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Shakespeare's play Othello features a Moorish general in the Venetian army. The 19th-century African-American actor Ira Aldridge, depicted here in the title role, was the first black man to appear in a Shakespeare performance in Britain. Instead, the concept of Moors has been used to describe alternatively the reign of Muslims in Spain, Europeans of African descent, and others for centuries. Over time, it was increasingly applied to Muslims living in Europe. Known as al-Andalus, the territory became a prosperous cultural and economic center where education and the arts and sciences flourished. Over time, the strength of the Muslim state diminished, creating inroads for Christians who resented Moorish rule. This was hundreds of years before there was a paved street in Paris or a street lamp in London. Cordova had public baths — we are told that a poor Moor would go without bread rather than soap! Its low scarlet and gold roof, supported by 1, columns of marble, jasper and and porphyry, was lit by thousands of brass and silver lamps which burned perfumed oil. Education was universal in Moorish Spain, available to all, while in Christian Europe ninety-nine percent of the population were illiterate, and even kings could neither read nor write. At that time, Europe had only two universities, the Moors had seventeen great universities! In the tenth and eleventh centuries, public libraries in Europe were non-existent, while Moorish Spain could boast of more than seventy, of which the one in Cordova housed six hundred thousand manuscripts. Over 4, Arabic words and Arabic-derived phrases have been absorbed into the Spanish language. Arabic words such as algebra, alcohol, chemistry, nadir, alkaline, and cipher entered the language. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree Read More on This Topic. The 11th to 13th centuries were not peaceful in the Maghrib. Amazigh Berber dynasties overthrew each other in Morocco and the Iberian Get exclusive access to content from our First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today. Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. Amazigh Berber dynasties overthrew each other in Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula. From Italy came grammarians and chroniclers, men such as Paul the Deacon; the more…. Who were the Moors?

Academia - The Moor and the West Internet Archive - "A concise history of the Moors in Spain : from their invasion of that kingdom to their final expulsion from it". Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree Read More on This Topic. The 11th to 13th centuries were not peaceful in the Maghrib. Amazigh Berber dynasties overthrew each other in Morocco and the Iberian Get exclusive access to content from our First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today. Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. Cordova had public baths — we are told that a poor Moor would go without bread rather than soap! Its low scarlet and gold roof, supported by 1, columns of marble, jasper and and porphyry, was lit by thousands of brass and silver lamps which burned perfumed oil. Education was universal in Moorish Spain, available to all, while in Christian Europe ninety-nine percent of the population were illiterate, and even kings could neither read nor write. At that time, Europe had only two universities, the Moors had seventeen great universities! In the tenth and eleventh centuries, public libraries in Europe were non-existent, while Moorish Spain could boast of more than seventy, of which the one in Cordova housed six hundred thousand manuscripts. Over 4, Arabic words and Arabic-derived phrases have been absorbed into the Spanish language. Arabic words such as algebra, alcohol, chemistry, nadir, alkaline, and cipher entered the language. Even words such as checkmate, influenza, typhoon, orange, and cable can be traced back to Arabic origins. However, in King Philip II directed Moriscos to give up their Arabic names and traditional dress, and prohibited the use of Arabic. In reaction, there was a Morisco uprising in the Alpujarras from to In the years from to , the government expelled Moriscos. Some Muslims converted to Christianity and remained permanently in Iberia. This is indicated by a "high mean proportion of ancestry from North African Fletcher , [46] "the number of Arabs who settled in Iberia was very small. In Mindanao , the Spaniards named the kris -bearing people as Moros or 'Moors'. Today this ethnic group in Mindanao, who are generally Filipino Muslim, are called "Moros". The first Muslim conquest of Sicily began in , though it was not until that almost the entire island was in the control of the Aghlabids , with the exception of some minor strongholds in the rugged interior. During that period some parts of southern Italy fell under Muslim control, most notably the port city of Bari , which formed the Emirate of Bari from — In , the Aghlabids was replaced by the Isma'ili rulers of the Fatimid Caliphate. The language spoken in Sicily under Muslim rule was Siculo-Arabic. In , a Byzantine army under George Maniakes crossed the strait of Messina. This army included a corps of Normans that saved the situation in the first clash against the Muslims from Messina. After another decisive victory in the summer of , Maniaces halted his march to lay siege to Syracuse. Despite his success, Maniaces was removed from his position, and the subsequent Muslim counter-offensive reconquered all the cities captured by the Byzantines. The island was split between three Arab emirs, and the Christian population in many parts of the island rose up against the ruling Muslims. One year later, Messina fell, and in Palermo was taken by the Normans. The loss of the cities, each with a splendid harbor, dealt a severe blow to Muslim power on the island. Eventually all of Sicily was taken. In , Noto in the southern tip of Sicily and the island of Malta, the last Arab strongholds, fell to the Christians. Islamic authors noted the tolerance of the Norman kings of Sicily. Ali ibn al-Athir wrote: "They [the Muslims] were treated kindly, and they were protected, even against the Franks. Because of that, they had great love for King Roger. Many repressive measures were introduced by Frederick II to please the popes, who were intolerant of Islam in the heart of Christendom. This resulted in a rebellion by Sicilian Muslims, which in turn triggered organized resistance and systematic reprisals and marked the final chapter of Islam in Sicily. The complete eviction of Muslims and the annihilation of Islam in Sicily was completed by the late s when the final deportations to Lucera took place. Moorish architecture is the articulated Islamic architecture of northern Africa and parts of Spain and Portugal, where the Moors were dominant between and Moors—or more frequently their heads, often crowned— appear with some frequency in medieval European heraldry , though less so since the Middle Ages. The term ascribed to them in Anglo-Norman blazon the language of English heraldry is maure , though they are also sometimes called moore , blackmoor , blackamoor or negro. Armigers bearing moors or moors' heads may have adopted them for any of several reasons, to include symbolizing military victories in the Crusades , as a pun on the bearer's name in the canting arms of Morese, Negri, Saraceni, etc. The use of Moors and particularly their heads as a heraldic symbol has been deprecated in modern North America. Most writings on Moors applied darkness of skin as a trait for any and every Muslim invader of Europe. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about a historical group of Muslims. For other uses, see Moor. Further information: Mauri people and Mauretania. Further information: Umayyad conquest of Hispania and Al-Andalus. Main article: Moorish architecture. Main article: Maure. See also: List of Berbers and List of Arab scientists and scholars. The History and Description of Africa. Hakluyt Society. Retrieved 30 August Menocal Ornament of the World , p. Cambridge University Press. Moorings: Portuguese Expansion and the Writing of Africa. U of Minnesota Press. Oxford University Press : Retrieved March 12, In one sense the word 'Moor' means Mohammedan Berbers and Arabs of North-western Africa, with some Syrians, who conquered most of Spain in the 8th century and dominated the country for hundreds of years. Ceylon and the Hollanders European Commission. Retrieved 28 September In the year , Mazara was occupied by the Arabs, who made the city an important commercial harbour. That period was probably the most prosperous in the history of Mazara. University of Michigan Press. Retrieved Lewis and Short, Latin Dictionary , s. Neall, p Muslim Journeys. Retrieved 30 May Translating sensitive texts: linguistic aspects. Geopolitics of European Union enlargement: the fortress empire. Moors - Wikipedia

A European scholar sympathetic to the Spaniards remembered the conquest in this way:. The noble Goths [the German rulers of Spain to whom Roderick belonged] were broken in an hour, quicker than tongue can tell. Oh luckless Spain! The Moors, who ruled Spain for years, introduced new scientific techniques to Europe, such as an astrolabe, a device for measuring the position of the stars and planets. The streets were well- paved, with raised sidewalks for pedestrians. During the night, ten miles of streets were well illuminated by lamps. This was hundreds of years before there was a paved street in Paris or a street lamp in London. Cordova had public baths — we are told that a poor Moor would go without bread rather than soap! Its low scarlet and gold roof, supported by 1, columns of marble, jasper and and porphyry, was lit by thousands of brass and silver lamps which burned perfumed oil. Education was universal in Moorish Spain, available to all, while in Christian Europe ninety-nine percent of the population were illiterate, and even kings could neither read nor write. At that time, Europe had only two universities, the Moors had seventeen great universities! In the tenth and eleventh centuries, public libraries in Europe were non-existent, while Moorish Spain could boast of more than seventy, of which the one in Cordova housed six hundred thousand manuscripts. The Kingdom of Asturias , a small northwestern Christian Iberian kingdom, initiated the Reconquista "Reconquest" soon after the Islamic conquest in the 8th century. Christian states based in the north and west slowly extended their power over the rest of Iberia. He was the first Portuguese monarch to claim the title " King of Portugal and the Algarve ". The Moorish Kingdom of Granada continued for three more centuries in southern Iberia. The Moorish inhabitants received no military aid or rescue from other Muslim nations. In , to exert social and religious control, Isabella and Ferdinand agreed to allow the Inquisition in Spain. The Muslim population of Granada rebelled in The revolt lasted until early , giving the Castilian authorities an excuse to void the terms of the Treaty of Granada In , Castilian authorities delivered an ultimatum to the Muslims of Granada: they could either convert to Christianity or be expelled. The Inquisition was aimed mostly at Jews and Muslims who had overtly converted to Christianity but were thought to be practicing their faiths secretly. They were respectively called marranos and moriscos. However, in King Philip II directed Moriscos to give up their Arabic names and traditional dress, and prohibited the use of Arabic. In reaction, there was a Morisco uprising in the Alpujarras from to In the years from to , the government expelled Moriscos. Some Muslims converted to Christianity and remained permanently in Iberia. This is indicated by a "high mean proportion of ancestry from North African Fletcher , [46] "the number of Arabs who settled in Iberia was very small. In Mindanao , the Spaniards named the kris -bearing people as Moros or 'Moors'. Today this ethnic group in Mindanao, who are generally Filipino Muslim, are called "Moros". The first Muslim conquest of Sicily began in , though it was not until that almost the entire island was in the control of the Aghlabids , with the exception of some minor strongholds in the rugged interior. During that period some parts of southern Italy fell under Muslim control, most notably the port city of Bari , which formed the Emirate of Bari from — In , the Aghlabids was replaced by the Isma'ili rulers of the Fatimid Caliphate. The language spoken in Sicily under Muslim rule was Siculo-Arabic. In , a Byzantine army under George Maniakes crossed the strait of Messina. This army included a corps of Normans that saved the situation in the first clash against the Muslims from Messina. After another decisive victory in the summer of , Maniaces halted his march to lay siege to Syracuse. Despite his success, Maniaces was removed from his position, and the subsequent Muslim counter-offensive reconquered all the cities captured by the Byzantines. The island was split between three Arab emirs, and the Christian population in many parts of the island rose up against the ruling Muslims. One year later, Messina fell, and in Palermo was taken by the Normans. The loss of the cities, each with a splendid harbor, dealt a severe blow to Muslim power on the island. Eventually all of Sicily was taken. In , Noto in the southern tip of Sicily and the island of Malta, the last Arab strongholds, fell to the Christians. Islamic authors noted the tolerance of the Norman kings of Sicily. Ali ibn al-Athir wrote: "They [the Muslims] were treated kindly, and they were protected, even against the Franks. Because of that, they had great love for King Roger. Many repressive measures were introduced by Frederick II to please the popes, who were intolerant of Islam in the heart of Christendom. This resulted in a rebellion by Sicilian Muslims, which in turn triggered organized resistance and systematic reprisals and marked the final chapter of Islam in Sicily. The complete eviction of Muslims and the annihilation of Islam in Sicily was completed by the late s when the final deportations to Lucera took place. Moorish architecture is the articulated Islamic architecture of northern Africa and parts of Spain and Portugal, where the Moors were dominant between and Moors—or more frequently their heads, often crowned—appear with some frequency in medieval European heraldry , though less so since the Middle Ages. The term ascribed to them in Anglo-Norman blazon the language of English heraldry is maure , though they are also sometimes called moore , blackmoor , blackamoor or negro. Armigers bearing moors or moors' heads may have adopted them for any of several reasons, to include symbolizing military victories in the Crusades , as a pun on the bearer's name in the canting arms of Morese, Negri, Saraceni, etc. The use of Moors and particularly their heads as a heraldic symbol has been deprecated in modern North America. Most writings on Moors applied darkness of skin as a trait for any and every Muslim invader of Europe. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about a historical group of Muslims. For other uses, see Moor. Further information: Mauri people and Mauretania. Further information: Umayyad conquest of Hispania and Al-Andalus. Main article: Moorish architecture. Main article: Maure. See also: List of Berbers and List of Arab scientists and scholars. The History and Description of Africa. Hakluyt Society. Retrieved 30 August Menocal Ornament of the World , p. Cambridge University Press. Moorings: Portuguese Expansion and the Writing of Africa. U of Minnesota Press. Oxford University Press : Retrieved March 12, In one sense the word 'Moor' means Mohammedan Berbers and Arabs of North-western Africa, with some Syrians, who conquered most of Spain in the 8th century and dominated the country for hundreds of years. Ceylon and the Hollanders European Commission. Retrieved 28 September In the year , Mazara was occupied by the Arabs, who made the city an important commercial harbour. That period was probably the most prosperous in the history of Mazara. University of Michigan Press. Retrieved Lewis and Short, Latin Dictionary , s. Neall, p Muslim Journeys. Retrieved 30 May Translating sensitive texts: linguistic aspects. Geopolitics of European Union enlargement: the fortress empire. The multiculturalism backlash: European discourses, policies and practices. Multiculturalism, Muslims and citizenship: a European approach. Transcultural modernities: narrating Africa in Europe. Archived from the original on November 4, Moorish Spain. University of California Press. Fletcher The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Brill Publishers. Leo Africanus first ed. Moorish Spain p. University of California Press, Les empires normands d'Orient. Editions Perrin. A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry. Victoria and Albert Museum. Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo. The Holy See. Flags of the World. Vaguely Interesting. Schmalz refers to a discussion on the American Heraldry Society's website where at least one participant described the moor's head as a "potentially explosive image".

Moor - Wikipedia

At that time, Europe had only two universities, the Moors had seventeen great universities! In the tenth and eleventh centuries, public libraries in Europe were non-existent, while Moorish Spain could boast of more than seventy, of which the one in Cordova housed six hundred thousand manuscripts. Over 4, Arabic words and Arabic-derived phrases have been absorbed into the Spanish language. Arabic words such as algebra, alcohol, chemistry, nadir, alkaline, and cipher entered the language. Even words such as checkmate, influenza, typhoon, orange, and cable can be traced back to Arabic origins. The most significant Moorish musician was known as Ziryab the Blackbird who arrived in Spain in The Moors introduced earliest versions of several instruments, including the Lute or el oud, the guitar or kithara and the Lyre. Ziryab changed the style of eating by breaking meals into separate courses beginning with soup and ending with desserts. Moor Article Media Additional Info. Print Cite. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. Academia - The Moor and the West Internet Archive - "A concise history of the Moors in Spain : from their invasion of that kingdom to their final expulsion from it". Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree By then, the idea of Moors had spread across Western Europe. Its titular character is a Moor who serves as a general in the Venetian army. More recently, the term has been coopted by the sovereign citizen movement in the United States. Members of Moorish sovereign citizen groups claim they are descended from Moors who predated white settlers in North America, and that they are part of a sovereign nation and not subject to U. Read Caption. Who were the Moors? https://files8.webydo.com/9590116/UploadedFiles/9D3B7AEB-AEC7-1549-2A27-2F6BF950E1B4.pdf https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4642453/normal_6020a02d6c10f.pdf https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4638414/normal_601eb9ba3c229.pdf https://files8.webydo.com/9587472/UploadedFiles/C63BAE3B-9627-F546-EE5C-E3F8CD95B940.pdf https://files8.webydo.com/9586319/UploadedFiles/8C0FE952-4CA7-DF66-A897-54C2C8CD9723.pdf