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Extinction Risk and Conservation of the World's Sharks and Rays
RESEARCH ARTICLE elife.elifesciences.org Extinction risk and conservation of the world’s sharks and rays Nicholas K Dulvy1,2*, Sarah L Fowler3, John A Musick4, Rachel D Cavanagh5, Peter M Kyne6, Lucy R Harrison1,2, John K Carlson7, Lindsay NK Davidson1,2, Sonja V Fordham8, Malcolm P Francis9, Caroline M Pollock10, Colin A Simpfendorfer11,12, George H Burgess13, Kent E Carpenter14,15, Leonard JV Compagno16, David A Ebert17, Claudine Gibson3, Michelle R Heupel18, Suzanne R Livingstone19, Jonnell C Sanciangco14,15, John D Stevens20, Sarah Valenti3, William T White20 1IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; 2Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; 3IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group, NatureBureau International, Newbury, United Kingdom; 4Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, United States; 5British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 6Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia; 7Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Panama City, United States; 8Shark Advocates International, The Ocean Foundation, Washington, DC, United States; 9National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand; 10Global Species Programme, International Union for the Conservation -
An Introduction to the Classification of Elasmobranchs
An introduction to the classification of elasmobranchs 17 Rekha J. Nair and P.U Zacharia Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi-682 018 Introduction eyed, stomachless, deep-sea creatures that possess an upper jaw which is fused to its cranium (unlike in sharks). The term Elasmobranchs or chondrichthyans refers to the The great majority of the commercially important species of group of marine organisms with a skeleton made of cartilage. chondrichthyans are elasmobranchs. The latter are named They include sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras. These for their plated gills which communicate to the exterior by organisms are characterised by and differ from their sister 5–7 openings. In total, there are about 869+ extant species group of bony fishes in the characteristics like cartilaginous of elasmobranchs, with about 400+ of those being sharks skeleton, absence of swim bladders and presence of five and the rest skates and rays. Taxonomy is also perhaps to seven pairs of naked gill slits that are not covered by an infamously known for its constant, yet essential, revisions operculum. The chondrichthyans which are placed in Class of the relationships and identity of different organisms. Elasmobranchii are grouped into two main subdivisions Classification of elasmobranchs certainly does not evade this Holocephalii (Chimaeras or ratfishes and elephant fishes) process, and species are sometimes lumped in with other with three families and approximately 37 species inhabiting species, or renamed, or assigned to different families and deep cool waters; and the Elasmobranchii, which is a large, other taxonomic groupings. It is certain, however, that such diverse group (sharks, skates and rays) with representatives revisions will clarify our view of the taxonomy and phylogeny in all types of environments, from fresh waters to the bottom (evolutionary relationships) of elasmobranchs, leading to a of marine trenches and from polar regions to warm tropical better understanding of how these creatures evolved. -
Fisheries and Aquaculture
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation 7. GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR Formulation and Operationalization of National Action Plan for Poverty Alleviation and Rural Development through Agriculture (NAPA) Working Paper - 4 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE Yangon, June 2016 5. MYANMAR: National Action Plan for Agriculture (NAPA) Working Paper 4: Fisheries and Aquaculture TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS 3 1. INTRODUCTION 4 2. BACKGROUND 5 2.1. Strategic value of the Myanmar fisheries industry 5 3. SPECIFIC AREAS/ASPECTS OF THEMATIC AREA UNDER REVIEW 7 3.1. Marine capture fisheries 7 3.2. Inland capture fisheries 17 3.3. Leasable fisheries 22 3.4 Aquaculture 30 4. DETAILED DISCUSSIONS ON EACH CULTURE SYSTEM 30 4.1. Freshwater aquaculture 30 4.2. Brackishwater aquaculture 36 4.3. Postharvest processing 38 5. INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT 42 5.1. Management institutions 42 5.2. Human resource development 42 5.3. Policy 42 6. KEY OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS TO SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 44 6.1. Marine fisheries 44 6.2. Inland fisheries 44 6.3. Leasable fisheries 45 6.4. Aquaculture 45 6.5. Departmental emphasis on management 47 6.6. Institutional fragmentation 48 6.7. Human resource development infrastructure is poor 49 6.8. Extension training 50 6.9. Fisheries academies 50 6.10. Academia 50 7. KEY OPPORTUNITIES FOR SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 52 i MYANMAR: National Action Plan for Agriculture (NAPA) Working Paper 4: Fisheries and Aquaculture 7.1. Empowerment of fishing communities in marine protected areas (mpas) 52 7.2. Reduction of postharvest spoilage 52 7.3. Expansion of pond culture 52 7.4. -
Sustainability of Threatened Species Displayed in Public Aquaria, with a Case Study of Australian 1 Sharks and Rays 2 3 Kathryn
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-017-9501-2 1 PREPRINT 1 Sustainability of threatened species displayed in public aquaria, with a case study of Australian 2 sharks and rays 3 4 Kathryn A. Buckley • David A. Crook • Richard D. Pillans • Liam Smith • Peter M. Kyne 5 6 7 K.A. Buckley • D.A. Crook • P.M. Kyne 8 Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, 9 Australia 10 R.D. Pillans 11 CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia 12 L. Smith 13 BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Building 74, Monash University, 14 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia 15 Corresponding author: K.A. Buckley, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin 16 University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia; Telephone: +61 4 2917 4554; Fax: +61 8 8946 7720; e-mail: 17 [email protected] 18 https://www.nespmarine.edu.au/document/sustainability-threatened-species-displayed-public-aquaria-case-study-australian-sharks-and https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-017-9501-2 2 PREPRINT 19 Abstract Zoos and public aquaria exhibit numerous threatened species globally, and in the modern context of 20 these institutions as conservation hubs, it is crucial that displays are ecologically sustainable. Elasmobranchs 21 (sharks and rays) are of particular conservation concern and a higher proportion of threatened species are 22 exhibited than any other assessed vertebrate group. Many of these lack sustainable captive populations, so 23 comprehensive assessments of sustainability may be needed to support the management of future harvests and 24 safeguard wild populations. -
Extinction Risk and Conservation of the World's Sharks and Rays
Extinction risk and conservation of the world's sharks and rays Nicholas K. Dulvy1*, Sarah L. Fowler2, John A. Musick3, Rachel D. Cavanagh4, Peter M. Kyne5, Lucy R. Harrison1, John K. Carlson6, Lindsay N. K. Davidson1, Sonja V. Fordham7, Malcolm P. Francis8, Caroline M. Pollock9, Colin A. Simpfendorfer10, George H. Burgess11, Kent E. Carpenter12, Leonard J. V. Compagno13, David A. Ebert14, Claudine Gibson2, Michelle R. Heupel15, Suzanne R. Livingstone16, Jonnell C. Sanciangco12, John D. Stevens17, Sarah Valenti2, & William T. White17 1IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group and Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Colombia V5A 1S6, Canada; 2IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group, NatureBureau International, 36 Kingfisher Court, Hambridge Road, Newbury RG14 5SJ, UK; 3Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA; 4British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK; 5Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory 0909, Australia; 6NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 3500 Delwood Beach Road, Panama City, FL 32408, USA; 7Shark Advocates International, The Ocean Foundation, 1990 M Street, NW, Suite 250, Washington, DC 20036, USA; 8National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Wellington, New Zealand; 9Species Programme, IUCN, -
1 Decline in CPUE of Oceanic Sharks In
IOTC-2009-WPEB-17 IOTC Working Party on Ecosystems and Bycatch; 12-14 October 2009; Mombasa, Kenya. Decline in CPUE of Oceanic Sharks in the Indian EEZ : Urgent Need for Precautionary Approach M.E. John1 and B.C. Varghese2 1 Fishery Survey of India, Mormugao Zonal Base, Goa - 403 803, India 2 Fishery Survey of India, Cochin Zonal Base, Cochin - 682 005, India Abstract The Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) and its variability observed in resources surveys reflect on the standing stock of the resource and the changes in the stock density. Data on the CPUE of sharks obtained in tuna longline survey in the Indian EEZ by Govt. of India survey vessels during 1984 – 2006 were considered in this study. A total effort of 3.092 million hooks yielded 20,884 sharks. 23 species belonging to five families were recorded. Average hooking rate was 0.68 percent which showed high degree of spatio-temporal variability. Sharp decline was observed in the hooking rate from the different regions. The trend in the CPUE is a clear indication of the decline in the abundance of sharks in the different regions of the EEZ, the most alarming scenario being on the west coast as well as the east coast, where the average hooking rate recorded during the last five years was less than 0.1 percent. It is evident from the results of the survey that the standing stock of several species of sharks in the Indian seas has declined to such levels that the sustainability of the resource is under severe stress requiring urgent conservation and management measures. -
Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997
The IUCN Species Survival Commission Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997 Edited by Sarah L. Fowler, Tim M. Reed and Frances A. Dipper Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 25 IUCN The World Conservation Union Donors to the SSC Conservation Communications Programme and Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997 The IUCN/Species Survival Commission is committed to communicate important species conservation information to natural resource managers, decision-makers and others whose actions affect the conservation of biodiversity. The SSC's Action Plans, Occasional Papers, newsletter Species and other publications are supported by a wide variety of generous donors including: The Sultanate of Oman established the Peter Scott IUCN/SSC Action Plan Fund in 1990. The Fund supports Action Plan development and implementation. To date, more than 80 grants have been made from the Fund to SSC Specialist Groups. The SSC is grateful to the Sultanate of Oman for its confidence in and support for species conservation worldwide. The Council of Agriculture (COA), Taiwan has awarded major grants to the SSC's Wildlife Trade Programme and Conservation Communications Programme. This support has enabled SSC to continue its valuable technical advisory service to the Parties to CITES as well as to the larger global conservation community. Among other responsibilities, the COA is in charge of matters concerning the designation and management of nature reserves, conservation of wildlife and their habitats, conservation of natural landscapes, coordination of law enforcement efforts as well as promotion of conservation education, research and international cooperation. -
A Practical Key for the Identification of Large Fish Rostra 145-160 ©Zoologische Staatssammlung München/Verlag Friedrich Pfeil; Download
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Spixiana, Zeitschrift für Zoologie Jahr/Year: 2015 Band/Volume: 038 Autor(en)/Author(s): Lange Tabea, Brehm Julian, Moritz Timo Artikel/Article: A practical key for the identification of large fish rostra 145-160 ©Zoologische Staatssammlung München/Verlag Friedrich Pfeil; download www.pfeil-verlag.de SPIXIANA 38 1 145-160 München, August 2015 ISSN 0341-8391 A practical key for the identification of large fish rostra (Pisces) Tabea Lange, Julian Brehm & Timo Moritz Lange, T., Brehm, J. & Moritz, T. 2015. A practical key for the identification of large fish rostra (Pisces). Spixiana 38 (1): 145-160. Large fish rostra without data of origin or determination are present in many museum collections or may appear in customs inspections. In recent years the inclu- sion of fish species on national and international lists for the protection of wildlife resulted in increased trading regulations. Therefore, useful identification tools are of growing importance. Here, we present a practical key for large fish rostra for the families Pristidae, Pristiophoridae, Xiphiidae and Istiophoridae. This key allows determination on species level for three of four families. Descriptions of the rostrum characteristics of the respective taxa are given. Tabea Lange, Lindenallee 38, 18437 Stralsund Julian Brehm, Königsallee 5, 95448 Bayreuth Timo Moritz, Deutsches Meeresmuseum, Katharinenberg 14-20, 18439 Stralsund; e-mail: [email protected] Introduction Polyodon spathula is equipped with a spoon-like rostrum which is used as an electrosensory organ Rostra are found in many fish species and can for locating plankton in water columns (Wilkens & be used for hunting (Wueringer et al. -
Summary Record of the 26Th Meeting of the Animals Committee
Original language: English AC26 summary record CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________ Twenty-sixth meeting of the Animals Committee Geneva (Switzerland), 15-20 March 2012 and Dublin (Ireland), 22-24 March 2012 SUMMARY RECORD Animals Committee matters 1. Opening of the meeting The Chair opened the meeting and welcomed all participants, before giving the floor to the Secretary- General, who also welcomed everyone and introduced new members of the Secretariat's scientific team (Mr De Meulenaer and Ms Kwitsinskaia) and enforcement team (Ms Garcia Ferreira, Ms Jonsson and Mr van Rensburg). He wished the Committee well in its deliberations. The Chair thanked the Secretary-General and invited suggestions as to how the Conference of the Parties could establish stronger measures to support the Committee as well as export countries, which deserved particular assistance. No other intervention was made during discussion of this item.1 2. Rules of Procedure The Secretariat introduced document AC26 Doc. 2 and proposed amending Rule 22 as follows: “On request, the Secretariat shall distribute printed and translated documents...”. The Secretariat explained that most members regularly indicated that they did not need printed copies and that this proposal was made to reduce costs. Although not opposed to the change in principle, a Party regretted that the suggestion had not been presented in the document, which would have given Parties time to consider it, and was concerned that this unannounced proposal might create a precedent. Another Party asked a question on the procedure to accept observers, but the Chair invited it to raise this topic under agenda item 4 on Admission of observers. -
Northern River Shark, Glyphis Garricki
Published Date: 1 March 2019 Northern River Shark, Glyphis garricki Report Card Depleted assessment IUCN Red List IUCN Red List Australian Refer to Global Assessment Global Critically Endangered Assessment Assessment Assessors Pogonoski, J. & Pollard, D. Report Card Remarks Rare species with possibly very few mature individuals remaining Summary The Northern River Shark is a rare species found in northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. It is suggested that fewer than 250 mature individuals exist. It is threatened by fishing pressure and is presumably taken as bycatch in commercial and recreational fisheries. Habitat Source: White et al. 2015. License: CC By degradation is another likely Attribution. threat due to its coastal and estuarine distribution. It is listed as Endangered on the Environment Protection Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 list of threatened species and hence protected under Commonwealth law. A recovery plan has been developed. Until abundance can be proven to be greater than suspected levels, it is assessed as Critically Endangered (IUCN) and in Australia, Overfished (SAFS). Distribution The distribution of the Northern River Shark is uncertain. It occurs in marine, freshwater and estuarine habitats and is known to occur in several areas in Western Australia (Ord and King Rivers, King Sound and Joseph Bonaparte Gulf) and Northern Territory (South and East Alligator Rivers and Wessel islands) (Last and Stevens 2009). It has been confirmed as occurring in Papua New Guinea with the finding of two individuals in the coastal marine waters of the Daru region (White et al. 2015). This was the first confirmed record of this species in Papua New Guinea since the 1970s (White et al. -
Complete Mitochondrial DNA Genome of Bonnethead Shark, Sphyrna Tiburo, and Phylogenetic Relationships Among Main Superorders of Modern Elasmobranchs
Meta Gene 7 (2016) 48–55 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Meta Gene journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mgene Complete mitochondrial DNA genome of bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, and phylogenetic relationships among main superorders of modern elasmobranchs Píndaro Díaz-Jaimes a,⁎, Natalia J. Bayona-Vásquez a, Douglas H. Adams b, Manuel Uribe-Alcocer a a Laboratorio de Genética de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70-305, México D.F. 04510, Mexico b Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 1220 Prospect Avenue, Suite 285, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA article info abstract Article history: Elasmobranchs are one of the most diverse groups in the marine realm represented by 18 orders, 55 families and Received 2 September 2015 about 1200 species reported, but also one of the most vulnerable to exploitation and to climate change. Phyloge- Revised 18 November 2015 netic relationships among main orders have been controversial since the emergence of the Hypnosqualean Accepted 19 November 2015 hypothesis by Shirai (1992) that considered batoids as a sister group of sharks. The use of the complete Available online 24 November 2015 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may shed light to further validate this hypothesis by increasing the number of Keywords: informative characters. We report the mtDNA genome of the bonnethead shark Sphyrna tiburo, and compare it Bonnethead with mitogenomes of other 48 species to assess phylogenetic relationships. The mtDNA genome of S. tiburo,is Mitogenome quite similar in size to that of congeneric species but also similar to the reported mtDNA genome of other Phylogeny Carcharhinidae species. -
Closing the Loopholes on Shark Finning
Threatened European sharks Like many animals before them, sharks have become prey to human indulgence. Today, sharks are among the ocean’s most threatened species. PORBEAGLE SHARK (Lamna nasus) BASKING SHARK (Cetorhinus maximus) COMMON THRESHER SHARK Similar to killing elephants for their valuable tusks, Critically Endangered off Europe Vulnerable globally (Alopias vulpinus) sharks are now often hunted for a very specific part of Closing Vulnerable globally their bodies – their fins. Fetching up to 500 Euros a kilo when dried, shark fins the SMOOTH HAMMERHEAD (Sphyrna zygaena) SPINY DOGFISH (Squalus acanthias) TOPE SHARK (Galeorhinus galeus) are rich pickings for fishermen. Most shark fins end up Endangered globally Critically Endangered off Europe Vulnerable globally in Asia where shark fin soup is a traditional delicacy and status symbol. loopholes With shark fins fetching such a high price, and with the rest of the shark being so much less valuable, many fishermen have taken to ‘finning’ the sharks they catch SHORTFIN MAKO (Isurus oxyrinchus) COMMON GUITARFISH (Rhinobatos rhinobatos) BLUE SHARK (Prionace glauca) Vulnerable globally Proposed endangered in Mediterranean Near Threatened globally to save room on their boats for the bodies of more on commercially important fish. shark GREAT WHITE SHARK (Carcharadon carcharias) COMMON SAWFISH (Pristis pristis) ANGEL SHARK (Squatina squatina) Vulnerable globally Assumed Extinct off Europe Critically Endangered off Europe finning Globally Threatened sharks on the IUCN (International Union