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The Cathedral of Cefalù and Roger Ii's Patronage in a Multicultural Context

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The Cathedral of Cefalù and Roger Ii's Patronage in a Multicultural Context The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Arts and Architecture THE CATHEDRAL OF CEFALÙ AND ROGER II’S PATRONAGE IN A MULTICULTURAL CONTEXT A Dissertation in Art History by Heather Hoge 2019 Heather Hoge Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2019 The dissertation of Heather Hoge was reviewed and approved* by the following: Elizabeth Smith Associate Professor of Art History Emerita Dissertation Co-Advisor Co-Chair of Committee Madhuri Desai Associate Professor of Art History Dissertation Co-Advisor Co-Chair of Committee Anthony Cutler Evan Pugh University Professor of Art History Emeritus Kathryn Salzer Associate Professor of History Elizabeth Mansfield Professor of Art History Head of Department of Art History *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the patronage of Roger II at the Cathedral of Cefalù. The building campaigns at the Cathedral were ongoing for several decades following Roger’s coronation in 1130, and included changes in the shifting needs and desires of the patron. I examine the cathedral as an entire monument, taking into consideration the architecture, decorative programs, and functions, in order to understand how it relates to Roger’s goals as the newly crowned king. This includes looking not only at this monument, but also other objects and building connected to the royal court in Norman Sicily. The visual culture of the Norman court in Palermo displayed the cosmopolitan character of Sicily, exhibiting influence from the Christians of Western Europe, Byzantines in the Eastern Mediterranean, and Muslims of al-Andalus and North Africa. This is also the case at the Cathedral of Cefalù. In looking at the building holistically, and placing it within the context of the cosmopolitan society of Norman Sicily, I argue that the decisions made at Cefalù help promote the new kingdom of Sicily, particularly showing Roger as a powerful ruler with the same power, legitimacy, and status as his contemporaries. iv Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... xiv Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Goal of Research................................................................................................. 1 State of the Research .......................................................................................... 3 Summary of the Text ......................................................................................... 12 Chapter One: The History of Sicily ...................................................................... 17 Sicily before the Arrival of the Normans ....................................................... 18 Norman Conquest and Consolidation of Power in Sicily and South Italy ............................................................................................................... 28 The Creation of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily ........................................... 43 Muslims and Greeks in the Latin Kingdom of Sicily .................................... 50 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 61 Chapter Two: Town and Cathedral of Cefalù .................................................... 63 Location of Cefalù .............................................................................................. 64 History of the Cathedral of Cefalù .................................................................. 67 v The Cathedral of Cefalù and Romanesque Architecture in Normandy, South Italy, and Sicily ................................................................................ 73 The Rogerian Parts of the Cathedral ............................................................... 86 Masonry of Cefalù ............................................................................................. 94 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 106 Chapter Three: The Twin-Tower Façade of the Cathedral of Cefalù and its Political Implications ....................................................................................... 132 The Towers of Cefalù ........................................................................................ 133 Twin-Tower Façades in the Duchy of Normandy ........................................ 136 Twin Towers and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily ........................................ 141 Islamic Imagery, Minarets, and Power in Roger II’s Sicily .......................... 152 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 174 Chapter Four: The Interior and Function of the Cathedral of Cefalù in the 1140’s ................................................................................................................... 190 The Program and Dating of the Mosaics at Cefalù ....................................... 192 The “Classical System” of Middle Byzantine Church Decoration ............. 197 Byzantine-style Mosaics in Twelfth-Century Palermo ................................. 205 The Mosaic Program in its Context at Cefalù ................................................ 216 King as Autokrator, “Imperial Liturgy,” and Roger II at Cefalù ................ 227 vi Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 234 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 248 References .................................................................................................................. 252 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - View of Cefalù from the sea. ................................................................. 15 Figure 2 - Cathedral of Cefalù. Nave towards apse. ............................................ 16 Figure 3 - Plan of the Cathedral of Cefalù. ............................................................ 16 Figure 4 - Greek tomb from Marsala ...................................................................... 62 Figure 5 - Map from Book of Roger. ....................................................................... 62 Figure 6 - Ancient temple, known as the Temple of Diana. ............................... 107 Figure 7 - The Rocca, Cefalù .................................................................................... 108 Figure 8 - Plan of the town of Cefalù ..................................................................... 108 Figure 9 - Cathedral of Cefalù. Façade................................................................... 109 Figure 10 - Cathedral of Cefalù. Details of the lower sections of the west towers. North tower on the left, south tower on the right. ........................................ 109 Figure 11 - Cathedral of Cefalù. View of the exterior showing the triumphal arch rising above the roof. ................................................................................ 110 Figure 12 - Plan of Cluny II ...................................................................................... 110 Figure 13 - Cathedral of Cefalù. Passage in south transept arm. ....................... 111 Figure 14 - Cathedral of Trani. Interior showing the north gallery and the walkway along the west wall ........................................................................... 111 Figure 15 - Saint-Étienne in Caen. Interior ............................................................ 112 viii Figure 16 - Reconstruction drawing of Montecassino ......................................... 112 Figure 17 - Cathedral of Salerno. Courtyard, including bell tower ................... 113 Figure 18 - Cathedral of Salerno. Medieval nave arcade and columns within the fabric of the Baroque church. ........................................................................... 113 Figure 19 - Cathedral of Salerno. East wall of the transept ................................. 114 Figure 20 - Santa Maria della Libera in Aquino ................................................... 114 Figure 21 - Cathedral of Cefalù. Main apse. .......................................................... 115 Figure 22 - Cathedral of Cefalù. Oculi on south transept arm ........................... 115 Figure 23 - Cathedral of Cefalù. Oculi on north transept arm ........................... 116 Figure 24 - Plan of the Cathedral of Catania ......................................................... 116 Figure 25 - Cathedral of Catania. South chapel and main apse, with crenellated walkway running along the top, and lancet window and oculus on main apse. ..................................................................................................................... 117 Figure 26 - Cathedral of Catania. North chapel and crenellated walkway ...... 117 Figure 27 - Cathedral of Cefalù. Exterior of the south aisle and nave .............. 118 Figure 28 - Cathedral of Catania. Interior, west wall ........................................... 118 Figure 29 - Cathedral of Cefalù. Passage on west wall........................................ 119 Figure 30 - Cathedral of Catania. Excavations under the Baroque floor
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