Hoofstuk 3 Registeruitbreiding Deur Middel Van Termskepping

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Hoofstuk 3 Registeruitbreiding Deur Middel Van Termskepping HOOFSTUK 3 REGISTERUITBREIDING DEUR MIDDEL VAN TERMSKEPPING 3.1 Inleiding Ook wat die vroueregister betref, is daar sedert die begin van die twintigste eeu ? wetenskaplike poging aangewend om die vaktaalleksikon te moderniseer en te standaardiseer deur die skep van eksakte terme en die verspreiding daarvan deur middel van termlyste en woordeboeke. (Vgl. hoofstuk 9.) As gevolg van ? gebrek aan personeel en kundigheid (vgl. Cluver 1975: 343) was termskepping in Afrikaans nie beperk tot die wetenskaplike bedryf van terminoloë nie. Joernaliste en vertalers moes onder druk van die kommunikatiewe eise van hul medium die funksie van termskeppers vervul, veral waar hulle onmiddellik Afrikaanse ekwivalente van Engelse terme moes vind. Dit is nie iets wat gestruktureerd en sistematies plaasgevind het nie, met die gevolg dat verskillende weergawes van een term deur verskillende persgroepe gebruik is. Dit is vandag nog die geval en ? voorbeeld hier is balsamic vinegar wat onderskeidelik as ‘balsamiese asyn’ (suide), ‘balsemiekasyn’ (noorde) en ‘balsemasyn’ (suide) gebruik word. Die spraakgemeenskap skep ook hul eie weergawes van Engelse terme en so kom daar byvoorbeeld tegelykertyd ? woord soos ‘botterneut’ in die spreektaal en ‘botterskorsie’ in versorgde skryftaal as vertaalekwivalente van butternut (? pampoensoort) tot stand. Om die werking van ad hoc-woordskepping teenoor terminologiese aktiwiteit duidelik af te baken, is dit nodig om eers die begrip ‘term’ soos dit in hierdie studie aanvaar word te omskryf. 3.2 Die begrip ‘term’ omskryf Ter aanvang is dit nodig om ? aantal definisies van terme van nader te beskou. 62 Picht en Draskau (1985: 97) onderskei soos volg tussen terme en woorde: “The characteristics of the term which distinguish it from the non-term are precision and the fact that it belongs to a system of terms.” Wat hier van belang is, is die nadruk wat op presisie gelê word, sowel as op die sistematiese aard van die term wat uitdrukking gee aan ? stelsel van konsepte. Hierteenoor kan egter aangevoer word dat die eksaktheid van ? term dit nie noodwendig van woorde onderskei nie. Deiktiese spreektaalwoorde soos ‘ek’ en ‘ons’ is byvoorbeeld baie eksakter as terme soos ‘wet’ of ‘linguis’ of ‘interval’, het Picht en Draskau (1985: 97) self aangedui. Dit is waarskynlik akkurater om na terme se strewe na eksaktheid as een van die kenmerke daarvan te verwys. Van Rensburg et al (1989: 144) sien terme só: “Terme is woorde of simbole met ? eksakte, genormeerde betekenis.” Dieselfde besware as bó geld Van Rensburg se siening van terme se eksaktheid. Verder kan aangevoer word dat min Afrikaanse terme reeds genormeer is. Volgens Cluver (1975: 333) beteken dit dat die Afrikaanse vaktaal met net een amptelike verklarende vakwoordeboek – Verklarende Afrikaanse woordeboek vir maatskaplike werk (1971) – nog in ? “prenormatiewe fase” verkeer: “Die veronderstelling is dat die betekenis van die Engelse term bekend en genormeer is (wat hoegenaamd nie geldig is nie) en dat die betekenis van die Afrikaanse term ook daardeur bekend en genormeer is.” Dieselfde besware geld Picard (1976: 2) se vroeëre uitspraak dat ‘woorde’ na sekere sake deur middel van “spontane konvensie” verwys, en dat ‘terme’ in teenstelling daarmee “verwys na ? spesifieke saak (of in die geval van ? generiese term: ? groep sake) deur ? proses van geïnstitusionaliseerde en genormeerde konvensie”. Liebenberg (1989: 15) formuleer na aanleiding van Picard die verskil tussen ? term en ? woord soos volg: “? Term is ekspressief, spesifiek toepaslik, het nie sinonieme, homograwe, poliseme nie, is nie algemeen bekend nie, is goed gedefinieer, vorm deel van ? tegniese omskrywingspatroon en verskyn net in dié vorm.” Dit is die ideale toestand wat hier beskryf word. Liebenberg (1989: 15) verwys voorts daarna dat geesteswetenskaplike terme “dikwels” sinonieme het, die meeste van die tyd “algemeen bekend is” en nie “noodwendig net in een spesifieke vorm” verskyn nie. 63 Aansluitend by Liebenberg kan verder daarop gewys word dat talle vrouevaktaalterme byvoorbeeld algemeen bekend is, sinonimie en polisemie vertoon, en meer as een aanvaarde spel- of skryfwyse het. Daar bestaan wel termlyste, soos die Huishoudkundewoordeboek, maar die Afrikaanse terme word sonder definisies net as die ekwivalente van Engelse terme aangegee. In hierdie opsig dien die Afrikaanse termekwivalent dus as “toegangsmiddel tot terminologiese inligting wat opgesluit is in die Engelse term en definisie”, skryf Alberts (1990: 129) en dui aan dat hierdie proses, ‘termvereniging’ genoem, ook deel is van termstandaardisering. Cluver (1984: 159) skryf: “? Term is enige konvensionele simbool wat deur die meerderheid van die vakmanne op ? bepaalde gebied gebruik word om te verwys na ? bepaalde gedefinieerde begrip.” Behalwe dat Cluver die vaktaal hier volledig vermanlik, strook dit nie met die werklikheid wat inhou dat Afrikaans oor bykans geen vakwoordeboeke met definisies beskik nie. Die “bepaalde gedefinieerde begrip” sou dus eerder “bepaalde definieerbare begrip” moes wees. Dit hang ook saam met Cluver (1984: 160) wat skryf die term “moet ? baie spesifieke betekenis” hê, en byvoeg: “Die betekenis behoort (my kursivering) deur ? definisie omskryf te word.” Alberts (1990: 99) stel die gebruik van ? woord binne ? vakgebied saam met ? gestandaardiseerde betekenisomskrywing as voorwaardes vir ? term: “? Term is dus enige konvensionele simbool wat ? konsep in vakgebied denoteer (vgl. Felber 1982a: 12). Verder is ? term ? vakwoord met ? duidelik omskrewe betekenis wat in ? definisie gestandaardiseer word.” Alberts se definisie is weer eens ? ideaalbeeld, ook wat die vrouevaktaal betref, aangesien daar so min gestandaardiseerde betekenisomskrywings vir Afrikaanse terme bestaan en op vrouedomein heeltemal niks nie. In hierdie opsig is dit onvermydelik om die spesifiekheid van gebruik as vertrekpunt te aanvaar en waar woorde binne die vroueregister gebruik word om te verwys na konsepte wat wel binne vrouedomein goed afgebaken is, word hulle vir die doel van hierdie studie as terme aanvaar. Dit vind aansluiting by Cole (1987: 77), aangehaal in Liebenberg (1989: 10), wat spesifiekheid van gebruik binne ? bepaalde veld as maatstaf aanvaar en ‘term’ omskryf 64 as: “A word (simple term) or multiword expression (complex term) that designates a specific concept within a given subject field.” Hierop brei Cole (1987: 78) dan uit: “A word becomes a term by being used to designate a specific concept in a given subject field.” Die volgende werksdefinisie van die begrip ‘term’ word dus vir die doel van hierdie studie gebruik: ? Term is ? woord of teken met ? baie spesifieke betekenis wat ? konsep op ? vakgebied denoteer. 3.3. Termskepping Uit die geraadpleegde literatuur blyk dat termskepping ten nouste saamhang met die konsep wat benoem moet word en die omskrywing daarvan. Van verdere belang is die stelselgebondenheid en standaardisasie van die terme. 3.3.1 Die begrip ‘konsep’ omskryf Die konsep beklee die sentrale posisie en lei tot die ontstaan van die term. Sodra ? nuwe objek ontstaan of ontdek word, ontstaan ? nuwe konsep waarvan die kenmerke ontleed kan word. Die somtotaal van hierdie kenmerke staan gelyk aan wat kenbaar is van die konsep, soos uit die volgende definisies blyk: · Drozd (aangehaal deur Picht & Draskau 1985: 36) omskryf die konsep as ? “product of the thought process, as an abstraction of extralinguistic entities (objects, things, objective realities), a construct which is introduced between form and paralinguistic entities”. · In “Vocabulary of Terminology” (ISO/R 1087) (aangehaal deur Picht & Draskau 1985: 37) word die begrip ‘konsep’ soos volg omskryf: concept: Any unit of thought, generally expressed by a term (31), a letter symbol (48) or by any other symbol. Concepts may be the mental representation not only of beings (as expressed by nouns), but in a wider sense, also of qualities (as expressed by adjectives or nouns), of actions (as expressed by verbs or nouns), and even of locations, situations or relations (as expressed by adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions or nouns). 65 A concept may represent only one individual object (1) or – by “abstraction” – comprise all individuals having certain characteristics (3) in common. Furthermore a concept may arise from the combination of other concepts, even without regard to reality. The number of concepts (represented by terms) which may be combined to form a new concept (term) is limited by the fact that in a proposition a concept can only be either subject or predicate, but not comprise both. Wat verder belangrik is, is dat die konsep analiseerbaar moet wees sodat sy eienskappe op dié manier bepaal kan word. In die vorming van nuwe terme kan daar ook ? kombinasie van konsepte plaasvind en kan die een konsep die ander bepaal. Waar een konsep die ander omskryf, kan ? ondergeskikte konsep gevorm word, soos in die voorbeeld van ‘trapmasjien’, waar die soort masjien waarna verwys word ? ‘spesifisering’ is van die oorkoepelende konsep ‘masjien’. Die kernmorfeem is die selfstandige naamwoord ‘masjien’ en die bepaler, die werkwoord ‘trap’. (Vgl. Kempen 1977: 88; Picht & Draskau 1985: 43.) Uit die superordinaat ‘masjien’ kan die hiponieme ‘trapmasjien’, ‘breimasjien’, ‘naaimasjien’ en ‘omkapmasjien’ gevorm word. 3.3.2 Terme en definisies ? Term behoort ? definisie te hê (vgl. Cluver 1984: 160; Posthumus 1965: 197), hoewel dit wat Afrikaans betref nie altyd in die praktyk gebeur nie en die Engelse definisie by implikasie deur die vertaling van die term aanvaar word. Die kern
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