Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics Proceedings from the fourth Workshop on American Indigenous Languages July 6-8, 2001 Jeanie Castillo, Editor Department of Linguistics University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Papers in Linguistics Linguistics Department University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California 93106-3100 U.S.A. Checks in U.S. dollars should be made out to UC Regents with $5.00 added for overseas postage. If your institution is interested in an exchange agreement, please write the above address for information. Volume I: Korean: Papers and Discourse Date $13.00 Volume 2: Discourse and Grammar $10.00 Volume 3: Asian Discourse and Grammar $10.00 Volume 4: Discourse Transcription $15.00 Volume 5: East Asian Linguistics $15.00 Volume 6: Aspects of Nepali Grammar $15.00 Volume 7: Prosody, Grammar, and Discourse in Central Alaskan Yup'ik $15.00 Proceedings from the fust $20.00 Workshop on American Indigenous Languages Proceedings from the second $15.00 Workshop on American Indigenous Languages Proceedings from the third $15.00 Workshop on American Indigenous Languages Proceedings from the fourth $15.00 Workshop on American Indigenous Languages FOREWARD It is with great pleasure that we present the proceedings of the fourth Workshop on American Indigenous Languages (WAIL 2001). In continuing a tradition begun with the student discussion group on North American Indigenous Languages (NAIL), the evolving membership wishes to pay tribute to Marianne Mithun and Wallace O1afe for their consistent encouragement and support. We hope that this fourth volume of the Working Papers represents another step in the development of WAIL as a forum where we may all share our discoveries, both descriptive and theoretical, concerning these increasingly endangered languages. Paul Barthmaier Joe Holmberg Greg Brown Kirk Miller Kelsi Camp Jennifer Van Vorst Jeanie Castillo CONTENTS FOREWARD . 1 CONJUNCT/DISJUNCT SYSTEMS IN BARBACOAN LANGUAGES. 3 Timothy Jowan Curnow TOPIC, FOCUS, DEFINITENESS, SPECIFICI1Y, AND REFERENTIAL PROMINENCE IN WESTERN APACHE NOUN PHRASES AND RELATIVE CLAUSES. 13 Willem J de Reuse SECONDARY PALATALIZATION AND CHANGES IN VOWEL FORMANTS IN ISTHMUS MIXE . 20 Julia Dieterman DICCIONARIO YAQUI-ESPANOL: A LEXICOGRAPHIC PROJECT. 34 Zarina Estrada Fernandez INDERIV ATION IN WEST GREENLANDIC - IN PASSIVE AND OTHER VALENCE DECREASING STRUCTURES. 47 Karen Langgard POSITIONAL VERBS AND RELATIONAL NOUNS IN ZANIZA ZAPOTEC . 60 Natalie Operstein CROSS-REFERENCING IN EMERILLON (fuPI-GUARANI): A HIERARCHICAL AGREEMENTSYSTEM '" 71 Fran~oise Rose NOMINAL CLASSIFICATION IN MIRANA. 85 Frank Seifart TOWARD A TYPOLOGY OF POSITION CLASS: COMPARING NAVAJO AND KET VERB MORPHOLOGY . 99 Edward Vajda THE SEMANTICS OF YUROK INTENSIVE INFIXATION , 112 Esther Wood & Andrew Garrett Timothy Jowan Curnow RCLT, La Trobe University The Barbacoan language family consists of at least four languages spoken in southwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador (Curnow and Liddicoat, 1998): Guambiano, Awa Pit or Cuaiquer, Cha'palaachi or Cayapa, and Tsafiki or Colorado.! Totor6 is also clearly in this family; however it is not clear from available materials if it is better treated as a separate language closely related to Guambiano or as a dialect of Guambiano. All languages of this family are typologically similar. For example, all are verb final (with the usual correlates), primarily suffixing, and with nominative-accusative case marking. However all also share a typologically unusual system of marking, which will be called conjunct/disjunct marking here, following the terminology used by Hale (1980) in his description of a similar phenomenon in Kathmandu Newari. While this is not necessarily the most appropriate terminology, especially given that in the Barbacoan languages there are three terms in the system, it is the most generally accepted label used in the literature for this phenomenon. At first glance, conjunct/disjunct marking appears to be a type of person marking system; however the details are much more complex. This paper explores some of the intricacies of the conjunct/disjunct system of the Barbacoan languages. In statements, the conjunct/disjunct system of Barbacoan languages initially appears to be a system of first versus non-first person marking, with the conjunct form occurring in first person statements while the disjunct occurs in second and third person statements, as in the following examples from Awa Pit:2 0a=n~ paw ku-mtu-s (1SG.(NOM)=TOP) plantain eat-IMPF-CONJ[C] 'I am eating plantains.' 0u=n~ paw ku-mtu-y (2SG.(NOM)=TOP) plantain eat-IMPF-DISJ[D] 'You are eating plantains.' (3) (us=na) atal ayna-mtu-y (3SG.(NOM)=TOP) chicken COOk-IMPF-DISJ[D] 'He/she is cooking chicken.' (Curnow, In press) However a simple glance at how the conjunct and disjunct forms are used in questions is enough to dispel the idea that the system is one of first/non- first person marking, since in questions the conjunct form is used with second person and, in Awa Pit at least, the disjunct is used with first and third person: (4) min-a=ma ashap-tu-y? who-ACC=INTER annoY-IMPF-DISJ[D] 'Whom am I annoying?' (5) shi=ma ki-mtu-s? what=INTER do-IMPF-CONJ[C] 'What are you doing?' (6) min=ta-s a-mtu-y? where=LoC-ABL come-IMPF-DISJ[D] 'Where is he coming from?' (Curnow, In press) There is thus a binary distinction here between what will be termed locutor and nonlocutor participants: locutor covers first person in statements and second person in questions, while nonlocutor covers second and third person in statements and first and third person in questions. In the examples above (although not always, as will be seen below) conjunct marking is used when there is a locutor subject, and disjunct is used with nonlocutor subjects. This unification of first person in statements with second person in questions appears odd, at first glance. But as has been pointed out by Hargreaves (1990; 1991), it can be understood in terms of epistemic source or epistemic authority. In making a statement, a speaker claims that he or she knows the information in the proposition, and thus first person has a privileged position. In asking a question, the speaker is claiming that the addressee has knowledge of the proposition; and thus in questions, the second person occupies a privileged position with respect to knowledge. This idea of a claim to knowledge thus unifies first person in statements and second person in questions, the locutor participants. A conjunct/disjunct system is defined here as a system of marking where, at least in agentive, volitional contexts (or in neutral contexts with a predicate which is normally interpreted as being agentive and volitional), there is a distinction between the marking in statements which contain a first person subject and those which contain no first person participant; and the marking used in statements when there is a first person subject (conjunct marking) is also used in questions when there is a second person subject. As will be seen below, the marking used in statements when there is no first person argument (disjunct marking) may be used in questions which contain no second person subject; conjunct marking or other marking may also be used in other contexts; and different marking may be used in nonvolitional contexts, depending on the language. The basic conjunct/disjunct system of Awa Pit was seen above, where the conjunct marking was used in locutor subject contexts, the disjunct marking in nonlocutor subject contexts. This pattern can also be seen in the other Barbacoan languages for which data is available. In TsafIki, the Congruent suffIx (conjunct) is used in locutor subject contexts (both statements, as in example (7), and questions, as in example (8)), while an unmarked verb (disjunct) is used for nonlocutor subject contexts in statements, as in example (9): tse Tsachi jo-yo-e IF Tsachi be-coNGR-DCL[C] 'I am a Tsachi' nu seke tera ki-yo-n 2 good dance dO-CONGR-INT[C] 'Did you dance well?' (9) ya/nu Tsachi jo-e 3/2 Tsachi be-DcL[D] 'He/you are a Tsachi' (Dickinson, 1999:30) In questions, conjunct marking is used if there is a second person subject, as in example (8), and disjunct marking is used if there is a third person subject, as in example (10): (10) ya seke tera ki-n 3 good dance dO-INT[D] 'Did he/she dance well?' (Dickinson, 1999:30) However questions with a fIrst person subject have a separate third form in TsafIki, the Noncongruent (glossed with [C*] here), as in sentence (11): (11) fa seke tera ki-i-n 1M good dance dO-NCONGR-INT[C*] 'Did I dance well?' (Dickinson, 1999:30) Cha'palaachi likewise uses conjunct versus disjunct in statements to indicate fIrst versus non-fIrst (examples (12) versus (13)), and uses the conjunct in second person questions (as in example (14)). (12) de-ca-yu PL-take-coNJ[C] 'We took' (13) ca-ve take-DISJ[D] 'He/she took, you took' (14) naaju chu-yu? how be-coNJ[C] 'How are you?' (Vittadello, 1988:60,62) While no examples are given, Vittadello (1988) also notes that Cha'palaachi has a special third form used for first person in questions, like the Tsafiki Noncongruent form in example (11). In Guambiano, statements are marked with Locutor singular subject or Locutor plural subject marking (see examples (15) and (16)) if they have a first person subject, and are marked with a Nonlocutor suffix if they have a non-first person subject (see examples (17) and (18)), the standard conjunct versus disjunct pattern with the additional complication of number marking in conjunct forms. (15) srusr;$ ku-r young be-LocT:SING[C] 'I am young' (16) nu pisu-yu pir-er big POOI-LOC bathe-LocT:PL[C] 'We bathed in the lake' (17) ye-wan ma-n potato-Ac eat-No:LOCT[D] 'You (plural) ate the potato' (18) machik misak ka-n Paez person be-No:LocT[D] 'He is a Paez' (Vasquez de Ruiz, 1988:99) Unfortunately at this stage it is not known how questions are formed in Guambiano; thus it is not certain that the Locutor suffixes (conjunct) are used in questions with second person subjects, as would be expected in a conjunct/disjunct system.
Recommended publications
  • Computational Challenges for Polysynthetic Languages
    Computational Modeling of Polysynthetic Languages Judith L. Klavans, Ph.D. US Army Research Laboratory 2800 Powder Mill Road Adelphi, Maryland 20783 [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Given advances in computational linguistic analysis of complex languages using Machine Learning as well as standard Finite State Transducers, coupled with recent efforts in language revitalization, the time was right to organize a first workshop to bring together experts in language technology and linguists on the one hand with language practitioners and revitalization experts on the other. This one-day meeting provides a promising forum to discuss new research on polysynthetic languages in combination with the needs of linguistic communities where such languages are written and spoken. Finally, this overview article summarizes the papers to be presented, along with goals and purpose. Motivation Polysynthetic languages are characterized by words that are composed of multiple morphemes, often to the extent that one long word can express the meaning contained in a multi-word sentence in lan- guage like English. To illustrate, consider the following example from Inuktitut, one of the official languages of the Territory of Nunavut in Canada. The morpheme -tusaa- (shown in boldface below) is the root, and all the other morphemes are synthetically combined with it in one unit.1 (1) tusaa-tsia-runna-nngit-tu-alu-u-junga hear-well-be.able-NEG-DOER-very-BE-PART.1.S ‘I can't hear very well.’ Kabardian (Circassian), from the Northwest Caucasus, also shows this phenomenon, with the root -še- shown in boldface below: (2) wə-q’ə-d-ej-z-γe-še-ž’e-f-a-te-q’əm 2SG.OBJ-DIR-LOC-3SG.OBJ-1SG.SUBJ-CAUS-lead-COMPL-POTENTIAL-PAST-PRF-NEG ‘I would not let you bring him right back here.’ Polysynthetic languages are spoken all over the globe and are richly represented among Native North and South American families.
    [Show full text]
  • Deixis and Reference Tracing in Tsova-Tush (PDF)
    DEIXIS AND REFERENCE TRACKING IN TSOVA-TUSH A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS MAY 2020 by Bryn Hauk Dissertation committee: Andrea Berez-Kroeker, Chairperson Alice C. Harris Bradley McDonnell James N. Collins Ashley Maynard Acknowledgments I should not have been able to finish this dissertation. In the course of my graduate studies, enough obstacles have sprung up in my path that the odds would have predicted something other than a successful completion of my degree. The fact that I made it to this point is a testament to thekind, supportive, wise, and generous people who have picked me up and dusted me off after every pothole. Forgive me: these thank-yous are going to get very sappy. First and foremost, I would like to thank my Tsova-Tush host family—Rezo Orbetishvili, Nisa Baxtarishvili, and of course Tamar and Lasha—for letting me join your family every summer forthe past four years. Your time, your patience, your expertise, your hospitality, your sense of humor, your lovingly prepared meals and generously poured wine—these were the building blocks that supported all of my research whims. My sincerest gratitude also goes to Dantes Echishvili, Revaz Shankishvili, and to all my hosts and friends in Zemo Alvani. It is possible to translate ‘thank you’ as მადელ შუნ, but you have taught me that gratitude is better expressed with actions than with set phrases, sofor now I will just say, ღაზიშ ხილჰათ, ბედნიერ ხილჰათ, მარშმაკიშ ხილჰათ..
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistics 203 - Languages of the World Language Study Guide
    Linguistics 203 - Languages of the World Language Study Guide This exam may consist of anything discussed on or after October 20. Be sure to check out the slides on the class webpage for this date onward, as well as the syntax/morphology language notes. This guide discusses the aspects of specific languages we looked at, and you will want to look at the notes of specific languages in the ‘language notes: syntax/morphology’ section of the webpage for examples and basic explanations. This guide does not discuss the linguistic topics we discussed in a more general sense (i.e. where we didn’t focus on a specific language), but you are expected to understand these area as well. On the webpage, these areas are found in the ‘lecture notes/slides’ section. As you study, keep in mind that there are a number of ways I might pose a question to test your knowledge. If you understand the concept, you should be able to answer any of them. These include: Definitional If a language is considered an ergative-absolutive language, what does this mean? Contrastive (definitional) Explain how an ergative-absolutive language differs from a nominative- accusative language. Identificational (which may include a definitional question as well...) Looking at the example below, identify whether language A is an ergative- absolutive language or a nominative accusative language. How do you know? (example) Contrastive (identificational) Below are examples from two different languages. In terms of case marking, how is language A different from language B? (ex. of ergative-absolutive language) (ex. of nominative-accusative language) True / False question T F Basque is an ergative-absolutive language.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.A Summary Reconstruction of Proto-Maweti-Guarani Segmental
    Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas ISSN: 1981-8122 [email protected] Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Brasil Meira, Sérgio; Drude, Sebastian A summary reconstruction of proto-maweti-guarani segmental phonology Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas, vol. 10, núm. 2, mayo- agosto, 2015, pp. 275-296 Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Belém, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=394051442005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi. Cienc. Hum., Belém, v. 10, n. 2, p. 275-296, maio-ago. 2015 A summary reconstruction of proto-maweti-guarani segmental phonology Uma reconstrução resumida da fonologia segmental proto-mawetí-guaraní Sérgio MeiraI, Sebastian DrudeII IMuseu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Belém, Pará, Brasil IIMax-Planck-Institute for Psycholinguistics. Nijmegen, The Netherlands Abstract: This paper presents a succinct reconstruction of the segmental phonology of Proto-Maweti-Guarani, the hypothetical protolanguage from which modern Mawe, Aweti and the Tupi-Guarani branches of the Tupi linguistic family have evolved. Based on about 300 cognate sets from the authors’ field data (for Mawe and Aweti) and from Mello’s reconstruction (2000) for Proto-Tupi-Guarani (with additional information from other works; and with a few changes concerning certain doubtful features, such as the status of stem-final lenis consonants *r and *ß, and the distinction of *c and *č ), the consonants and vowels of Proto-Maweti-Guarani were reconstructed with the help of the traditional historical-comparative method.
    [Show full text]
  • What Are the Limits of Polysynthesis?
    International Symposium on Polysynthesis in the World's Languages February 20-21, 2014 NINJAL, Tokyo What are the limits of Polysynthesis? Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans Of the various labels for morphological types currently in use by typologists ‘polysynthesis’ has proved to be the most difficult to pin down. For some it just represents an extreme on the dimension of synthesis (one of Sapir’s two major typological axes) while for others it is an independent category or parameter with far- reaching morphosyntactic ramifications. A recent characterization (Evans & Sasse 2002: 3f.) is the following: ‘Essentially, then, a prototypical polysynthetic language is one in which it is possible, in a single word, to use processes of morphological composition to encode information about both the predicate and all its arguments, for all major clause types [....] to a level of specificity, allowing this word to serve alone as a free-standing utterance without reliance on context.’ If the nub of polysynthesis is the packing of a lot of material into single verb forms that would be expressed as independent words in less synthetic languages, what exactly is the nature of and limitations on this ‘material’? The present paper investigates the limits – both upwards and downwards – of what the term is generally understood to cover. Reference Evans, N. & H.-J. Sasse (eds.). (2002). Problems of Polysynthesis. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. 1 2014-01-08 International Symposium on Polysynthesis in the World's Languages February 20-21, 2014 NINJAL, Tokyo Polysynthesis in Ainu Anna Bugaeva (National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics) Ainu is a typical polysynthetic language in the sense that a single complex verb can express what takes a whole sentence in most other languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Pluractionals in Fwe
    DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND CULTURES BANTUGENT - UGENT CENTRE FOR BANTU STUDIES PLURACTIONALS IN FWE Hilde Gunnink - 28 August 2017 - CALL 47 Fwe • +- 20.000 speakers • spoken in Zambia and Namibia • Eastern Bantu, Bantu Botatwe (Bostoen 2009, de Luna 2010) Pluractionality pluractionality / verbal number: multiple events • ètêndè rìcóːkêtè ‘His leg is broken.’ • ètêndèrìcó ːkáùkìtè> PLURACTIONAL ‘His leg is broken in multiple places.’ Pluractionals 1. Suffix -a-: event-internal pluractionality 2. Stem reduplication: event-internal/external pluractionality 3. Prefix -kabú- / -yabú-: locative pluractional Pluractional -a- • derivational suffix -a- • obligatorily followed by another derivational suffix: – -ur- / -uk-: separative – -ik-: impositive – -ir-: applicative Pluractional -a- Pluractional -a- with separative -ur-/-uk- -dàm-à-ùr-à ‘to beat up, beat to a pulp’ -cènk-à-ùk-à ‘to look over both shoulders’ Pluractional -a- with transitive impositive -ik- -dáns-à-ìk-à ‘to scatter’ -hánj-à-ìk-à ‘to hang up (multiple objects)’ Pluractional -a- with applicative -ir- -shónj-à-ìr-à ‘to throw (multiple times)’ -sòs-à-ìr-à ‘to keep on poking a fire’ Pluractional -a- From *-ag- “imperfective/repetitive/habitual” (Meeussen 1967) Or from *-ad- “extensive: be in a spread-out position” (Schadeberg 2003)? “Extensive” -a- Yeyi (R41) -aar- “extensive” -tj’embaara ‘pinch repeatedly’ Tonga (M64) -aul-/-auk- “dispersive/frequentative” -yandaula ‘seek for, want in many places’ Lamba (M54) -al-/-aul-/-auk- “extensive” -kwamaula ~ -kwamala ‘tear to bits’ Kwangali
    [Show full text]
  • Implementing the GF Resource Grammar for Nepali Language Master of Science Thesis in Software Engineering and Technology
    müzik Implementing the GF Resource Grammar for Nepali Language Master of Science Thesis in Software Engineering and Technology DINESH SIMKHADA Chalmers University of Technology University of Gothenburg Department of Computer Science and Engineering Göteborg, Sweden, June 2012 The Author grants to Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg the non-exclusive right to publish the Work electronically and in a non-commercial purpose make it accessible on the Internet. The Author warrants that he/she is the author to the Work, and warrants that the Work does not contain text, pictures or other material that violates copyright law. The Author shall, when transferring the rights of the Work to a third party (for example a publisher or a company), acknowledge the third party about this agreement. If the Author has signed a copyright agreement with a third party regarding the Work, the Author warrants hereby that he/she has obtained any necessary permission from this third party to let Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg store the Work electronically and make it accessible on the Internet. Implementing GF Resource Grammar for Nepali language DINESH, SIMKHADA © DINESH SIMKHADA, June 2012. Examiner: AARNE RANTA, Prof. Chalmers University of Technology University of Gothenburg Department of Computer Science and Engineering SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden Telephone + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Cover: concept showing translation of Nepali word संगीत (music) to different languages that are available in Grammatical Framework. Inspired from GF summer school poster and stock images Department of Computer Science and Engineering Göteborg, Sweden June 2012 Abstract The Resource Grammar Library is a very important part of Grammatical Framework.
    [Show full text]
  • Habituality in Four Oceanic Languages of Melanesia
    STUF 2019; 72(1): 21–66 Kilu von Prince*, Ana Krajinović, Anna Margetts, Nick Thieberger and Valérie Guérin Habituality in four Oceanic languages of Melanesia https://doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0002 Abstract: Our knowledge about tense, aspect and modality (TMA) in the Oceanic languages of Melanesia has so far been severely limited by the lack of available data. Habituality in particular, as one of the less described TMA categories, has not yet been widely discussed for this group of languages. Based on corpus data and elicitations, we give a detailed overview of four languages, identifying common trends and addressing specific questions of general concern. These include the relation of habituality to (im)perfectivity and the relation between habituality and irrealis. Keywords: aspect, Oceanic, reduplication, modality 1 Introduction The Oceanic language family roughly includes between 450 (Lynch et al. 2002) and 520 (Hammarström et al. 2017) individual languages. Most of them are spoken in Melanesia, specifically in Papua New Guinea, the Admiralty Islands, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. In contrast to some of the bigger Oceanic languages of Polynesia such as Samoan or Maori, most of the Oceanic languages of Melanesia are spoken by relatively small communities of speakers, often do not have a standardized variety, a written tradition, or official status. Accordingly, they are often comparatively under-documented. *Corresponding author: Kilu von Prince, Institut für Deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany, E-mail: [email protected]. Ana Krajinović, Institut für Deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany, E-mail: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Department of English School of Languages and Literature Sikkim University Gangtok-737102
    From Race to Nation: A Critical Perspective on the works of William Butler Yeats and Hari Bhakta Katuwal Vivek Mishra Department of English School of Languages and Literature Submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Philosophy February 2017 Department of English School of Languages and Literature Sikkim University Gangtok-737102 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The researching and writing of this dissertation has proved to be a profitable experience for me in the academic field, and for this I owe a great debt to these people. Firstly, I take this opportunity to thank my supervisor Dr. Rosy Chamling for her guidance, support and encouragement that enabled me to complete my work. I thank Dr. Irshad Ghulam Ahmed, the Head of the Department for his guidance and insightful inputs. I am grateful to the faculty members of English Department for their support during my Masters in Philosophy programme. I thank my parents and my sister for their endless love and support. For help in finding material and providing insights vis-a-vis the Nepali poet in my study I want to thank many people, but particularly Smt. Kabita Chetry and Nabanita Chetry. My thanks extend to my friends – Bipin Baral, Afrida Aainun Murshida, Ghunato Neho, Anup Sharma and Kritika Nepal for their selfless assistance during my entire research work. Vivek Mishra CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTION (1 – 5) Chapter – 2 RACIAL AND NATIONALISTIC CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE WORKS OF YEATS AND KATUWAL (6 – 28) Chapter – 3 REPRESENTATION OF IRISH AND NEPALI CULTURES IN YEATS AND KATUWAL (29 – 43) Chapter – 4 LYRICAL QUALITY IN YEATS AND KATUWAL (44 – 53) Chapter – 5 CONCLUSION (54 – 66) CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The present study entitled “From Race to Nation: A Critical Perspective on the works of William Butler Yeats and Hari Bhakta Katuwal” shall be a comparative literary survey across languages i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Burmese, a Grammar of (Soe).Pdf
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A GRAMMAR OF BURMESE by MYINTSOE A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Linguistics and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment o f the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 1999 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-Typological Perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran
    Languages of the Middle Andes in areal-typological perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran Willem F.H. Adelaar 1. Introduction1 Among the indigenous languages of the Andean region of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and northern Argentina, Quechuan and Aymaran have traditionally occupied a dominant position. Both Quechuan and Aymaran are language families of several million speakers each. Quechuan consists of a conglomerate of geo- graphically defined varieties, traditionally referred to as Quechua “dialects”, not- withstanding the fact that mutual intelligibility is often lacking. Present-day Ayma- ran consists of two distinct languages that are not normally referred to as “dialects”. The absence of a demonstrable genetic relationship between the Quechuan and Aymaran language families, accompanied by a lack of recognizable external gen- etic connections, suggests a long period of independent development, which may hark back to a period of incipient subsistence agriculture roughly dated between 8000 and 5000 BP (Torero 2002: 123–124), long before the Andean civilization at- tained its highest stages of complexity. Quechuan and Aymaran feature a great amount of detailed structural, phono- logical and lexical similarities and thus exemplify one of the most intriguing and intense cases of language contact to be found in the entire world. Often treated as a product of long-term convergence, the similarities between the Quechuan and Ay- maran families can best be understood as the result of an intense period of social and cultural intertwinement, which must have pre-dated the stage of the proto-lan- guages and was in turn followed by a protracted process of incidental and locally confined diffusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics Volume 21 Proceedings from the 13Th Annual Workshop on American Indigenous Languages
    Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics Volume 21 Proceedings from the 13th Annual Workshop on American Indigenous Languages Daisy Rosenblum and Stephanie Gamble Morse, editors Table of Contents Editor’s Forward i Ejectives in Nez Perce 1 Katherine Nelson Assimilatory Processes in Chuxnabán Mixe 14 Carmen Jany The Role of Homophony Avoidance in Morphology: A case study from 29 Mixtec Mary Paster Hiaki Pronominals and the Typology of Deficiency 40 Heidi Harley and Alex Trueman Tense and Evidentiality in Sirionó and Yuki 55 Östen Dahl Complement Clause Types in Northern Tepehuan: A continuum of 68 semantic and syntactic complexity Stefanie Ramos Bierge Categorical Restrictions of Positional Verbs in Teotitlán del Valle 82 Zapotec Keiko Beers "There is no thermostat in the forest": Talking about temperature in 97 Anishinaabemowin (Ojibwe) Susanne Vejdemo and Hunter Lockwood Building an Intergenerational, Home-Based Language Nest 115 Melissa Borgia and Sandy Dowdy Foreward We are pleased to make the proceedings of the 13th annual Workshop on American Indigenous Languages (WAIL) available as the 21st volume of the Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics. We are grateful for the continuing support of the University of California, Santa Barbara as a whole and the faculty, staff and students of the Department of Linguistics. We extend our special thanks to Marianne Mithun. She offers us her support as well as opening her home for the conference. We also thank those who come from near and far to attend the conference. These proceedings represent only a portion of the papers presented. Thank you to all of you who helped expand our collective knowledge of the indigenous languages of the Americas.
    [Show full text]