaque satellite de controle de l'environ­ fois par grappes de sept sur des Orbview-2, alias Seastar, est un nement dote de deux radiometres fusees russes Proton-K, par grappes satellite americain de teIedetection hyperspectraux operant dans les de cinq sur des fusees americaines oceanographique: l'instrument prin­ bandes 0,4 - 2,5 et 1,0 - 2,5 microns. II Delta-2 et par paires sur des lanceurs cipal, SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide comporte aussi une charge utile chinois Longue Marche-2C. Tous ces Field of view Sensor), observe la astrophysique UCB (Ultraviolet Ciel et Ten'e, vol. 114 (6), 179-187, 1998 179 Cosmic Background) fonctionnant satellite; l'experience YES (Yo ung FORTE (Fast On-orbit Recording entre 35 et 85 nm pour mesurer Ie Engineers's Satellite) avec son of Transient Events); fond cosmique ultraviolet. Une fois recepteur GPS s'en detache deve­ - un satellite meteorologique: deploye, Ie satellite a entame une nant de ce fait un microsatellite auto­ DMSP 29 (Defense Meteoro­ rotation intempestive sur lui-meme nome. logical Satellite Progranl); de deux tours par minute qui n'a pu etre eliminee. Le lancement de la centieme fusee - un satellite de telecommuni­ Ariane, tous types confondus, a lieu cations: DSCS-3B 5 (Defense Un couple de satellites japonais Ie 23 septembre. A cette date, Ie bilan Satellite Comm unications Sys­ Kiku-7 Target et Kiku-7 Chaser est de 180 satellites embarqu es a tem); sont mis sur orbite a 9 km I'un de bord des differentes Ariane dont 128 I'autre de maniere a entreprendre satellites de telecommunications et - till satellite technologique: STEP des experiences de rendez-vous, 26 mi crosatellites. 4 (Space Test Experiment Plat­ d 'amarrage et de separation, Ie form ). premier faisant office de cible pour Le microsatellite allemand, Inspek­ Ie second dans Ie role de chasseur. tor, mis sur orbite a partir du 7.2 Russie Progress M-36, avait pour mission Le 30 octobre, Ie lanceur Ariane-5, d'inspecter la partie exterieure de la Douze satellites russes "Cosmos" capable de placer en orbite geosta­ station Mir; mais un senseur stellaire sont a applications militaires: tionnaire jusqu'a 6,8 tonnes de defaillant a rendu impossible Ie - deux satellites de photorecon­ charge utile, reussit sa premi ere controle d'attitude du satellite. na issance: Cosmos 2343 et satellisation meme si I'orbite atteinte 2348; Cosmos 2343 a ete detruit s'avere 9. 000 km plus basse que sur commande Ie 16 septembre, Ie prevu a son apogee. Une vitesse de 7 Sate/lites d'applications debris Ie plus important etant roulis anormalement elevee aurait militaires retombe Ie 18 septembre; ete a la base de I'arret premature de I'etage superieur. La masse totale au 7.1 Etats-Unis - trois satellites d'alerte avancee: decollage etait de 747,1 tonnes dont Cosmos 2340, 2342 et 2345; 556 tonnes pour les deux propul­ Les Etats-Unis ont procede aux un satelli te de reconnaissance seurs d'appoint a poudre (1.300 lancements de neuf.satellites exploi­ oceanique EORSAT: Cosmos tonnes de poussee durant 2 min tes par les militaires: 2347; 28 s). Ariane-5 met sur orbite deux - de ux satellites de navigation: plate-formes MAQSAT H et - trois satelli tes de telecommu­ Navstar 29 et 30 lances dans Ie MAQSAT B porteuses d'expe­ nications: Cosmos 2337, 2338 et cadre du systeme GPS; riences technologiques destinees a 2339; mesurer les parametres d'ambiance - un satellite d'imagerie radar a deux satellites de navigation: pendant la phase de lancement. haute resolution: USA 133 alias Cosmos 2341 et 2346; MAQSAT B r este attach e au Lacrosse 3; d e ux ie m e etage d e la fusee. - un satellite probab lement MAQSAT H est flanque de la charge - un satellite d'ecoute electronique: d'ecoute electronique: Cosmos utile TEAMSAT ( Technology, USA 136 alias Trumpet 3; 2344 ( mission non precise science, and Education Added to compte tenu de l'altitude du peri­ - till satellite d'alerte avancee: DSP MaqSAT) comprenant des instru­ 18 (Defense Support Progranl); gee, trop basse pour une mission ments pour etudier les debris spa­ d'alerte avancee, trop haute pour tiaux, tester Wl systeme de pointage un satellite pour la detection des une mission classique de photo­ stell aire ou encore observer I'ouver­ eventuelles violations des traites reconnaissance ou reconnais­ ture de la coiffe et la separation du d'interdiction des tests nucleaires: sance radar). TABLEAU I Anciens satellites retombes (au 31 mars 1998) Nom Designation Date de retombee Cosmos 1043 1978-94A 27 fevrier 1998 Cosmos ll72 1980-28A 26 decembre 1997 Molniya 3-16 1981-54A 10 fevr·ier 1998 Geotail 1992-44A 19 octobre 1992 Cosmos 2326 1995-71A 08 novembre 1997 ODERACS2A 1995-04C 13 mars1996 MSTI 3 1996-31A 11 decembre 199 7 180 LISTE DES SATELLITES NOM NAT. LANCEMENT INC. PERIGEE MASSE DES. COSPAR RETOMBEE PER. APOGEE ORBITE ACE (EXPLORER 71) USA 25-08-97 28.7 179 596 1997-45A 58.3+ 1.256.768 2 APSTAR2R PRC 16-10-97 (76.5DW) 3.700 1997-62A IG ASIASAT 3 PRC 24-12-97 51.1 361 2.534 1997-86A RUS 638.3 35.999 1 ASTRA IG LUX 02-12-97 (l9.2DE) 2.485 1997-76A RUS IG B-SAT lA JAP 16-04-97 (110DE) 724 1997-16B ESA IG CASSINI-HUYGENS US-E 15-10-97 NOD 5.712 1997-61A USA 3 COSMOS 2337 RUS 14-02-97 82.6 1.402 225? 1997-06D 114.0 1.414 1 COSMOS 2338 RUS 14-02-97 82.6 1.413 225? 1997-06E 114.0 1.415 1 COSMOS 2339 RUS 14-02-97 82.6 1.412 225? 1997-06F 114.0 1.415 1 COSMOS 2340 RUS 09-04-97 62.9 527 1.250? 1997-15A 708.4 39.376 1 COSMOS 2341 RUS 17-04-97 82.9 995 95? 1997-17A 105.1 1.027 1 COSMOS 2342 RUS 14-05-97 62.8 546 1.250? 1997-22A 11.5 39.374 IG COSMOS 2343 RUS 15-05-97 64.9 179 7.000? 1997-24A 18-09-97 89.4 343 1 COSMOS 2344 RUS 06-06-97 63.4 1.509 5.000? 1997-28A 130.1 2.748 1 COSMOS 2345 RUS 14-08-97 (24DW) 2.500L 1997-41A IG COSMOS 2346 RUS 23-09-97 82.9 953 795? 1997-52A 104.4 1.015 1 COSMOS 2347 RUS 09-12-97 65.0 411 6.500 1997-79A 93.0 428 1 COSMOS 2348 RUS 15-12-97 67.2 176 6.500 1997-80A 89.6 370 1 CRISTA-SPAS 2 USA 07-08-97 57.0 300 3.504 1997-39B 19-08-97 90.4 311 1 DSCS-3B 5(USA 134) USA 25-10-97 NOD 1.040? 1997-65A IG DSMP FI4(USA 131) USA 04-04-97 98.9 843 823 1997-12A 101.9 854 1 18 1 NOM NAT.
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