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LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp S1 #1 Self Introductions - Basic Greetings in Afrikaans

CONTENTS

2 Afrikaans 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Grammar 4 Cultural Insight

# 1

1. Pieter: Hallo. My naam is Pieter. Wat is jou naam?

2. Zani: Hallo Pieter. My naam is Zani.

3. Pieter: Dis gaaf om jou te ontmoet!

4. Zani: Jou ook.

ENGLISH

1. Jacob: Hello. My name is Pieter. What's your name?

2. Zani: Hello Pieter. My name is Zani.

3. Jacob: Nice to meet you!

4. Zani: You too.

VOCABULARY

Af rikaans English Class

hello (informal, hallo answering the phone) expression

pronoun, personal jy you (informal) pronoun

dis it’s verb

gaaf nice adjective

om … te to conjunction

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #1 - SELF INTRODUCTIONS - BASIC GREETINGS IN AFRIKAANS 2 pronoun, personal jou you pronoun (direct object)

ontmoet meet verb

ook too adverb

wat what pronoun

naam name noun

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Hallo Adam. Hallo Mies hoe gaan dit?

"Hello, Adam." "Hello Mies, how are you?"

Jy is lank! Dans jy?

"You’re tall!" "Do you dance? (informal)"

Dis die een wat ek gesoek het. Dis warm vanaand.

"This is the one I’ve been "It’s warm tonight." looking for."

Dit sou gaaf wees. Ons het mekaar voor drie maande ontmoet. “That would be nice.” “We met each other three months ago.”

Ek praat ook Engels. Waar van praat jy?

“I also speak English.” "What are you talking about?"

Wat is dit? Wat is jou naam?

"What's this?" "What's your name?"

GRAMMAR

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #1 - SELF INTRODUCTIONS - BASIC GREETINGS IN AFRIKAANS 3 T he Focus of T his Basic Bootcamp Lesson Is How to Ask Somebody T heir Name My naam is Pieter. Wat is jou naam? "My name is Pieter. What's your name?"

To ask someone their name, just ask, Wat is jou naam? Literally, this means "What's your name?"

The ﬁrst word, wat means "what." It is followed by the word for "to be" in Afrikaans this is is, then jou meaning "your." And last is naam, which means "name."

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Greet South Af rican People Like a Pro

In South Africa, when meeting someone we usually kiss the person on the cheek, either once or twice. In general, women kiss both men and women. Men usually kiss women, but hug other men or greet them with an African handshake.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #1 - SELF INTRODUCTIONS - BASIC GREETINGS IN AFRIKAANS 4 LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp S1 #2 Talking Nationality in Afrikaans

CONTENTS

2 Afrikaans 2 English 2 Vocabulary 2 Sample Sentences 3 Grammar 4 Cultural Insight

# 2

1. Pieter: Hallo. My naam is Pieter. Ek is Suid-Afrikaans.

2. Zani: Hallo. My naam is Zani. Ek is Namibies.

ENGLISH

1. Pieter: Hello. My name is Pieter. I'm South African.

2. Zani: Hello. My name is Zani. I'm Namibian.

VOCABULARY

Af rikaans English Class

is am verb

Suid-Afrikaans South African (nationality) adjective

Namibies Namibian (nationality) adjective

hello (informal, hallo answering the phone) expression

ek I pronoun

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Ek is Suid-Af rikaans. Ek is Namibies.

"I'm South African." "I'm Namibian."

Hallo Adam. Hallo Mies hoe gaan dit?

"Hello, Adam." "Hello Mies, how are you?"

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #2 - TALKING NATIONALITY IN AFRIKAANS 2 Ek moet vanaand huis toe. Ek kom uit die Verenigde State.

"I have to go home tonight." "I'm from the United States."

My naam is Jacob. Ek kook baie graag.

"My name is Jacob." "I like cooking."

GRAMMAR

T he Focus of this Lesson is Asking Where People are From Hallo. Ek heet Jacob, ek is Suid-Afrikaans. "Hello. My name is Jacob, I'm South Af rican."

Let's have a closer look at how to talk about where people are from.

In the dialogue, we used Ek is. Unlike in English, the verb never changes when the pronoun changes.

1. Ek is "I am"

2. Jy is "You are"

3. Hy is "He is"

4. Sy is "She is"

5. Dit is "It is"

6. Ons is "We are"

7. Julle is "You (pl) are"

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #2 - TALKING NATIONALITY IN AFRIKAANS 3 8. Hulle is "They are"

9. U is "You are"

So if we add a nationality it can look like this:

1. Ek is Suid-Afrikaans. "I'm South African."

2. Hulle is Sjinees. "They're Chinese."

3. Sy is Amerikaans. "She's American."

4. Hy is Duits. "He's German"

5. Is u Spaans? "Are you Spanish?"

6. My vriendin is Frans. "My girlfriend is French."

7. My vriend is Italiaans. "My friend is Italian."

8. Ons is Brits. "We're British."

CULTURAL INSIGHT

A Lif e-long Love of Travel

South Africans are spread all over the world in a very large diaspora. Wherever they go, you're sure to ﬁnd strong traces of South African culture and inﬂuences from the community. There will be South African sports bars, grocery shops, restaurants and newspapers all over cities like London, Amsterdam, Sydney, Dublin, and parts of the US too.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #2 - TALKING NATIONALITY IN AFRIKAANS 4 LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp S1 #3 Useful Phrases for Learning Afrikaans

CONTENTS

2 Afrikaans 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Grammar 5 Cultural Insight

# 3

1. Pieter: Verskoon my, hoe sê ek "Cheese" in Afrikaans?

2. Zani: Kaas.

3. Pieter: Sorry, ek verstaan dit nie. Kan u dit herhaal?

4. Zani: Kaas.

5. Pieter: Kan u stadiger praat?

6. Zani: Ka-as.

7. Pieter: Kan u dit vir my opskryf asseblief?

ENGLISH

1. Pieter: Excuse me, how do you say "Cheese" in Afrikaans?

2. Zani: Cheese.

3. Pieter: I'm sorry, I didn't understand. Can you repeat that?

4. Zani: Cheese.

5. Pieter: Can you speak more slowly?

6. Zani: Chee-se.

7. Pieter: Can you write this down for me, please?

VOCABULARY

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #3 - USEFUL PHRASES FOR LEARNING AFRIKAANS 2 Af rikaans English Class

verskoon my excuse me, I'm sorry expression

sê say verb

kaas cheese noun

understand, to verstaan understand verb

nie not adverb

kan can, to be able to verb

herhaal repeat, to repeat verb

stadiger more slowly adjective

praat speak, to speak verb

vir for preposition

opskryf write down verb

asseblief please verb, interjection

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Verskoon my, hoe oud is jy? Verskoon my, waar is die stadsaal? "Excuse me, how old are you?" "Excuse me, where is the city hall?"

Wat sê jy? Ek hou van kaas.

"What do you say?" "I like cheese."

My sussie hou nie van kaas nie. Verstaan jy die vraag?

"My sister doesn't like cheese." "Do you understand the question?"

Het jy dit verstaan? Verstaan jy?

"Did you understand?" "Do you understand?"

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #3 - USEFUL PHRASES FOR LEARNING AFRIKAANS 3 Ek hou nie van sokker nie. Dis nie goed nie.

"I don't like soccer." "It's not good."

Kan jy die raam asseblief Kan ek die venster toemaak? toesluit? "Can I close the window?" "Can you close that window, please?"

Herhaal na my. Kan u asseblief stadiger ry?

"Repeat after me." "Could you drive slowly, please?"

Jy moet stadiger ry. Ek wil Af rikaans goed praat.

"You have to drive slower." "I want to speak Afrikaans well."

Praat jy Japannees? Vir wie is daardie koek?

"Do you speak Japanese?" "Who's cake is that?"

Water asseblief Help my asseblief !

"Water, please" "Please help me."

GRAMMAR

T he Focus of T his Boot Camp Lesson is Using Af rikaans Phrases to Learn More Af rikaan Hoe sê ek "Cheese" in Afrikaans? "How do you say...... in Af rikaans?"

Hoe sê ek literally translates into "How say I" and in Afrikaans means "in Afrikaans."

For example:

When we use the pronoun jy ("you") we are being informal, and u ("you") is formal.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #3 - USEFUL PHRASES FOR LEARNING AFRIKAANS 4 So Kan u is a polite way of saying "can you," dit means "it" or "that," and the last word herhaal means "to repeat."

For example:

This sentence starts again with the same Kan u, (" can you") and stadiger which means "more slowly," and then we had praat, which means "to speak."

For example:

Again the same Kan u ("can you"), followed by dit, which means "it," then vir is "for," my is "me," opskryf, which means "write down," and ﬁnally asseblief means "please."

For example:

Let's have a look at the verb Kan ("can"). Once again, this verb doesn't change with the pronoun.

Af rikaans / "English" kan / "Can"

Ek kan / Kan ek? / "I can" / "Can I?"

Hy kan / Kan hy? / "He can" / "Can he?"

Sy kan / Kan sy? / "She can" / "Can she?"

Ons kan / Kan ons? / "We can" / "Can we"

Hulle kan/ Kan hulle? / "They can" / "Can they?"

U kan / Kan u? / "You can" / "Can you?" ( formal)

Jy kan / Kan jy? / "You can" / "Can you?" ( informal)

For example:

CULTURAL INSIGHT

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #3 - USEFUL PHRASES FOR LEARNING AFRIKAANS 5 Why Study Af rikaans?

The phrases in this lesson are more than just a handful of vocab words—they're invaluable tools that can get you back on your feet if you ﬁnd yourself stumbling in Afrikaans and help you regain control of the conversation. Instead of giving up and reverting to English, you can use these phrases to ﬁnd the missing words and steer your Afrikaans sentences to the end. Even though many South Africans speak English, they'll be much more grateful for the chance to understand your Afrikaans!

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #3 - USEFUL PHRASES FOR LEARNING AFRIKAANS 6 LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp S1 #4 Counting from 1-100 in Afrikaans

CONTENTS

2 Afrikaans 2 English 3 Vocabulary 4 Sample Sentences 4 Grammar 5 Cultural Insight

# 4

1. Pieter: Een(1),

2. Pieter: Twee (2),

3. Pieter: Drie(3),

4. Pieter: Vier (4),

5. Pieter: Vyf(5),

6. Pieter: Ses (6),

7. Pieter: Sewe(7),

8. Pieter: Agt (8),

9. Pieter: Nege (9),

10. Pieter: Tien(10).

ENGLISH

1. Pieter: One,

2. Pieter: And

3. Pieter: Two,

4. Pieter: And

CONT'D OVER

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #4 - COUNTING FROM 1-100 IN AFRIKAANS 2 5. Pieter: Three,

6. Pieter: And

7. Pieter: Four,

8. Pieter: And

9. Pieter: Five,

10. Pieter: And

11. Pieter: Six,

12. Pieter: And

13. Pieter: Seven,

14. Pieter: And

15. Pieter: Eight,

16. Pieter: And

17. Pieter: Nine,

18. Pieter: And

19. Pieter: Ten.

VOCABULARY

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #4 - COUNTING FROM 1-100 IN AFRIKAANS 3 Af rikaans English Class

een one (1) noun, numeral

twee two (2) noun

drie three (3) noun

vier four (4) noun

vyf ﬁve (5) noun

ses six (6) noun

sewe seven (7) noun

agt eight (8) noun

nege nine (9) noun

tien ten (10) noun, numeral

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Ek het nog een bottel. Daar is twee bome.

"I have one more bottle." "There are two trees."

Drie voëls vlieg. Ek het vier boeke in my sak.

"Three birds are ﬂying." "I have four books in my bag."

Ek wil vyf t-hempde koop. Hy het ses broers.

"I want to buy ﬁve t-shirts." "He has six brothers."

Sy is sewe jaar oud. Dis om agt uur.

"She is seven years old." "It's at 8 o'clock."

Dis kwart oor nege. T ien mense is in hierdie kamer.

"It's 9:15." "Ten people are in this room."

GRAMMAR

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #4 - COUNTING FROM 1-100 IN AFRIKAANS 4 T he Focus of T he Lesson is Af rikaans Numbers 1-100

From the point of view of the word order, Afrikaans numerals have the same usage as in English: the number comes ﬁrst followed by a noun (the thing you are counting).

For example:

1. Een kaartjie "one ticket"

2. Drie mense "three people"

3. Veertig jaar "forty years"

CULTURAL INSIGHT

A Head Start on Af rikaans

When listening to spoken Afrikaans, you're bound to recognize some words if you speak English, German, Danish, Norwegian, or Swedish. This can help you a lot in learning the Afrikaans language, as they are all Germanic languages. This also explains why most people in these countries are pretty good at speaking English.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #4 - COUNTING FROM 1-100 IN AFRIKAANS 5 LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp S1 #5 Counting from 100-1,000,000 in Afrikaans

CONTENTS

2 Afrikaans 2 English 3 Vocabulary 4 Sample Sentences 5 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight

# 5

1. Zani: Honderd.

2. Pieter: Tweehonderd.

3. Zani: Driehonderd.

4. Pieter: Vierhonderd.

5. Zani: Vyfhonderd.

6. Pieter: Seshonderd.

7. Zani: Sewehonderd.

8. Pieter: Agthonderd.

9. Zani: Negehonderd.

10. Pieter: Duisend.

11. Zani: Tienduisend.

12. Pieter: Honderdduisend.

13. Zani: Miljoen.

ENGLISH

1. Zani: One hundred.

CONT'D OVER

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #5 - COUNTING FROM 100-1,000,000 IN AFRIKAANS 2 2. Pieter: Two hundred.

3. Zani: Three hundred.

4. Pieter: Four hundred.

5. Zani: Five hundred.

6. Pieter: Six hundred.

7. Zani: Seven hundred.

8. Pieter: Eight hundred.

9. Zani: Nine hundred.

10. Pieter: One thousand.

11. Zani: Ten thousand.

12. Pieter: One hundred thousand.

13. Zani: One million.

VOCABULARY

Af rikaans English Class

miljoen million (1,000,000) numeral

one hundred thousand honderdduisend (100,000)

tienduisend ten thousand (10,000)

duisend one thousand (1,000)

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #5 - COUNTING FROM 100-1,000,000 IN AFRIKAANS 3 negehonderd nine hundred (900)

agthonderd eight hundred (800)

sewenhonderd seven hundred (700)

seshonderd six hundred (600)

vyfhonderd ﬁve hundred (500)

vierhonderd four hundred (400)

driehonderd three hundred (300)

tweehonderd two hundred (200)

honderd hundred (100) noun

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Daar is daar meer as een Die programme is deur een miljoen mense. miljoen mense gekyk.

"There are more than a million "The program was watched by people." one million viewers."

Die wenner van die lottery het Hulle het tienduisend rand vir honderdduisend rand gewen. hulle werk verdien.

"The winner of the lottery got a "They earned ten thousand hundred thousand rand." rand for their work."

Ek het 'n duisend rand gevind! Die antieke lepel was negehonderd jaar oud. "I found one thousand euro!" "The antique spoon was nine hundred years old."

Ek het agthonderd rand in een Die tas het sewehonderd rand dag uitgegee. gekost!

"I spent eight hundred euro in "The bag costs seven hundred one day." euro!"

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #5 - COUNTING FROM 100-1,000,000 IN AFRIKAANS 4 Die dorp het seshonderd Die dorp het seshonderd inwoners. inwoners.

"Six hundred people live in this "Six hundred people live in this town." town."

Daar werk vyfhonderd Hy het vir my vierhonderd rand werknemers in ons bedryf. geleen.

"There are ﬁve hundred "He lent four hundred rand to employees working in our me." company."

Hierdie stad is driehonderd Is tweehonderd rand baie? jaar oud. "Are two hundred rand a lot?" "This city is three hundred years old."

My ouma is honderd jaar oud.

"My grandmother is one hundred year-old."

GRAMMAR

T he Focus of T his Lesson Is How to Say Numbers Larger than 100 in Af rikaans

The easiest way to remember large Afrikaans numbers is to understand their structure ﬁrst. In the previous Bootcamp lesson, we covered the numbers from one to one hundred. As you might remember, the most important thing was to memorize the numbers from one to ten, and then build larger numbers by modifying endings, adding or dropping some parts, and so on. There are exceptions among the common rules, but in general, Afrikaans numbers have a strong logical system according to which the numbers are built.

100

"One hundred" in Afrikaans is honderd; we don't use "one" in front. When counting the rest of the hundreds, we just put the numbers two-nine in front. One diﬀerence from English, however, is that when we write the numbers we don't leave any

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #5 - COUNTING FROM 100-1,000,000 IN AFRIKAANS 5 space in between. For example, "two hundred" is tweehonderd and "three hundred" is driehonderd.

1,000

If you can count your hundreds you can count your thousands too, because it works exactly the same way. For one thousand we leave the one out again and say duizend for the rest we just "glue" them together again. Tweeduisend, drieduisend, vierduisend, etc.

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Did you Know?

South Africa is 1,219,912 km2: making it the 25th largest country in the world, and a similar size to Colombia.

The population of South Africa is high: close to fifty-five million. It's a multicultural society, with eleven different spoken languages. The three largest languages are Zulu, Xhosa, and Afrikaans, although English is used as the common language in most places. All people in South Africa have the right to receive education and official communication from the government in one of the eleven official languages.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #5 - COUNTING FROM 100-1,000,000 IN AFRIKAANS 6 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #1 Top 5 Reasons to Study Afrikaans

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 1

T he History of the Af rikaans Language

Linguistics

Afrikaans is a Germanic language and, more specifically, a West German language. It's pretty close to Dutch, German and Scandinavian languages, and, to some extent, to English, for significant historical reasons. Afrikaans was declared an official language of South Africa in 1925 and nowadays, is spoken by 10.3 million South Africans, as well as by a significant population of Namibia and neighboring Botswana.

There is a large global diaspora of South Africans, which means that Afrikaans is also spoken in many countries around the world. There are signiﬁcant numbers of Afrikaans speakers in the UK, the Netherlands, Ireland, the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, as well as many other African countries. Historically, Afrikaans has also been spoken for over 100 years in the Chubut province of Argentina.

Varieties

There are several diﬀerent varieties of Afrikaans, but everybody can understand and speak to each other. Most notable is the Kaapse Afrikaans spoken mainly by the people of color in the Western Cape. In many ways, this dialect is closer to Dutch than standard Afrikaans, and a lot of speakers code-switch with English, switching between both languages in a single conversation. In the Northern Cape Province, the dialect of Afrikaans is often referred to as Oranjerivierafrikaans. There are also growing diﬀerences in the language spoken by the expatriate community abroad.

About the Country of Origin

Afrikaans is a language that originated from the Dutch settlers’ inability to communicate with the slaves they brought to the Cape Colony from other parts of the Dutch empire, in particular Malaysia and South East Asia. Dutch grammar was greatly simplified, and many loanwords were taken from Malay and indigenous African languages. The first ever written text in Afrikaans was a book about Islam, that was written using the Arabic alphabet in the 1830s. During the rest of the nineteent century, the language was standardized and in 1925, was formally recognized as distinct from Dutch when it was made an official language of South Africa.

Where is it Spoken?

There are about seven million people registered as native Afrikaans speakers all over the world. Most native speakers live in South Africa, and it's a recognized minority language of Namibia and Botswana. South African expatriate communities

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #1 - TOP 5 REASONS TO STUDY AFRIKAANS 2 around the world speak Afrikaans as well, and communities in the Chubut province of Argentina have spoken Afrikaans for over 100 years.

Why is it Important?

T he top ﬁve reasons to learn this language are...

1. You can travel to more places and use your Afrikaans more often than you might expect. South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana all have Afrikaans communities and it will even be understood in places where they speak Dutch like the Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname, and parts of the Caribbean.

2. When you speak Afrikaans, it is much easier to bond with locals. It will deﬁnitely help you make some friends in the local pub.

3. By learning Afrikaans, you can get a deeper understanding of world history and culture.

4. Knowing Afrikaans will help you learn other European languages such as Dutch, German, French, and English!

5. Contrary to popular belief, not everyone in South Africa speaks English. Especially if you want to experience the real South Africa and get oﬀ the beaten track, speaking Afrikaans will help you tremendously.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #1 - TOP 5 REASONS TO STUDY AFRIKAANS 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #2 Cracking the Afrikaans Writing System

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 2

T he Focus of T his Lesson Is the Af rikaans Writing System

Af rikaans Writing

The Afrikaans writing systems uses a phonetic alphabet. The oldest example of written Afrikaans is a religious book about Islam. The Cape Malay community were the ﬁrst people to write in Afrikaans.

In the mid to late nineteenth century, more and more books written in Afrikaans starting appearing. Many people consider the ﬁrst authoritative text about Afrikaans and written in Afrikaans to be L.H. Meurant's Zamenspraak tusschen Klaas Waarzegger en Jan Twyfelaar, published in 1861.

Gradually the written language became standardized, and is now regulated by a government organization known as Taal Komissie. Many sounds from Dutch that were obsolete in Afrikaans were replaced, such as ch which became g, and sch which became sk.

Afrikaans is the most published language in South Africa after English, with a strong tradition of literature, much of which is recognized and appreciated worldwide.

Alphabet

Nowadays, the Afrikaans alphabet, which is based on the Latin alphabet, counts twenty-six characters. There are some letter combinations you won't ﬁnd in English, such as oe in the word boek, ("book.") It is pronounced like in English, but sounds a little bit more like "ﬂuke."

Another combo is y and ei, both of which sound like "y."

The Afrikaans language has a relatively high proportion of doubled letters, both vowels and consonants, like oo in boom ("tree") and uu in muur ("wall") or ee in eet "to eat."). The word voorraaddoos ("supply box"), for example, contains ﬁve consecutive doubled letters.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #2 - CRACKING THE AFRIKAANS WRITING SYSTEM 2 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #3 Painless Afrikaans Grammar

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 3

T he Focus of T his Lesson is a Basic Introduction to Af rikaans Grammar

The big, bad G-word—nothing to be scared of, just a few words we need to introduce to you.

Reviewing English Grammar

Before we look at Afrikaans grammar, let's quickly review English grammar.

English is an SVO language, meaning "Subject-Verb-Object."

For example:

1. "I eat fruit."

2. "I" = subject

3. "eat" = verb

4. "fruit" = object

Afrikaans follows the same pattern as English where you have the Subject-Verb- Object.

English has three simple tenses: present, past, and future. The tense of the verb mainly refers to the "time" of the action of the verb (present, past, or future time).

Articles

English has three articles: the deﬁnite article, "the," and the indeﬁnite articles "a" and "an."

Afrikaans has just two articles; die, meaning "the" in English and 'n meaning "a" or "an."

Plurals of Nouns

The most common way of making a noun plural is by adding -e to the singular.

Singular Plural "English"

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #3 - PAINLESS AFRIKAANS GRAMMAR 2 aardvark aardvarke "aardvarks" koerant krante "newspapers" vriend vriende "friends"

Be careful to follow the rules of spelling when pluralizing nouns with -en. You will have to write a long vowel sound as a single letter:

Singular Plural "English"

naam name "names"

muur mure "walls"

been bene "legs"

Likewise, you have to double the consonant after a short vowel sound:

Singular Plural "English"

vak vakke "subjects"

adres adresse "addresses"

Skot Skotte "Scots"

There are exceptions to this rule.

Take care with the plurals of nouns that end in -ee or or nouns that end in stressed - ie. The plural ending -en is still added, but it will be written as -ën to distinguish between the sounds. For example:

Singular Plural "English"

economie economieë "economies"

Plural with -s

Some words also form the plural by adding -s to the end. There is not really a rule for this, so it's a good idea to learn the plural form with each new word that you're learning.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #3 - PAINLESS AFRIKAANS GRAMMAR 3 Singular Plural "English" arm arms arms voël voëls birds winkel winkels shops nummer nummers numbers idee idees ideas

Pronouns

Pronouns are the small class of words found in my many languages that replace or substitute for nouns and noun phrases, and that have a very general reference. Things such as "I," "you," "he," "this," etc.

If we didn't have pronouns in English, we'd have to talk like this:

"My brother lives in Maryland. My brother works for the government. My brother is married, and my brother's wife works as a paralegal. I visit my brother and my brother's wife twice a year."

Ye cats! Aren't we lucky we have pronouns—words that take the place of a noun— to simplify our lives and avoid that horrible, lengthy repetition? Try this instead:

"My brother lives in Maryland. He works for the government. He is married, and his wife works as a paralegal. I visit him and his wife twice a year."

Pronouns have person, which tell us who's talking or whom we're talking about. Here's a chart of the English pronouns, with the Afrikaans equivalents.

Person Af rikaans "English"

1 ek I

2 jy you (informal)

2 u you (formal)

3 hy he

3 sy she

3 dit it

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #3 - PAINLESS AFRIKAANS GRAMMAR 4 1 ons we

2 julle you (informal)

2 u you (formal)

3 hulle they

Adjectives

Adjectives are words that qualify nouns. They express a particular quality of the noun, such as color (groen, "green") or dimension (klein, "small"). Adjectives can also express more abstract qualities (aardig, "friendly").

Predicative adjectives

Predicative adjectives are adjectives used separately from the noun they qualify, as in the sentences below:

Die kerk in Stellenbosch is klein. "The Church in Stellenbosch is small."

Kaapstad is mooi. "Cape Town is beautiful."

Note that predicative adjectives never change form.

Attributive adjectives

When adjectives immediately precede the noun they qualify, we talk of attributive adjectives. Examples of attributive adjectives are:

Stellenbosch het 'n klein kerk. "Stellenbosch has a small church."

Kaapstad is 'n mooi stad. "Cape Town is a beautiful city."

Some adjectives in Afrikaans add an -e to the end when they are attributive. Again, it is best to learn these as you go along.

Dit was 'n vinnige doel "That was a quick task"

Die juigende toeskouers het hom "The cheering crowds greeted him." gegroet.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #3 - PAINLESS AFRIKAANS GRAMMAR 5 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #4 Afrikaans Pronunciation Made Easy

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 4

T he Focus of T his Lesson Is Basic Af rikaans Pronunciation

The Afrikaans alphabet has 26 letters, which are divided into vowels (klinkers) and consonants (medeklinkers).

T he Af rikaans vowels:

a rat "rat" sounds Like the "a" in "what"

e bel "bell" sounds same as the "e" in "bell"

i ik "I" sounds like the "i" in "in"

o op "on" sounds same like the "o" in "on"

u rus "rest" sounds like the "u" in "us"

The vowels in the above examples are all pronounced as short vowel sounds. These vowels can also be pronounced as long sounds.

The letter can be pronounced as the short vowel /e/ as in bel ("bell") the long vowel /e:/ as the ﬁrst in leren ("learn").

In the table below the vowels are pronounced as long sounds.

a tale "languages" sounds Like the "a" in "father"

e tevrede "content" sounds same as the "ea" in "ear"

o ore "ears" sounds like the "ewe" in "fewer"

sounds like the "u" in München u mure "walls" (German)

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #4 - AFRIKAANS PRONUNCIATION MADE EASY 2 Diphthongs

All of the above vowels can occur together with another vowel.The combinations are pronounced as a singular sound

eu reus "giant" sounds like "her" without the "r"

ie sien "to see" sounds like "eat" without the "t"

oe hoek "corner" sounds like the "oo" in "book"

sounds like euille in French ui huis "house" "feuilleton"

The letter combinations au and ou sound the same as well as the combinations ei and y.

ou jou "your" sounds like "ow" in "show"

ei klein "small" sounds like "ai" in the "main"

T he Af rikaans Consonants

The single-letter Afrikaans consonants sound mostly the same as in English.

However, the letters d and b, when occurring at the end of a word, are pronounced as /t/ and /p/ respectively:

d goed "good" sounds like the "t" in" tea"

b klub "club" sounds like the "p" in pen

Some consonants can be combined with other consonants to produce diﬀerent sounds:

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #4 - AFRIKAANS PRONUNCIATION MADE EASY 3 ng jong "young" sounds like "ng" in "sing"

Consonants are doubled to show that the vowel preceding it has a short vowel sound. One thing to remember is that Afrikaans words can never end in a double consonant. A word like "basketball" would not be correct in Afrikaans; it should be basketbal.

Accent Marks

As in many other languages, Afrikaans vowels sometimes receive accent marks. Consonants are never accented. These accent marks do not 'create' new vowel sounds but they merely help the reader interpret some of the vowels.

ê, ô

1. This stops the vowel turning into ee or oo, e.g. môre

2. This can aﬀect meaning e.g. sê ("to say") vs. se (possessive marker)

ë, ï, ö, ü

The two 'dots' on a vowel are called an umlaut and indicates that the second vowel is not part of the same sound as the ﬁrst one. You'll see it most frequently on the letter. It basically tells the reader that the vowel with the diaresis has to be pronounced separately. It occurs in various situations. Some common ones are:

1. In the spelling of numbers as in tweeëndertig ("thirty-two").

2. At the end of many names of countries: Italië, België.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #4 - AFRIKAANS PRONUNCIATION MADE EASY 4 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #5 Top 5 Important Phrases for Learning Afrikaans

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 5

T he Focus of T his Lesson Is Five Must-Know Af rikaans Phrases

The following are ﬁve essential phrases that will make the most diﬀerence in your studies.

Phrase 1: "Hello"

The most useful Afrikaans phrase you should know is Hallo which means "hello" (informal) or goeiemôre, meaning "good morning" (formal). In addition:

● goeiemiddag means "good afternoon"

● goeienaand means "good evening" (formal)

For example:

1. Hallo, hoe gaan dit met jou? "Hello, how are you?"

2. Goeiemôre, hoe gaan dit met u? "Good morning how are you?"

Phrase 2: "Thank You"

Show oﬀ your manners by saying "thank you," which in Afrikaans is Baie dankie.

For example:

1. Baie dankie vir die geskenk. "Thank you for the present."

Phrase 3: "Please" and "Here you are"

With these next two expressions, you can ask for or hand someone something, in the same way you'd say "Please" or "here you are." The word to use is asseblief.

For example:

1. Koﬃe asseblief "Coﬀee, please."

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #5 - TOP 5 IMPORTANT PHRASES FOR LEARNING AFRIKAANS 2 2. Asseblief, u wisselgeld "Here you are, your change."

Phrase 4: "I Don't Understand."

A phrase that comes in handy when you have no idea what people are talking about is Ek verstaan dit nie, which means "I don't understand."

For example:

1. Ek verstaan dit nie, kan u dit herhaal? "I don't understand, can you repeat?"

Phrase 5: "Sorry or Excuse Me."

Our last useful Afrikaans phrase is Verskoon my which means "sorry" or "excuse me." Being humble and apologizing when appropriate is a great way of showing good manners.

For example:

1. Verskoon my mag ek u iets vra? "Excuse me can I ask you something?"

2. Oh verskoon my ek het u daar nie gesien nie. "I'm sorry I didn't see you standing there"

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #5 - TOP 5 IMPORTANT PHRASES FOR LEARNING AFRIKAANS 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #6 Can You Answer These 5 Questions About South Africa?

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 6

T he Focus of T his Lesson Is the Five T hings You Have to Know about South Af rica

Test your South African knowledge! This lesson will build your basic knowledge of South Africa by quizzing you on ﬁve areas of South African knowledge: geography, pop culture, travel, economics, and myth-busting.

Question 1: Geography of South Af rica

How many provinces are in South Africa?

A) 3

B) 9

C) 96

The correct answer is B: 9. South Africa now consists of nine provinces, created when their boundaries were redrawn following the 1994 election of Nelson Mandela and de-facto end of Apartheid rule.

And here's a little extra trivia for you: South Africa has a Mediterranean climate in the South West, a temperate climate in the inner plateau, and a subtropical climate in the North East.

Question 2: South African Pop Culture Question

I'm going to name three people; one is a musician, one is an actor, and one is a sports star. Match the name with the profession.

A) Francois Pienaar

B) Charlize Theron

C) Anri du Toit

And here are your answers:

Francois Pienaar was captain of the Springboks rugby team when South Africa's famously won the World Cup in 1995. He now works as a commentator and make regular appearances on TV.

Charlize Theron is one of Hollywood's most famous actors. She has appeared in many diﬀerent ﬁlms such as The Devil's Advocate, Mighty Joe Young, The Cider

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #6 - CAN YOU ANSWER THESE 5 QUESTIONS ABOUT SOUTH AFRICA? 2 House Rules and many more.

Anri du Toit, also known by her stage name Yolandi Visser, is a musician, artist, and the lead singer of South Africa's most successful band, Die Antwoord. She sings in both English and Afrikaans.

Question 3: South African Travel Question

Rank the three most popular travel destinations in South Africa.

A) The Kruger National Park

B) The Winelands

C) Cape Town and the Cape Peninsula

This one might be tricky!

Cape Town and the Cape Peninsula is the most popular spot in South Africa. While Cape Town has many diﬀerent attractions to oﬀer the millions of visitors who come each year, some of the most popular things to do are to enjoy the vistas from Table Mountain and to see the wildlife and nature of the Cape Peninsula.

Number two:

The Winelands is a stunningly beautiful stretch of the country in the Western and Eastern Cape provinces, where you can taste some of the world's best, award- winning wines.

The last one:

Kruger National Park. Stretching over two million hectares and home to sixteen different ecosystems, this is where you can go on Safari to spot the animal kingdom's big five animals, which include the African lion, African elephant, Cape buffalo, African leopard, and White/Black rhinoceros.

Question 4: South African Economics Question

South Africa has used many currencies in the past, but which do they use now?

A) Pound,

B) Dollar, or

C) Rand?

The answer is C, the Rand.

Question 5: Biodiversity in South Af rica

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #6 - CAN YOU ANSWER THESE 5 QUESTIONS ABOUT SOUTH AFRICA? 3 How many diﬀerent species of bird are there in South Africa?

A) 300

B) 600

C) 900

The correct answer is C, 900. South Africa has one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world and with over 900 different species of bird, it accounts for more than 10% of the world's entire bird population. It also has an entire floral kingdom: The Cape Floral Kingdom with 9,600 different plant species, 70% of which cannot be found anywhere else on the planet.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #6 - CAN YOU ANSWER THESE 5 QUESTIONS ABOUT SOUTH AFRICA? 4 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #7 South African Dishes

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 7

T he Focus of this Lesson is An Introduction to South Af rican Cuisine

What is South African food like?

Traditionally, South Africans eat a lot of bread, potatoes, vegetables, meat, and dairy products.

Fish is eaten too, but less than meat.

But as South Africa is a very multicultural society, there is a lot of variation in the food, too.

Food for special occasions

Cape Malay Muslims drink boeber, a sweet milk-based drink, on the ﬁfteenth day of Ramadan to celebrate having completed half of their fast. During Christmas, the traditional meal consists of game meat like springbok or ostrich sometimes being served instead of turkey.

South African delicacies

Melktert ("milk tarts") are a delicacy and not to be missed. It's best to eat them with a hot cup of coﬀee or tea. A cup of coﬀee in South Africa should also be accompanied by beskuite ("rusks"), which are crusty biscuits that are great for dunking!

Seasonal dishes

In wintertime, South Africans tend to eat a lot of soups and stews. The most famous of all is potjiekos ("pot food"), a dish of hearty vegetables and meats slow-cooked in a small cauldron over an outdoor ﬁre.

Table etiquette

Before we start eating, we say lekker eet. With this phrase, we wish each other a good meal. If we are drinking alcohol, we toast and only then start eating. We can't put our elbows on the table or reach in front of someone. Instead, we ask the person next to us to pass the item we want. When ﬁnished eating, we place our fork and knife parallel on our dish.

Top Five South African Delicacies

1. Biltong (spiced and salted dried meat)

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #7 - SOUTH AFRICAN DISHES 2 2. Wildsvleis (game meat)

3. Sosaties (marinated kebab skewers)

4. Bobotie (Cape Malay meatloaf with eggs, raisins, and spices)

5. Boerewors (farmer's sausage)

T he Top Five Foods for the Brave

1. Mashonzha (Mopane worms boiled in salt water and then dried in the sun)

2. Skilpadjies (lamb's liver wrapped in netvet and grilled over hot coals)

3. Walkie talkies (grilled and deep fried chicken feet and heads)

4. Umqobothi (a kind of beer traditionally brewed from fermented maize and sorghum)

5. Trotters and beans (boiled pig's or sheep's trotters with onions and potatoes)

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #7 - SOUTH AFRICAN DISHES 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #8 Top 5 Things You Need to Know About Afrikaans Society

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 8

T he Focus of this Lesson is the Top 5 T hings You Need to Know About South Af rican Society

1. Major cities and how they work

Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and Africa's economic hub. It has the most millionaires of any African city, but is also one of the continent's most unequal societies, with many inhabitants living in dire conditions in townships literally next to exclusive gated communities. Johannesburg's population is hard to determine, but it is estimated to be between 4 and 10 million. It was founded as a mining town in 1884 after gold was discovered nearby, and in just 10 years grew to an enormous 100,000 inhabitants, one of the fastest urban growths ever recorded in human history.

It is unclear who Johannesburg was named after, as Johannes was an extremely common name amongst Dutch males at the time and records stating exactly which Johannes gave the city his name have since been lost. Nowadays, Johannesburg is a bustling cosmopolitan place, home to all eleven of South Africa's oﬃcial languages, and with the busiest airport on the African continent.

Cape Town is the second largest city in South Africa. It was founded by Jan van Riebeeck of the Dutch East India Company in 1652, and served as the main stopping point and trading post for sailors travelling to other parts of the Dutch empire, such as Indonesia. It has a population of 3.4 million, and is also the country's legislative capital. Cape Town is South Africa's main tourist destination, attracting 2.5 million tourists each year, who enjoy the city's many sights such as Robben Island, Table Mountain, the Bo-Kaap, and Kalk Bay.

The most commonly spoken language in Cape Town is Afrikaans (36%), followed by Xhosa (30%) and English (28%). Although not as mixed as Johannesburg, Cape Town is still very multicultural, with 42% of the population describing themselves as "colored" in the last census, 39% as "black African," 15% as "white" and 1.4% as "Indian or Asian."

2. Family lif e

South Africans see the family as the foundation of the social structure. Families tend to be large, often with many children. Attitudes towards issues such as homosexuality can vary, although South Africa is still the only country in the world to enshrine equal rights, regardless of sexual orientation, in its constitution. In 2006, South Africa became the ﬁrst and only country in Africa to grant same-sex marriages. It is also possible for same-sex couples to adopt.

3. Work, Culture, and Economy

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #8 - TOP 5 THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT AFRIKAANS SOCIETY 2 South Africans prefer to get down to business quickly and engage in relatively little small talk. Communication is direct and to the point, and may seem blunt. When you want to get your point across, make sure your arguments are rational as opposed to emotional, and use facts and ﬁgures to conﬁrm your statements. Business is conducted slowly. South Africans are detail-oriented and want to understand every possibility before coming to an agreement. Decision-making can be consensus driven, but largely relies on strong leadership. Appearance is important to South Africans. We see ourselves as thrifty, hardworking, and practical. At the same time, South Africans are very warm people, and will see business relationships as personal relationships, too.

4. Politics

Since 1994, South Africa has been a parliamentary democracy in which all citizens have equal rights, regardless of race, religion, gender, or sexual orientation. Until 1994, South Africa had a policy of racial segregation that was imposed on the rest of the country by the white minority. This policy, known as Apartheid, led to international ostracization and heavy sanctioning of the country for many years. Since winning the elections in 1994, the African National Congress has enjoyed widespread support and has won nearly two thirds of the vote in every election. The current president is Jacob Zuma, who succeeded Thabo Mbeki in 2009.

5. Generational trends

Due to the enormous political and social changes that took place at the end of the twentieth century, there is a large gap between South Africa's older and younger generations. Some generations that remember the days of racial segregation and the apartheid regime remain skeptical about the idea of multiculturalism. Younger people, raised after the transition to democracy, are generally much more open to diversity, as they have grown up going to far more mixed schools and learning each other's languages.

The inﬂuence of western and American culture on South Africa is huge. Fast food is popular, as is American music and TV, although increasingly there is more and more South African popular culture available. An outdoorsy country, South Africa is a very sports-orientated society with many young people playing rugby, soccer or other team sports at school and recreationally.

However, despite the many changes happening in the country, many South Africans choose to move abroad to study or work. In recent years there have been initiatives to bring South Africans home and as visa policies in Europe tighten, more are returning. However, the eﬀects of the South African diaspora are still being felt and it is common to have friends or relatives who live outside of the country.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #8 - TOP 5 THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT AFRIKAANS SOCIETY 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #9 Top 5 Important Dates During the South African Calendar Year!

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 9

T he Focus of this Lesson is the Top Five important Dates During the Calendar Year

We'll go in reverse order.

5. Vryheidsdag/Freedom Day

"Freedom Day," or Vryheidsdag, is celebrated in South Africa on April 27 each year, to mark the country's ﬁrst free and democratic elections in 1994. This is a national holiday, which means banks and schools are shut, and is normally an opportunity for South Africans to reﬂect on their new freedoms and the pluralistic and democratic society that they now live in. General elections are also national holidays, in order to make sure that everybody gets a chance to vote.

4. Jeugdag/Youth Day

Jeugdag or "Youth Day" is celebrated on June 16 to mark the anniversary of the Soweto uprisings in 1976. The Soweto uprisings were caused by the Apartheid regime's attempts to impose Afrikaans as the exclusive language of instruction in all South African educational institutions, which would have left many South Africans without the right to have schooling in their own language. Many consider the Soweto uprisings to be a real turning point for the Apartheid regime, as images of extreme police brutality made their way around the world, renewing and strengthening the pressure on the nationalist regime to change. Since the advent of democracy in 1994, schooling is available in all eleven oﬃcial languages of South Africa, including Afrikaans, and many children also learn languages like Zulu and Xhosa at school.

3. Tweede Nuwe Jaar/Second New Year

Nuwe Jaar or "Second New Year" is celebrated on the 2nd of January in Cape Town each year. Before slavery was abolished in the Cape, this was the only day that the slaves would get oﬀ work, so they celebrated the New Year on this day, rather than on the 1st of January. Traditionally, this is still the day that the Cape Coloured community celebrate new year. A huge parade takes place through the city with Cape Minstrels, or Kaapse Klopse, dressing up in bright clothes, playing music and singing songs that date back hundreds of years as they pass through the streets.

2. Kersfees/Christmas

Like most of the western world, South Africa celebrates Christmas on the 25th of December, which is also a national holiday. As South Africa is in the southern hemisphere, this is in the middle of the summer and forms part of the holiday season, which includes New Year's Day on the 1st of January as well as the Day of Goodwill, which is a national holiday on the 26th of December, known elsewhere as

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #9 - TOP 5 IMPORTANT DATES DURING THE SOUTH AFRICAN CALENDAR YEAR! 2 Boxing Day. South Africans exchange presents and eat a traditional Christmas dinner, though some parts of the meal are unique to South Africa. Instead of a Christmas turkey, some families cook game meats like springbok or ostrich. For dessert, Christmas pudding might be replaced by Malva pudding, or Lekker poeding in Afrikaans. Christmas is a time to be spent with family, either indoors or outdoors, and to enjoy the summer weather.

1. Versoeningsdag/Reconciliation Day

Versoeningsdag or "Reconciliation Day" is celebrated on December 16. The idea of the holiday is to bring diﬀerent peoples of South Africa together and to form a common South African identity. December 16 is an important day in both Afrikaner and African culture, as it's both the day on which the Voortrekkers defeated the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River in 1838, and the day on which the armed wing of the African National Congress was formed in 1961. Nowadays, "Reconciliation Day" marks the beginning of the 16-day holiday period over Christmas and New Year, when schools and many businesses shut and people take their annual leave.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #9 - TOP 5 IMPORTANT DATES DURING THE SOUTH AFRICAN CALENDAR YEAR! 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #10 An Introduction to South African Pop Culture

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 10

T he Focus of this Lesson is an Introduction to South Af rican Pop Culture

Popular music

Due to South Africa's size, many ethnic groups, and its cultural diversity, South African music is very diverse and varied. In black African culture the most famous type of singing is traditional African songs, and the Soweto Gospel Choir is one of the most famous of its genre in the entire world. In Afrikaner culture, folk music has traditionally been the most popular, but things are also changing now and more Afrikaans music is becoming popular worldwide.

Aside from classical pop songs and ballads, in recent years several alternative bands have come to light which are changing the face of South African music. Die Antwoord, "the answer," is the most successful band in South African history, with number 1 hits all over the world and unique music videos and short ﬁlms. The two lead musicians sing in a mixture of English and Afrikaans.

One of the most important bands for Afrikaans music, though, was the punk group Fokofpolisiekar (literally "**** oﬀ police car"), which was the ﬁrst band since the end of Apartheid to sing in Afrikaans to challenge Afrikaner society, and it became the voice of a new, 'lost' generation.

Other Afrikaans pop and folk singers are Chris Chameleon, Bok van Blerk, Fredi Nest, and Kurt Darren.

Popular movies

South Africa has a strong film industry, and has produced many movies in recent years that have reached international recognition. The most popular was the sci-fi drama District 9, in which aliens arrive in Johannesburg and are segregated from the rest of society. However, other popular films in languages other than English have been the romcom Semi Soet, Tsotsi, about Johannesburg's gangster underworld based on Athol Fugard's play of the same name, and Skoonheid.

Many actors in Hollywood are originally from South Africa, such as Charlize Theron, who is an Afrikaans speaker herself, Dean Geyer from Glee, and Embeth Davidtz, who plays Annika Blomkvist in the ﬁlm adaptation of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo.

Popular television

SABC, South Africa's national broadcaster, oﬀers services in all 11 of South Africa's oﬃcial languages. For Afrikaans in particular, some good series to watch are 7de laan, Egoli, and Binnelanders. These are always subtitled in English to reach a wider audience. There are also private and cable providers such as 'kyknet,' which

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #10 - AN INTRODUCTION TO SOUTH AFRICAN POP CULTURE 2 oﬀer more programs in Afrikaans.

Popular countrymen and women abroad

Well, to see who the most popular/well-known South Africans are, I checked the number of times their names appear on the web. Let's see:

1. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (1918-2013): Nelson Mandela is seen as the father of the modern South African state. His philosophy of reconciliation and forgiveness has earned him the respect and love of millions of people around the world. After nearly thirty years in incarceration during the Apartheid regime, Mandela was elected as the ﬁrst democratic president of the country in 1994 and oversaw much of its transition to a pluralistic and open society. Mandela passed away in his home in Johannesburg in 2013, leaving behind a legacy that will never be forgotten.

2. Archbishop Desmond Tutu: is also considered to be a key ﬁgure in South Africa's recent transition to democracy. He is famous for the huge role he played overseeing South Africa's Truth and Peace Commision, which sought to establish the truth of what happened in the Apartheid regime and to help people "forgive and forget" the ills of the past.

3. Helen Suzman (1917-2009): Helen Suzman was the founder of the Progressive Party, which throughout the twentieth century was the only voice in the South African parliament to oppose the Apartheid regime. She was an inspiring human rights' activist and one of the most important ﬁgures in bringing about change in the country.

Popular Sports Figures

Ernie Els (1969-): Ernie Els is a professional golfer and former World Number One. He is sometimes known by his nickname, "The Big Easy," because of his height (6 ft. 3) and his smooth golf swing. He has won four major championships, including the US Open in 1994 and 1997, and the Open Championship in 2002 and 2012.

Francois Pienaar (1967 - ): Francois Pienaar was captain of the Springboks, South Africa's national rugby team, during the country's unexpected and sensational victory at the World Cup in 1995, just one year after the ﬁrst democratic elections. He has been ranked as one of the top 100 South Africans ever, and since retiring, makes a regular appearances as a commentator for matches on TV.

Caster Semenya (1991 - ): Caster Semenya is a middle-distance runner and world champion, winning gold in the 2009 championships, and silver at the 2012 Olympic Games in London. Semenya was showered in controversy after her win in 2009 which led to her being gender tested. She continues to sprint with women and was ranked by the New Statesman magazine as one of the Top 50 people that matter in 2010.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #10 - AN INTRODUCTION TO SOUTH AFRICAN POP CULTURE 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #11 Top 5 Useful Tools for Learning Afrikaans

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 11

T he Focus of T his Lesson is to Give Some Suggestions f or the Top Five Usef ul Tools f or Learning Af rikaans

Here are some great tools to aid you in your Afrikaans studies:

1. An Af rikaans Dictionary

The classic dictionary is always a good start with language. There are a few electronic dictionaries out there, and you can ﬁnd one at www.lexilogos.com/ english/afrikaans_dictionary.htm/

But if you prefer good, old-fashioned hardbacks, try http://www.amazon.com/gp/ product/1868901289?keywords=afrikaans dictionary pharosandqid=1444153046andref_=sr_1_6andsr=8-6

2. Online Dictionaries

There is a wide range of dictionaries available on the net:

● http://www.lexicool.com/: This dictionary gives you the translation but also works as a thesaurus, so you can ﬁnd words with similar meanings.

● http://www.glosbe.com: With this dictionary, you can translate short sentences.

3. An Af rikaans grammar site

To learn more about Afrikaans grammar, you might want to try out this site: http:// www.openlanguages.net/afrikaans

A lot of useful links can be found on this page: http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ afrikaans.htm

4. Flashcards

We recommend flashcards as a language-learning tool for learning any language. Be sure to make flash cards of any new vocabulary you learn. At first you might want to learn vocabulary by theme (e.g., at the hotel, fruits, or greetings). We have developed an interactive flashcard feature at AfrikaansPod101.com. You can check it out here:

My Flashcards: http://www.afrikaansPod101.com/learningcenter/ﬂashcards/ﬂashcard

5. Audio and visual

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #11 - TOP 5 USEFUL TOOLS FOR LEARNING AFRIKAANS 2 Listening and seeing are two of the best ways of learning a language. Make sure you listen to the language every day, even for ﬁve minutes, to let your ears get used to the sound. You can listen to Afrikaans radio online at: http://www.rsg.co.za/ or http://www.tunein.com and search for Afrikaans stations

For the pronounciation of words you can go to this site: http://www.forvo.com/

You type in the word and you can hear what it sounds like.

Finally, have your eyes memorize new vocabulary by reading. At ﬁrst, reading may be a challenge, but remember, we were all learning our own language at some stage, and picture books came in handy. You can read two picture books online here: http://www.childrensbooksforever.com/childrenpages/Afrikaans.html

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #11 - TOP 5 USEFUL TOOLS FOR LEARNING AFRIKAANS 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #12 Top 5 Afrikaans Classroom Phrases

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 12

T he Focus of T his Lesson Is to Learn Some Usef ul Phrases f or the Classroom in Af rikaans

Here are the phrases from the lesson.

1. Kan u dit asseblief herhaal? "Please repeat that."

2. Hoe sê ek.... in Afrikaans? "How do you say...in Afrikaans?"

3. Mag ek iets vra... "May I ask something..."

4. Ek verstaan dit nie. "I don't understand."

5. Kan u dit bietjie stadiger herhaal? "Can you repeat that a bit more slowly?"

Phrase 1: Kan u dit asseblief herhaal?

This phrase is useful because you can use it anytime, in or out of the classroom.

Kan u means "Can you."

Dit means "it."

Asseblief means "please."

Herhaal means "repeat."

Phrase 2: Hoe sê ek.... in Afrikaans?

This is a great phrase. You get to rediscover the world again through Afrikaans eyes.

You can learn very quickly if you use this phrase and ask lots of questions.

Hoe means "how."

Sê is the verb for "you say."

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #12 - TOP 5 AFRIKAANS CLASSROOM PHRASES 2 Ek means "I."

After that, you insert the English word or point to you want to know.

In Afrikaans means "in Afrikaans."

Phrase 3: Mag ek iets vra....

Not only is this a great phrase to learn so that you can ask the teacher a question, but it's also a great phrase to use to ask for a favor and get what you want!

Mag ek means "May I" or "Can I."

Iets in this case means "something." vra means "to ask."

Phrase 4: Ek verstaan dit nie.

We can use this phrase on any occasion.

Ek means "I." verstaan means "understand." dit means "it." nie here is a negative and translates as "not."

Phrase 5: Kan u dit bietjie stadiger herhaal?

As South Africans tend to talk at the speed of light, this phrase will come in handy.

Kan u is the polite way of asking "Can you."

Dit means "it." bietjie means "a bit." stadiger means "more slowly." herhaal means "repeat."

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #12 - TOP 5 AFRIKAANS CLASSROOM PHRASES 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #13 Common Afrikaans Expressions That You Might Not Learn from an Afrikaans Teacher

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 13

T he Focus of T his Lesson is Teaching You Some Very Common Af rikaans Expressions T hat You Might Not Learn f rom an Af rikaans Teacher

Here are the phrases we will explain in further detail below:

1. Ag nee. "Oh no."

2. Jy is mal. "You're stupid."

3. Toe maar, moenie jou kwel nie. "Never mind, don't worry about it."

4. Hoeveel kost dit? "How much is it?"

5. Kan jy dit bietjie goedkoper maak? "Can you make it a little cheaper?"

These are Afrikaans phrases and expressions that you will hear often and can use everyday.

Ag nee

You use this as an interjection. You use it when someone tells you something bad, or to express your annoyance. In slang you can also say ag shame to express sympathy.

Jy is mal.

It means "you're being too nice" as it's used in the lesson dialogue. But for some cases, when a person is displeased with another's actions or words, Jy is mal is a cutting retort, similar to the English "You're crazy!" You usually utter it on its own and direct it at someone as an insult.

Toe maar, moenie jou kwel nie.

This literally means "No worries, it doesn't matter." Use it when you want to say "Nevermind," or "Don't worry about it."

Hoeveel kost dit?

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #13 - COMMON AFRIKAANS EXPRESSIONS THAT YOU MIGHT NOT LEARN FROM AN AFRIKAANS 2 TEACHER We can translate this to "How much does this cost?" We use it when we are shopping at a market, as prices are not always displayed.

Kan jy dit bietjie goedkoper maak?

This literally means "Can you it a bit cheaper make?", which translates as "Can you make it a little cheaper?" Remember that South Africans bargain a lot, and especially if you head down to the markets you will need this.

For example:

1. Ag nee, ek het die trein gemis! "Oh no, I missed the train!"

2. Jy het 3000 Rand daarvoor betaal? Is jy mal? "You paid 3000 Rand for that? Are you crazy?"

3. Jy het jou koppie gebreek? Toe maar, moenie jou kwel nie. "You broke your cup? Nevermind, don't worry about it.

4. Daardie boek, hoeveel kost dit? "That book, how much is it?"

5. Daardie rok, kan jy dit bietjie goedkoper maak? "That dress, can you make it a little cheaper?"

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #13 - COMMON AFRIKAANS EXPRESSIONS THAT YOU MIGHT NOT LEARN FROM AN AFRIKAANS 3 TEACHER LESSON NOTES All About S1 #14 Top 5 Mistakes Not to Make When Speaking Afrikaans

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 14

T he Focus of T his Lesson Is to Help Students Overcome Some Common Errors T hat Learners of Af rikaans Make

Common Error 1: Making a plural with an s instead of e

Just as in English, we form the Afrikaans plural by changing the end of a word. Though sometimes we do add an s to make the word plural, most times in Afrikaans we add an e.

Correct:

Daar staan vier bomen in die tuin. "There are four trees in the garden."

Not:

Daar staan vier booms in die tuin.

Common Error 2: Using the word doen in questions or negatives

Afrikaans does not use the auxiliary "do" in questions or negatives.

Correct:

Drink jy bier? "Do you drink beer?"

Not:

Doen drink jy bier?

Correct:

Hy praat geen Engels nie. "He doesn't speak English."

Not:

Hy doen praat geen Engels nie.

Common Error 3: Skipping the double negative

Correct:

Ek hou nie van boerewors nie.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #14 - TOP 5 MISTAKES NOT TO MAKE WHEN SPEAKING AFRIKAANS 2 "I do not like boerewors."

Not:

Ek hou nie van boerewors.

Common Error 4: Pronouncing diphthongs incorrectly

The Afrikaans language has many diphthongs: a pair of vowels we use to write one distinct sound. These include oe, ui, eu, ie, ei, au, and ou. These are easy to mistake by pronouncing the letters separately rather than as one sound.

Correct:

1. oe

The correct way to pronounce this diphthong is as the "oo" in the English word "book" but it is often incorrectly pronounced "o-e."

2. ou

The correct way to pronounce this diphthong is as the "ow" in the English word "show" but it is often incorrectly pronounced "o-u."

3. ui

There is no similar sound to this in English so to explain the sound we will have to use French as an example. The Afrikaans sound for eui is like the French "feuilleton."

4. ie

The correct way to pronounce this diphthong is like the "ey" in "money," but it is often incorrectly pronounced "i-e."

Common Error 5: Pronouncing g as h

The last common mistake is another wrong pronunciation. Afrikaans is very guttural, and g will sound the same in most words. Foreign speakers often use too much of an "h" sound.

The g sound in Afrikaans is produced right at the back of the throat. Start by saying 'h' and then gradually arch the back of your tongue to close oﬀ the air coming from your throat until you start to hear and feel the sound coming from deep in your throat.

For example, gaaf: /xa:f/ is not pronounced as "half."

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #14 - TOP 5 MISTAKES NOT TO MAKE WHEN SPEAKING AFRIKAANS 3 LESSON NOTES All About S1 #15 Top 5 Afrikaans Pet Phrases

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 15

T he Focus of T his Lesson Is to Learn a Few of Af rikaansPod101's Favorite Pet Phrases in Af rikaans

Pet Phrase 1: Jammer om te pla

You often use this phrase when asking a favor of someone. Preceding a request with this phrase is a way to show appreciation to the person. It is a way to add politeness when making a request.

Jammer om te pla! "I'm so sorry to bother you."

Jammer means "sorry." Om te is a way of saying "to." Pla means "bother."

Pet Phrase 2: Geen probleem nie.

You will hear this phrase often in South Africa. It means "No problem," "Don't worry about it," "It doesn't matter," etc.

Geen probleem nie "It's nothing," or "Don't worry about it."

Geen means "no."

Probleem means "problem."

Nie means "no" again (remember, South Africans are doubly sure when they don't mean something!).

Pet Phrase 2: Waar is die toilet?

This is a lifesaver in a desperate situation! You will never spend all day looking for a toilet ever again!

Waar is die toilet? "Where is the toilet?"

Waar means "where."

Is means "is." die is the word for "the."

Toilet means "toilet." It's the same as in English, only we pronounce it more like in French.

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #15 - TOP 5 AFRIKAANS PET PHRASES 2 Pet Phrase 4: Laat ons gaan!

Use this phrase when you want to say "Let's go."

Laat ons gaan! "Let's go!"

Laat means "let."

Ons means "we."

Gaan translates as "go."

Pet Phrase 5: Rêrig?

Just like the English phrase "Really?" we use this phrase to express surprise or disbelief. It is a very good way to acknowledge something interesting your conversation partner has said.

Rêrig? "Really?"

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM ALL ABOUT S1 #15 - TOP 5 AFRIKAANS PET PHRASES 3 LESSON NOTES Pronunciation S1 #1 The Pronunciation of Vowels in Afrikaans

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 1

T he Focus of T his Lesson Is Learning How to Pronounce Af rikaans Vowels

Afrikaans is spoken by 17 million speakers, 7 million as a native language, and 10 million as a second language. Learning the Afrikaans sounds will help you become sensitized to the language's diﬀerent sounds and better master its pronunciation.

Be aware though, this pronunciation guide is for standard Afrikaans—the one you'll hear on the radio or television. When traveling in South Africa, you might hear some diﬀerent accents and vocabulary words used speciﬁcally in the region you're in.

The Afrikaans alphabet consists of twenty-six letters. Six vowels, and twenty consonants which add up to 26 letters, same as English. However, the combinations made and pronunciation can be diﬀerent. Some sounds that exist in Afrikaans words simply don't exist in English words.

In this lesson, we'll look at the six vowels in detail with many simple examples and pronunciation practice exercises.

So let's jump right into the vowels!

A vowel written as one single letter can be either short or long:

Single vowel pronounced short:

Af rikaans Vowel/Af rikaans/"English"/"English" pronunciation a / sak / "bag" / sounds like "a" in "father" e / spel / "game" / sounds like "a" in "cat" i / dit / "this" / sounds like "u" in "put" o / rond / "round" / sounds like "a" in "hall" u / nul / "zero" / sounds like "a" in "ago" y / baby / "baby" / sounds like "i" in "rice"

Usually, a single vowel is short when followed by more than one consonant, or by a single consonant that's at the end of a word such as man, ("man") manne, ("men") trappe, ("stairs"), or hart ("heart")

Single vowel pronounced Long:

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM PRONUNCIATION S1 #1 - THE PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS IN AFRIKAANS 2 Af rikaans Vowel/Af rikaans/"English"/"English" pronunciation a / ja / "yes" / sounds like "a" in "sharp" e / vere / "feathers" / ﬁrst sounds like "ea" in "ear" i / kilo / "kilo" / sounds like "ee" in "see" o / bote / "boats" / sounds like "ewe" in "sewer" u / skadu / "shadow" / sounds like "ue" in "Muesli" (German)

A single vowel is usually long when followed by a consonant and another vowel or a single vowel at the end of the word.

For example:.

1. stede, ("cities") the ﬁrst e is pronounced long.

2. sjale ("scarves") the a is pronounced long.

3. ma ("mother")

Doubled Vowels

Vowels are also pronounced long when they're written in double. Except for the "i," all vowels can be doubled, such as aa, ee, oo, or uu.

Af rikaans Vowel / Af rikaans / English / "English" pronunciation aa / maar / "but" / sounds like "a" in "far" ee / meer / "more" / sounds like "ea" in "ear" oo / groot / "big" / sounds like "ewe" in "sewer" uu / muur / "wall" / sounds like "ue" in "Muesli" ( German)

The voiceless E

The letter e can be pronounced short and long, but it also has a third pronunciation e (uh) is the 'voiceless e,' found in unstressed syllables.

Single E at the end of a word is always pronounced voiceless. For • example: alle ("all"), aarde ("earth"), vriende ("friends")

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM PRONUNCIATION S1 #1 - THE PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS IN AFRIKAANS 3 One thing you could say is that the stress of a word is rarely on the voiceless E

BE-, GE-, TE- and VER- preﬁxes (word beginnings: be-, ge-, te- and ver-) • have voiceless E, such as bestuurder ("driver"), gevaar ("danger") terug ("back"), and vertaling ("translation")

-ER and -EL suﬃxes (word endings -er and -el) have voiceless E, such as • lekker ("tasty"), tafel ("table")

Single E pronounced long or short

Single E is short:

• When followed by two or more consonants, • At the end of a word followed by one (or more) consonants; • Again, unless it's a preﬁx or suﬃx as described above.

Single E is long:

When followed by one consonant and another vowel—unless it's a preﬁx or • suﬃx as described above.

Examples of short vowels:

Vel, bek, pen, het, felle, red, vet, Tsjeggië

Examples of long vowels:

Vele, beke, pene, hete, vele, rede, vete, lege

That's all the vowel sounds for you! Remember to keep your mouth moving, even exaggerating when you practice to get used to the sounds and movements!

Good luck!

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM PRONUNCIATION S1 #1 - THE PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS IN AFRIKAANS 4 LESSON NOTES Pronunciation S1 #2 Double Your Fun with Afrikaans Vowels

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 2

T he Focus of T his Lesson Is Af rikaans Vowel Diphthongs.

In this lesson, we'll take a closer look at what we call "double vowels." These are a part of a group of double letters called diphthongs. Basically, diphthongs are two letters, in this case, two vowels, put together to make a single sound.

As the Afrikaans language has six vowels, it has six diphthongs. We pronounce all of these as one sound that we cannot pronounce with one vowel. They're as follows: ai, ei, eu, ie, oe, ou, ui.

Let's take a look at them one by one and give you some examples to play around with.

Diphthongs

This diphthong is pronounced as "I" as in "I am" in English.

Some examples include: baie ("many"), detail ("detail"), and thai ("Thai")

This is pronounced the same as the letter Y. Try to pronounce "I" as in the English word "ice," but make your mouth more closed at the beginning. Or between the English vowel sounds in "fate" and "ﬁght."

Some other samples; ei ("egg), klein ("small"), trein ("train").

This sound doesn't exist in most forms of English, but we get close to it in American English. It's pronounced like the "a" in the American English word "man." This might help: try making the vowel sound in air then suddenly saying earn: ai(r)- earn.

Some other samples: reus ("giant"), akteur ("actor"), jeug ("youth").

The combination of the letters I and E are pronounced like EE in the English word "bee."

Some other samples: bier ("beer"), mier ("ant"), lied ("song").

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM PRONUNCIATION S1 #2 - DOUBLE YOUR FUN WITH AFRIKAANS VOWELS 2 OE

Pronounced like OE in the English word "shoe." Or as in "hook," but with your lips more rounded.

Some other samples: boek ("book"), doen ("to do"), voet ("foot").

The letters O and U together are pronounced exactly the same as in the English word "show"

Some samples: Hout ("wood"), oud ("old"), koud ("cold").

This is a sound foreign to English. It's a bit like the eui in French feuilleton.

Some samples: huis ("house"), muis ("mouse"), tuin ("garden").

Triple Vowels

We spoke about Diphthongs, but Afrikaans also has a few triple vowels.

AAI

This is a combination of Afrikaans aa and ie.

Some samples: draai ("to turn"), maai ("to mow").

OEI

This is a combination of oe and ie.

Some samples: koeie ("cows"), moeilik ("diﬃcult").

OOI

This is a combination of oo and ie.

Some samples: Nooit ("never"), mooi ("beautiful").

EEU

This is a combination of ee and oe.

Some samples: Leeuwe ("lions"), eeu ("century")

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM PRONUNCIATION S1 #2 - DOUBLE YOUR FUN WITH AFRIKAANS VOWELS 3 That's all for this lesson! Good luck!

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM PRONUNCIATION S1 #2 - DOUBLE YOUR FUN WITH AFRIKAANS VOWELS 4 LESSON NOTES Pronunciation S1 #3 The Pronunciation of Consonants in Afrikaans

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 3

T he Focus of T his Lesson is Consonants

In this lesson, we'll take a closer look at the consonants of Afrikaans.

Let's start with the ones that sound just like in English. Actually, this will be most consonants!

We'll give an Afrikaans word for each consonant along with its approximate pronunciation.

Consonant Af rikaans Pronunciation English

B boot BEWET "boat"

C cent SENT ( S sound) "cent"

C cliché CLICHÉ "cliché"

D diep DEEP "deep"

F fees FIERCE "party"

H hotel HEWETEL "hotel"

K kos KOS "food"

L ligt LIKHT "light"

M maan MAAN "moon"

N niemand NEE-MAND "nobody"

P paard PAARD "horse"

Q quiz QUIZ "quiz"

S steen STEERN "stone"

T tijd TUYD "time"

V vis VIS "ﬁsh"

W walvis WALVIS "whale"

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM PRONUNCIATION S1 #3 - THE PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS IN AFRIKAANS 2 X XTC XTC "XTC"

Y yoga YEWEKHA "yoga"

Z Zoeloe ZULU "Zulu"

The letters c, q, x and z are only used in borrowed words, and are hardly ever seen in Afrikaans.

Now let's have a look at the consonants that have a diﬀerent sound in Afrikaans.

Consonant Af rikaans Pronunciation English

Sounds like CH, as in the Scottish word LOCH, the German word ICH or like the Spanish J as in "Julio" G Note: it never sounds like the G, as in the English word "GOOD"

G goed khood "good"

J Sounds like Y, as in the English words YES and MAY

J ja jah "yes"

R Pronounced not as far back in the throat as in English. Sounds more like a Spanish R

R radio raadio "radio"

Now let's have a look at two consonants put together to create one sound. We'll look at them one by one and give you some examples to play around with.

One Sound

Sounds just like it does in English, as in the word "cling" or "thing." NOT like in "stranger" or "danger."

For example: bang, vang, eng.

CH:

The CH in Christus ("Christ"), Chris, Christien. The CH sound in names is often

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM PRONUNCIATION S1 #3 - THE PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS IN AFRIKAANS 3 pronounced as the Afrikaans K.

SJ is pronounced as in "ship."

For example: Sjaal, Sjinees, sjampanje.

Separate Sounds

Sounds the same as English, as in the word "link."

For example: bink, pink, zink.

Unlike in English, K before N is pronounced. You will hear both sounds separately.

For example: Knaap, Knoop, Knars.

Unlike in English, P before S is pronounced; you will hear it as two separate sounds.

For example: psalm, pseudoniem, psigoloog.

Two of a Kind

KK, TT, LL, NN are pronounced the same as one single consonant. A double consonant usually means that a preceding single vowel is short.

And there you have them!

That's all for this lesson! Good luck!

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM PRONUNCIATION S1 #3 - THE PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS IN AFRIKAANS 4 LESSON NOTES Pronunciation S1 #4 Accent Marks in Afrikaans

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 4

T he Focus of this Lesson is Accents on Af rikaans Words

To help us pronounce words correctly, we often use accents in Afrikaans. These will change a word's pronunciation.

Circumﬂex accent

Acute accent: Ê

The circumﬂex gives vowels a short pronunciation where you would typically expect it to be a long vowel in Afrikaans.

For example, wêreld, sê, lê, môre.

T he diaeresis

The two dots on top of a vowel are called a diaresis (trema in Afrikaans). It basically tells the reader that the vowel with the diaresis has to be pronounced separately.

Diaeresis / Af rikaans / Pronunciation / "English"

ë / kolonië / Colonies / "colonies"

ï / ruïnes / ruin / "ruins"

ü / reünie / reunion / "reunion"

ö / koördinasie / coordination / "coordination"

Three common situations for the diaresis to be used are:

1. In non-compound words to prevent two vowels from being read as one sound. For instance, if the "e" did not have a diaresis in the word *poesie, the two vowels in the middle would be read as the sound /oe/. To prevent this from happening, the word is spelled as poësie, telling the reader that the o and the e have to be pronounced separately.

2. In the spelling of numbers as in tweeënveertig ("forty-two").

3. At the end of many names of countries: Italië, België.

Good luck!

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM PRONUNCIATION S1 #4 - ACCENT MARKS IN AFRIKAANS 2 LESSON NOTES Pronunciation S1 #5 Pronouncing The Afrikaans Alphabet

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 5

T he Focus of T his Lesson Is Spelling Words out Loud-Alphabet Sounds

As we learned before, the Afrikaans alphabet has 26 letters, 20 consonants, and 6 vowels.

Afrikaans letters might sound diﬀerent depending on if you're using them to spell out a word or using them in a word.

It's very useful to know how to pronounce letters when spelling a word. For example, when at the reception of a hotel, they'll surely ask you to spell out your name.

So here we are the letters of the Afrikaans alphabet with their proper pronunciation.

Letter / Pronunciation / Part in the word that sounds the same as the letter. / "English"

A / Ah / aap / "monkey"

B / Bay / beest / "animal"

C / Say / CD / "CD"

D / Day / deeg / "dough"

E / Ay / eet / "eat"

F / Ef / besef / "realize"

G / ( Afrikaans g) ay / gee / "give"

H / Hah / haas / "hare"

I / E / iets / "something"

J / Jay / Jesus / "Jesus"

K / Kaah / kano / "canoe"

L / El / elke / "each"

M / Em / emmer / bucket

N / En / mense / "people"

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM PRONUNCIATION S1 #5 - PRONOUNCING THE AFRIKAANS ALPHABET 2 O / Oh / oop / "open"

P / Pay / peer / "pear"

Q / kuuh / IQ / "IQ"

R / err / erﬂik / "heritable"

S / ess / les / "lesson"

T / tay / teen / "against"

U / uuh / uur / "hour"

V / vay / veter / "Shoe-lace"

W / way / wege / "roads"

X / iks / mix / "mix"

Y / Eh-ee / ---- / -----

Z / zet / zef / "cool" (slang)

As you can see in the list above, except for the letters A, E, O and U, the letter by itself almost is almost never pronounced as it is pronounced within a word.

To give it the alphabet sound these letters need:

B,C, D, G, J, P T, V, W / "ear" sound after the letter

F, L,M,N,R,S, / "e" short sound in front of the letter

H, and K / "aa" long sound after the letter

A, E, O, and U / can have the sound by itself or as double letters

I / the letter "e"

Q / In English "kyu" in Afrikaans Kuu

Y / This sound the same as the diphthong EI

X / the letter "i" in front

Z / the letters "et"

Here are so examples of how to spell one's name:

Mies:

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM PRONUNCIATION S1 #5 - PRONOUNCING THE AFRIKAANS ALPHABET 3 M.I.E.S.

"em" "ie" "ear" " es."

And Jacob would be:

J.A.C.O.B

Jay, ah, seer, ewer, beer.

Conf using Letters

As in English, some alphabet letters can be easily mixed up. For example, the letters M and N sometimes sound quite similar. In this case we would use names of words that everyone knows in order to give the correct spelling.

So we say:

M van Moskow, "M from Moscow"

N van Natal, "N from Natal"

Good luck!

AFRIKAANSPOD101.COM PRONUNCIATION S1 #5 - PRONOUNCING THE AFRIKAANS ALPHABET 4 Intro 14 All About #9 - Top 5 Important Dates During the South 1 Basic Bootcamp #1 - Self Introductions - Basic Greetings in African Calendar Year! Afrikaans 15 All About #10 - An Introduction to South African Pop 2 Basic Bootcamp #2 - Talking Nationality in Afrikaans Culture 3 Basic Bootcamp #3 - Useful Phrases for Learning Afrikaans 16 All About #11 - Top 5 Useful Tools for Learning Afrikaans 4 Basic Bootcamp #4 - Counting from 1-100 in Afrikaans 17 All About #12 - Top 5 Afrikaans Classroom Phrases 5 Basic Bootcamp #5 - Counting from 100-1,000,000 in 18 All About #13 - Common Afrikaans Expressions That You Afrikaans Might Not Learn from an Afrikaans Teacher 6 All About #1 - Top 5 Reasons to Study Afrikaans 19 All About #14 - Top 5 Mistakes Not to Make When 7 All About #2 - Cracking the Afrikaans Writing System Speaking Afrikaans 8 All About #3 - Painless Afrikaans Grammar 20 All About #15 - Top 5 Afrikaans Pet Phrases 9 All About #4 - Afrikaans Pronunciation Made Easy 21 Pronunciation #1 - The Pronunciation of Vowels in 10 All About #5 - Top 5 Important Phrases for Learning Afrikaans Afrikaans 22 Pronunciation #2 - Double Your Fun with Afrikaans 11 All About #6 - Can You Answer These 5 Questions About Vowels South Africa? 23 Pronunciation #3 The Pronunciation of Consonants in 12 All About #7 - South African Dishes Afrikaans 13 All About #8 - Top 5 Things You Need to Know About 24 Pronunciation #4 - Accent Marks in Afrikaans Afrikaans Society 25 Pronunciation #5 - Pronouncing The Afrikaans Alphabet