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Home , Pygmy shark, Speartooth shark

PUBLISHED JULY 2015

FISHERIES FACT SHEET

Sharks Class

The truth about sharks! Of the 370-plus species in the world, more than 100 live in Western Australian waters. These range in size from the tiny , which grows up to 30 centimetres long, to the – the world’s biggest fish – that grows up to 12 metres.

Shark senses Upper level predators Sharks have excellent Sharks feed on a wide eyesight and can variety of prey, including smell, touch and taste. fish, squid, octopus, Sharks – like other fish , mammals, – also have clusters reptiles and other of hair-cells called marine creatures. ‘neuromasts’ located Large sharks are often in canals just below the upper level or top their skin. These form predators within an a ‘lateral line’ down the ecosystem and help to side of their bodies that control prey populations. can sense vibrations Grey . Photo: AQWA They also remove weak and sound hundreds of The well-defined sensory ampullae on , leaving healthy ones to reproduce – thus they play an metres away. the head of this northern help it to hunt in muddy tidal creeks. important role in maintaining balanced ecosystems. Sharks also have the Photos: Dean Thorburn Because they are often at the top of aquatic food webs, ability to detect the sharks have few predators, apart from humans, other weak electrical signals produced by most living organisms sharks and orcas. through pores in their snouts and heads called ‘’. These help them to find prey that is buried in sand or hidden in the dark. It is thought these may also help Where sharks are found sharks respond to large-scale fluctuations in the Earth’s magnetic fields, allowing them to navigate over big distances. Sharks live in every ocean. Some species, such as bull sharks, are also found in rivers, many kilometres Sharks have nostrils and can smell diluted scent. In from the sea. laboratory experiments, sharks have responded to Some shark species migrate long distances, others stay scent concentrations as low as one part of fish oil in one region. Some, such as megamouth sharks, favour or blood in one million parts of . No wonder the deep ocean while others (for example, reef sharks) they are effective hunters! prefer shallow water and reefs. Page 1 of 4 Shark features

Shape: a lot of sharks have a torpedo-shaped Second First Gill slits body, a large triangular and a second dorsal fin dorsal fin small one on their backs, large pectoral fins on either side behind their gills and a large tail or ‘caudal’ fin. Some sharks, such as angel sharks and that live on the seabed, have a flattened shape that makes them resemble their relatives, rays and skates. Anal fin Barbel Fins: pectoral fins are used for steering and Caudal Pectoral fin turning while the dorsal fins help keep the shark (tail) fin Fin tip stable, like a yacht keel. The caudal fin propels large serrated teeth for cutting the shark forward. big prey, while Port Jackson Gills: sharks have between five and seven external gill slits. sharks have small pointed teeth at the front of their jaws (ideal Skin: unlike the scales of bony fish, shark skin is made up of for holding) and flat molar-like tiny bumps called ‘dermal denticles’. These make shark skin teeth at the back (for breaking extremely tough and abrasive. and grinding crabs, lobsters, Teeth: sharks have an endless supply of teeth. As one row shellfish and sea urchins). Grey wears out, the shark replaces it with one from the next row. nurse sharks have long, needle- Their teeth vary according to diet. Great white sharks have like teeth, used for gripping. Bull shark teeth.

Some shark species are known to live to 50 years’ old Lipstick to shark fin soup or more. Despite this potential for a long life, many Humans use sharks for their meat, for example, in fish young sharks do not survive to reach adulthood. and chips. A wide range of other shark products, including cartilage, blood, gall bladder, corneas and liver, are used in Live births medical treatments or as a source of vitamins. Other shark products include liver oils, used in cosmetics; jaws and teeth, Most sharks are slow to mature and some species do sometimes sold as souvenirs and for jewellery; and skin, not reproduce each year. Unlike bony fish, which release which is turned into leather. thousands of tiny eggs into the sea during spawning, sharks produce fewer eggs and fertilisation occurs internally. Most The most valuable product is shark fin, used as a delicacy sharks give birth to live young but some species produce eggs in Asian cooking. Shark fin is so valuable that there has that develop externally. been a severe depletion of shark numbers in many parts of the world. • Matrotrophic : Fertilised eggs develop into young inside the mother. For at least part of their development, they depend for food on a placenta-like connection with the mother’s uterine wall (for example, whaler sharks). Shark science • Yolk-sac viviparity (previously known as ovoviviparity or Department of Fisheries aplacental viviparity): Embryos develop internally but their researchers assess the food is derived entirely from yolk sacs (for example, gummy status of sharks stocks sharks and whiskery sharks). using computer models that include information • Oviparity: Embryonic development occurs entirely within about different species’ egg cases, which are most commonly left on the seabed biology and catch and (for example, Port Jackson sharks), but in some species are effort data provided by kept within the mother’s oviduct until just before they hatch. commercial fishers. Most sharks and all rays are viviparous – that is, they give The researchers also birth to live young. However, some smaller shark species and study shark growth all skates are oviparous. The embryos of mackerel sharks are rates using cross- ‘oophagous’ (meaning they feed on unfertilised eggs), while sections of vertebrae, grey nurse shark embryos are ‘adelphophagous’ (meaning they their reproductive cannibalise other embryos). biology, different shark movements and use of Class Chondrichthyes different through tagging studies, genetic Sharks belong to a class of fish called Chondrichthyes. identification of shark A grey nurse shark tagged with Other members of this class include rays, skates and stocks, and the efficiency a device to record temperature, chimaeras (also called ghost sharks). All members of this of different gear types depth, light and location. Photo: Rory McAuley class have skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone. used to catch sharks. Page 2 of 4 Protected species

Concerns about shark stocks have led to big reductions in effort in WA’s shark fishery. Whale shark Rhincodon typus All sharks and rays are now commercially protected, meaning that only a few commercial fisheries are authorised to keep their shark and ray catches for sale. The white shark, whale shark, and – and all sawfish, which are related to Photo: Tourism Western sharks – are totally protected from all fishing. Also called: Tofu fish (Taiwan). In 2009, all species of whaler sharks (family Carcharhinidae) Distribution: All tropical seas. were given extra protection from fishing in . The new rules introduced a maximum size limit for whaler : Highly migratory and will travel through deep sharks caught in the West Coast and South Coast bioregions, water to gather at coral reefs and atolls during coral with exceptions provided to allow some commercial and spawning. Seasonal visitors to Ningaloo Reef. recreational take in specific fisheries and parts of the State. Size: Up to 12 metres. Diet: Plankton (filter feeder). More information on these rules is available on the Department of Fisheries website www.fish.wa.gov.au : Vulnerable (EPBC Act); totally protected (FRMA). White shark Carcharodon Grey nurse shark Carcharias taurus

Photo: AQWA Also called: White pointer shark, great white. Photo: AQWA Distribution: All oceans. Also called: Sand ; spotted ragged tooth shark. Habitat: Cool, temperate offshore waters but occasionally found in subtropical and tropical regions. Found off South Distribution: Found in all subtropical and tropical areas Australia and southern Western Australia, and known to except the eastern Pacific Ocean. travel up to WA’s coast as far north as North West Cape. Habitat: Occurs around offshore reefs and inhabits caves Size: Up to seven metres long. and ledges. Juveniles are highly migratory. Found in WA continental shelf waters from Esperance to the Kimberley. Diet: Fish and marine mammals. Size: Up to four metres. Conservation status: Vulnerable (EPBC Act); totally protected (FRMA); specially protected (Wildlife Conservation Act). Diet: Mainly fish. Conservation status: Vulnerable (EPBC Act); specially protected (Wildlife Conservation Act). Whaler Sharks Family Carcharhinidae Northern river shark Glyphis sp. C

29 whaler shark species are known to occur in WA, including Photo: Dean Thorburn tiger shark, bull shark, bronze whaler and . Also called: Northern speartooth shark; New Guinea Distribution: All oceans. river shark. Habitat: Highly varied, ranging from reefs to open ocean Distribution: Very rare, with a only few specimens found and, in the bull shark’s case, they can be found inhabiting in rivers in Papua New Guinea and northern Australia, marine, estuarine and freshwater environments including including tidal creeks draining into King Sound near Derby. the Swan River. Habitat: Freshwater and weakly saline rivers, Size: Generally ranging from one to three metres at adult and tidal creeks dominated by . size, but tiger sharks can grow as big as six metres. Size: Largest specimen caught in WA was 1.4 metres. Diet: Highly varied. Diet: Other fish, including salmon catfish and Conservation status: All whaler sharks with an interdorsal salmon in WA. fin length of 700mm or greater are recreationally protected, Conservation status: Endangered (EPBC Act); totally when taken from the South Coast and West Coast bioregions. protected (FRMA).

Page 3 of 4 Shark fishing in WA Sharks are mainly fished in WA for their meat for sale in fish and chip shops (sometimes billed as ‘flake’) here and in the Four main shark species are caught commercially in WA: Eastern States. The practice of ‘finning’ – taking the fins and dusky whaler sharks ( obscurus), sandbar sharks throwing back the rest of the shark into the ocean (often (Carcharhinus plumbeus), gummy sharks (Mustelus antarcticus) while it is still alive) – is banned in Western Australian waters. and whiskery sharks (Furgaleus macki). However, WA shark fishers do legally sell shark fins as a by- While some unethical and potentially unsustainable shark product of their catch. fishing practices are practiced in some parts of the world, Management controls on commercial shark fishing include WA’s shark fisheries are strictly managed. Specific controls on limits on the number of boats licensed to work in a zone, the fishing effort are continually adjusted in response to ongoing amount of fishing gear used and the months and the number monitoring and assessment to ensure that shark fishing of days of operation, and closures over certain regions. remains sustainable. Although there has traditionally been little for sharks in WA, management arrangements (including bag limits) are regularly reviewed to ensure shark stocks are protected into the future. For example, a size limit was placed on the recreational take of whaler sharks in 2010 to give these species additional protection from overfishing. The increasing ownership of large boats, global positioning satellite systems, radar and high-quality echo sounders has made it easier for people to catch sharks.

Why sharks are vulnerable

Many people are fearful of sharks, but sharks may have more to fear from humans. Their long life cycles and small litters mean that many species are highly vulnerable to overfishing and take a long time to recover if stocks are depleted. Results of conservation efforts may not become A commercial shark boat. Photo: Rory McAuley apparent for many decades.

References Glossary Websites Publications Cartilage Filter feeder Dense, fibrous tissue, which An that strains food Department of Fisheries, Allen, Gerald R. 2002. Marine Fishes of is heavily calcified in sharks such as plankton from the Western Australia: Tropical Australia and South-East Asia. and ray skeletons water by using sieve-like www.fish.wa.gov.au A Field Guide for Anglers and Divers. structures in its mouth Chimaeras Department of Sustainability, Hutchins, B. & R. Swainston. 1986. (also called ghost sharks) FRMA Environment, Water, Population Sea Fishes of Southern Australia. Cartilaginous fish, related to The Government of Western and Communities: sharks and rays, that grow up Australia’s Fish Resources www.environment.gov.au Hutchins, B & M. Thompson. 1995. The to two metres and live on the Management Act 1994 Marine and Estuarine Fishes of South- ocean bottom Australian Museum: Litter western Australia. A Field Guide for australianmuseum.net.au Crustaceans Shark offspring Anglers and Divers. A class of arthropods Australian Marine Neuromasts (animals with hard outer Conservation Society: Last, P. R. and Stevens, J. D. 1994. Clusters of hair-like cells that skeletons), such as crabs, www.amcs.org.au Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO act as receptors publishing. Melbourne, Australia. shrimp, lobster and krill Commonwealth Scientific and Oviduct Effort Industrial Research Organisation: McAuley, R., Newbound, D. and Ashworth, The passage between the Amount of time and quantity www.csiro.gov.au ovaries and the outside R. 2002. Field Identification Guide of gear used by fishers Western Australian Fishing to Western Australian Sharks and of the body in egg-laying Industry Council Shark-like Rays. Fisheries Occasional EPBC Act animals The Commonwealth www.wafic.org.au Publications No. 1. Department of Plankton Government of Australia’s Tiny plants and animals that Fisheries, Western Australia. Environment Protection and live near the ocean surface Biodiversity Conservation Department of Fisheries, Western and are carried by currents Australia. State of the Fisheries Report Act 1999 (produced annually).

This fact sheet is the fourth (No. 4, second revision) in a FURTHER INFORMATION Department of Fisheries series. ISSN 1834-9382 Visit the Department’s website at Fish illustrations www.fish.wa.gov.au or contact: © R.Swainston/www.anima.net.au DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES – HEAD OFFICE 3rd Floor, The Atrium, 168 St Georges Terrace, Perth WA 6000 2015 T: (08) 9482 7333 F: (08) 9482 7389 [email protected] ABN: 55 689 794 771 7454/15 JULY Page 4 of 4