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SPELLING out P a UNIFIED SYNTAX of AFRIKAANS ADPOSITIONS and V-PARTICLES by Erin Pretorius Dissertation Presented for the Degree

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SPELLING out P a UNIFIED SYNTAX of AFRIKAANS ADPOSITIONS and V-PARTICLES by Erin Pretorius Dissertation Presented for the Degree SPELLING OUT P A UNIFIED SYNTAX OF AFRIKAANS ADPOSITIONS AND V-PARTICLES by Erin Pretorius Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisors Prof Theresa Biberauer (Stellenbosch University) Prof Norbert Corver (University of Utrecht) Co-supervisors Dr Johan Oosthuizen (Stellenbosch University) Dr Marjo van Koppen (University of Utrecht) December 2017 This dissertation was completed as part of a Joint Doctorate with the University of Utrecht. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the owner of the copyright thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. December 2017 Date The financial assistance of the South African National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. The author also wishes to acknowledge the financial assistance provided by EUROSA of the European Union, and the Foundation Study Fund for South African Students of Zuid-Afrikahuis. Copyright © 2017 Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za For Helgard, my best friend and unconquerable companion – all my favourite spaces have you in them; thanks for sharing them with me For Hester, who made it possible for me to do what I love For Theresa, who always takes the stairs Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT Elements of language that are typically considered to have P (i.e. adpositional) category status frequently exhibit divergent morphosyntactic properties, and it is often the case that one and the same element exhibits divergent morphosyntactic properties. Such elements are syncretic. An important fact about syncretism is that it poses a challenge to the ontologically primitive syntactic category. With a concentrated focus on the Afrikaans spatial P domain, this dissertation develops a system in which observed patterns of syncretism fall out naturally from (i) the fine-grained cartographic structure of the non-primitive P domain, (ii) the “shape” of the formal featural specification on particular (classes of) P elements, and (iii) a theory of how lexical material is matched and inserted to express syntactic structure. In this system, syntactic categories are not ontologically primitive but are composite syntactic objects consisting of (overlapping) sets of hierarchically structured formal features. Category effects – all the morphosyntactic characteristics associated with a particular category – arise as epiphenomena of the particular set of features that an element lexicalises at a particular insertion site. As the book progresses, it is demonstrated how all the language-internal variation in expressions containing P elements – simplex and complex prepositional phrases, circumpositional phrases, doubling adpositional phrases, and particle verbs with P-based particles – can be derived from the same basic structure. On the proposed analysis, category boundaries are non-discreet and may be spanned by individual lexical items, accounting for the multiple macro-category membership of some P elements using precisely the same mechanisms that account for multiple micro-category membership. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za OPSOMMING Elemente van taal wat tipies beskou word as lede van die P (d.i. adposisionele)- kategorie, vertoon dikwels uiteenlopende morfosintaktiese eienskappe, en dit is trouens dikwels die geval dat een en dieselfde element uiteenlopende morfosintaktiese eienskappe vertoon. Sulke elemente word beskryf as sinkreties. Vanuit ’n ontologiese perspektief, skep die verskynsel van sinkretisme ’n belangrike uitdaging vir die idee van ’n primitiewe sintaktiese kategorie. Met spesifieke fokus op die Afrikaanse ruimtelike P-domein, word daar in hierdie studie ’n raamwerk ontwikkel waarbinne waargenome patrone van sinkretisme die natuurlike uitkoms is van (i) die fyn gegreinde kartografiese struktuur van die nie- primitiewe P-domein, (ii) die “vorm” van die formele kenmerkspesifikasie by spesifieke (klasse van) P-elemente, en (iii) ’n teorie oor hoe leksikale materiaal onderling gepas en ingevoeg word om uitdrukking te gee aan sintaktiese struktuur. In hierdie raamwerk verteenwoordig sintaktiese kategorieë nie ontologiese primitiewe nie, maar saamgestelde sintaktiese objekte wat bestaan uit (oorvleuende) stelle hiërargies-gestruktureerde formele kenmerke. Kategorie effekte – al die morfosintaktiese eienskappe wat geassosieer word met ’n spesifieke kategorie – onstaan as epifenomene van die besondere stel kenmerke wat deur ’n element geleksikaliseer word by ’n spesifieke invoegingspunt. In die loop van die studie word getoon hoe al die taal-interne variasie wat gevind word by uitdrukkings waarin P- elemente voorkom – d.w.s. simplekse en komplekse preposisionele frases, sirkumposisionele frases, verdubbeling adposisionele frases, en partikelwerkwoorde met P-gebaseerde partikels – afgelei kan word vanaf dieselfde basiese struktuur. In terme van die voorgestelde analise, is kategorie-grense nie-diskreet en kan hulle oorspan word deur individuele leksikale items. Die meervoudige makro-kategorie lidmaatskap van sommige P-element kan gevolglik verantwoord word met presies dieselfde meganismes wat gebruik word om meervoudige mikro-kategorie lidmaatskap te verklaar. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER 1: P IS NOT PRIMITIVE 1.0 Prelude ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Puzzle and Proposal ............................................................................................ 3 1.2 Empirical and Theoretical Scope .................................................................... 10 1.3 Micro-Categories in the Afrikaans P Zone ..................................................... 14 1.4 Chapters Outline............................................................................................... 17 1.5 Summary ........................................................................................................... 18 1.6 ADDENDUM TO CHAPTER 1: Selected Concepts and Terminology ................ 19 1.6.1 Spatial Entities: Figure and Ground ............................................................. 19 1.6.2 Locative and Directional .............................................................................. 21 1.6.3 Lexical Entries and Exponents .................................................................... 21 1.6.4 Spellout, Matching, and Insertion ................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 2: SYNCRETISM AND FORMAL RANGE POTENTIAL 2.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 23 2.1 Formal Range Potential (FRaP) ...................................................................... 24 2.2 Syncretism ......................................................................................................... 30 2.2.1 Modelling Syncretism .................................................................................. 32 2.2.2 Taking Stock: A Choice for the Hierarchical Model ................................... 37 2.2.3 Syncretism in the Afrikaans P Zone ............................................................ 40 2.3 Interim summary .............................................................................................. 50 2.4 Deriving Syncretism: A Functional Hierarchy in the P Zone ....................... 51 2.4.1 Spellout: Mapping Form to Meaning ........................................................... 51 2.4.2 Late Insertion ............................................................................................... 58 2.5 Concluding Remarks: Category Effects ......................................................... 62 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ii CHAPTER 3: REPRESENTING SPATIAL RELATIONS 3.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 65 3.1 A Recap of the Fundamentals .......................................................................... 66 3.2. The Fine Structure of P ................................................................................... 68 3.2.1 Non-recursion in P ....................................................................................... 68 3.2.2 Little-p ......................................................................................................... 71 3.3 The Fine Structure of V: Ramchand (2008) ................................................... 76 3.3.1 Event Structure ............................................................................................ 76 3.3.2 Argument Structure ..................................................................................... 78 3.3.3 Thematic and Rhematic Material ................................................................. 81 3.4 Movement, Merge, and Morphological Metatheory ...................................... 85 3.5 Overview of the Analysis .................................................................................
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