Pwy Dalodd Amdani?

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Pwy Dalodd Amdani? Pwy Dalodd Amdani? Hanes Ymgyrch Ddarlledu Cymdeithas yr Iaith Pwy Dalodd Amdani? Hanes Ymgyrch Ddarlledu Cymdeithas yr Iaith Cyhoeddwyd gan Gymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg Ystafell 5 Y Cambria Rhodfa’r Môr Aberystwyth SY23 2AZ www.cymdeithas.org Argraffiad cyntaf Awst 1985 Ailargraffiad Tachwedd 2010 Argraffwyd gan Wasg Morgannwg, Castell Nedd hjkl Rhagair Argraffiad Newydd Wedi ffurfio llywodraeth newydd yn Llundain ym Mai 2010, penderfynodd y Glymblaid Geidwadol/Ryddfrydol gwtogi’n ddifrifol ar wariant cyhoeddus mewn ymateb i’r argyfwng ariannol a achoswyd ynghynt gan y banciau yn y sector breifat. Bwriad y llywodraeth newydd oedd naill ai cwtogi’n ddifrifol ar gyllidebau cyrff cyhoeddus neu gael gwared â nhw’n gyfan gwbl. I’r Gweinidog Diwylliant newydd, Jeremy Hunt – gŵr a gydnabai na wyddai fawr ddim am Gymru – rhyw gwango arall oedd S4C, ac fe aeth ati i geisio cwtogi ar ei chyllideb ac i geisio cael gwared â hi fel endid annibynnol. Ni wyddai ddim am gyfraniad y sianel at ddyfodol y Gymraeg, na dim chwaith am ei hanes hi – am y frwydr fawr a fu i’w sefydlu. Yn fwy difrifol, daeth yn amlwg nad yw pobl ifainc yng Nghymru’n gwybod fawr ddim am y frwydr hon chwaith. Wrth i ni wynebu brwydr newydd felly dros y sianel yn 2010, penderfynwyd ailgyhoeddi’r llyfryn hwn er mwyn ein hatgoffa o’r frwydr a fu genhedlaeth yn ôl ac fel symbyliad ar gyfer brwydr heddiw. Boed hyn hefyd yn symbyliad i ni wrth wynebu’r dyfodol. Ateb i anghenion yr ’80au oedd S4C yn ei ffurf ar y pryd. Mae angen yn awr nid yn unig amddiffyn S4C ond hefyd ddatblygu cwmpawd ei gweithgarwch er mwyn sicrhau fod y Gymraeg ar flaen datblygiadau yn yr oes ddigidol newydd. Meinir Ffransis — Argraffiad Tachwedd 2010 Rhagair Bu miloedd o bobl Cymru’n weithredol dros y blynyddoedd yn yr ymgyrch dros Sianel Gymraeg, ac ni allwn mewn llyfr fel hwn ond cynnig dehongliad rhai unigolion o’r cyfnod cyffrous hwn. Gwahoddwn felly unrhyw sylwadau a gwybodaeth bellach oddi wrth ddarllenwyr, a cheisiwn gynnwys y rhain mewn llyfr sylweddol ar hanes Cymdeithas yr Iaith sydd i’w gyhoeddi’n ystod y ddwy flynedd nesaf. Danfonwch at: Swyddfa Cymdeithas yr Iaith, 5 Maes Albert, Aberystwyth, Dyfed. [Cyfeiriad 2010: Ystafell 5, Y Cambria, Rhodfa’r Môr, Aberystwyth, SY23 2AZ] 3 Cartwn o’r Cymro, Medi 30, 1980 4 1. Buddugoliaeth “Mae’r frwydr dros sianel deledu Gymraeg wedi’i hennill” — roedd cynnwrf dieithr yn llais diduedd cyflwynydd y newyddion radio am un o’r gloch ar y dydd Mercher bythgofiadwy hwnnw, Medi 17, 1980. “I believe today has seen the surrender to blackmail by a vacillating Home Secretary,” medd Delwyn Williams AS (o barchus goffadwriaeth) yn chwyrn, gan ychwanegu fod Whitelaw wedi colli’i hygrededd o fewn y blaid Geidwadol, yn arbennig yng Nghymru, wrth ildio i bwysau a chaniatau sianel Gymraeg i Gymru. Pur debyg oedd barn y Dr Roger Thomas AS: “Mae Mr Whitelaw a Mr Edwards wedi gwrando ar y Cymry sy’n dodi’u barn yn y papure,” meddai, “a’r Cymry hyn sy’n fodlon dod â therfysg i’r wlad.” Llawenydd tawel, ar y llaw arall, oedd ymateb Mrs Gwynfor Evans gan iddi hi gael sicrwydd mewnol ers misoedd na fyddai’n rhaid i’r ympryd arfaethedig gychwyn o gwbl — cadarnhad o hynny oedd cyhoeddiad yr Ysgrifennydd Gwladol. Dim ond rhyw fis cyn hynny yr ysgrifenasai Saunders Lewis i’r Western Mail i ddweud nad oedd modd yn y byd i’r llywodraeth ildio ar fater mor bwysig ac y byddai’r ympryd yn siŵr o fagu dimensiwn trasiedi Roegaidd a wnâi les mawr i’r ymwybod Cymreig; ac roedd golygydd Y Faner, Jennie Eirian, hithau yn gweld yr ympryd fel digwyddiad anochel, ond ei bod hi’n arswydo rhag ei effeithiau. Ond ffydd dawel Mrs Evans a brofodd yn iawn. Daeth y datganiad ar ddiwedd wythnos o dyndra llethol. Cafwyd nifer o awgrymiadau fod y llywodraeth o’r diwedd yn ystyried newid ei meddwl. Buasai’r tri gŵr doeth (sef Syr Goronwy Daniel, Cledwyn Hughes a GO Williams yr Archesgob) i ymweld â’r Ysgrifennydd Cartref ynghynt, ac yn sgil hynny bu hwnnw’n ymgynghori ag aelodau seneddol Torïaidd Cymreig i fesur eu hymateb. Roedd y papurau dyddiol hefyd yn llawn o ddyfalu ac awgrymiadau fod y llywodraeth ar fin newid eu meddwl. Yn ystod yr wythnos bu protestiadau dyddiol a chynyddol i bwyso ar yr awdurdodau: rhwygwyd ffeiliau a llenyddiaeth yn swyddfeydd Whitelaw yn Carlisle gan bedwar myfyriwr o Gymru; meddiannwyd cyntedd adeilad HTV Caerdydd gan nifer o famau, a pheintiwyd sloganau Cymdeithas yr Iaith dros y waliau; aeth criw o weinidogion Anghydffurfiol hefyd i feddiannu swyddfeydd yr IBA yng Nghaerdydd. A’r bore cyn y cyhoeddiad arestiwyd dau aelod o’r Gymdeithas, Euros Owen ac Arwyn Sambrook, yn Cheltenham, wrth eu bod yn ymchwilio i weithredoedd posibl ar fastiau darlledu. Arweiniodd hyn yn ddiweddarach at yr achos o gynllwyn yn eu herbyn nhw ynghyd â Wayne Williams, a charchariadau i’r tri. Deuai negeseuon gobeithiol yn ddyddiol, bron, fod pobl ddylanwadol yn dechrau ymddiddori yn y frwydr. Holwyd cwestiwn ar y mater yng nghynhadledd Brydeinig y Blaid Ryddfrydol, ac wrth fod Mr Geraint Howells yn paratoi i ateb, fe ddaeth David Steel lawr yn annisgwyl at y meic i ddweud ei fod yn bwriadu danfon 5 neges bersonol at Mrs Thatcher fel arweinydd un blaid at y llall, i’w cheryddu am mai mater personol i arweinydd plaid oedd cadw at yr addewidion yn ei maniffesto. Daeth neges o gefnogaeth hefyd oddi wrth swyddog o dras Cymreig yn y Gymuned Ewropeaidd; ac roedd darpar-arweinydd y Blaid Lafur, Mr Michael Foot, yntau yn ceisio dylanwadu y tu ôl i’r llenni. Codwyd tymheredd yr wythnos ola mewn cyfarfodydd a anerchai Gwynfor bron bob nos — Medi 11eg yn Aberdâr, 12fed yn Trallwng, 13eg yn Sycharth a Dinbych, a’r noson cyn y cyhoeddiad, ar yr 16eg yn Abertawe — cyfarfodydd gorlawn o frwdfrydedd a pharodrwydd i herio’r llywodraeth. Roedd Cymdeithas yr Iaith wrthi yn paratoi ar gyfer ymgyrch weithredol a fyddai’n dwyn cannoedd o weithredwyr ar strydoedd Cymru mewn modd nas gwelwyd erioed mewn ymgyrch dros yr iaith. Torrodd ildiad y llywodraeth ar draws y llif cynyddol o deimladau yng Nghymru. Roedd ymateb Gwynfor ei hun i’r cyhoeddiad yn dawel ac urddasol. “Dyma,” medde fe, oedd “buddugoliaeth mwya’r ganrif i’r iaith Gymraeg”, ond ni ddatgelodd a ildiai yntau ai peidio a derbyn tro bedol Mrs Thatcher a’i gweision. Y noson honno, yng Nghrymych, roedd y dorf o dros fil ar bigau’r drain. Rhedai gwres disgwylgar drwyddynt fel egni trydanol. Pawb a’u meddyliau ar yr un pwnc, pawb yn disgwyl yn eiddgar am eiriau un dyn. Ni fu mwy o emosiwn, na mwy o gymysgedd o emosiynau mewn tyrfa erioed: balchder oherwydd ildiad y llywodraeth; edmygedd a chariad tuag at yr un a orfododd y datganiad o enau’r ysgrifennydd gwladol lletchwith; a mwy na dim efallai, ofn — ofn na fyddai Gwynfor yntau hefyd yn ildio, yn derbyn telerau’r llywodraeth ac yn datgan ei fod am roi’r gorau i’w fwriad i ymprydio. Cododd Gwynfor a datgan, er ei fod yn bryderus am rai o’r amodau, y byddai’n bwyta ei bwdin Nadolig wedi’r cyfan! Gellid teimlo’r rhyddhad yn rhedeg drwy’r dorf, llawer yn wylo a phawb yn falch dros y dyn hwn a fuasai’n barod i aberthu ei fywyd dros Gymru. Ond, sut tybed y daeth y sefyllfa ryfedd hon i fod ym 1980? Sefyllfa lle y gwelwyd gwewyr cenedlaetholdeb Cymreig ar ei anterth ar ôl iddo ddisgyn mor ddwfn ym 1979. Sut y cychwynnodd y symudiad dros sianel Gymraeg? A phwy oedd y bobl — dros y blynyddoedd — a dalodd amdani? 6 2. Gosod y Sylfeini Nid mewn faciwm y digwyddodd y frwydr fawr ym 1980, ac nid mewn faciwm y cychwynnodd ymgyrch Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg yn niwedd y 60au. Fe osodwyd y sylfeini i’r ymgyrch nôl yn hanes cynnar y mudiad cenedlaethol. O’r cychwyn cyntaf, pan ddaeth darlledu drwy gyfrwng y radio gyntaf o fewn cyrraedd y boblogaeth, bu rhaid i Gymry frwydro am bob cam bychan o gydnabyddiaeth i anghenion iaith a hunaniaeth y genedl. Dengys JE Jones yn ei lyfr Tros Gymru fel y bu’n rhaid i Blaid Cymru ymladd yn galed am bob consesiwn. Pan gychwynodd darlledu sain ym 1923, gwrthodai’r BBC ystyried Cymru fel cenedl, ac ni roid dim rhaglenni cyson yn Gymraeg. Deuai’r unig raglen gyson Gymraeg ym 1927 unwaith yr wythnos o orsaf yn Nulyn gan lywodraeth Iwerddon! Mae’n anodd credu, erbyn hyn, mor elyniaethus oedd y BBC tuag at y syniad o Gymru fel cenedl. Roedd y BBC o dan yr Arglwydd Reith yn ymgorfforiad o Brydain Fawr a’i holl ethos — heb hyd yn oed gynnwys y dosbarth gweithiol Seisnig. Ym 1927, cyhoeddwyd adroddiad gan Bwyllgor Adrannol Llywydd y Bwrdd Addysg, Y Gymraeg mewn Addysg a Bywyd, ac ynddo fe ddywedwyd: “Ystyriwn bolisi presennol y Gorfforaeth Ddarlledu Brydeinig fel un o’r prif fygythiadau i fywyd yr iaith Gymraeg”. Crynhoir agwedd y BBC yn ymateb Mr ER Appleton, pennaeth gwasanaeth Cymreig y BBC (a reolid o Fryste) i’r cyhoeddiad uchod: “Wales of her own choice is part of the British Commonwealth of Nations, of which the official language is English. When His Majesty’s Government decided to form a corporation for the important function of broadcasting, it was natural that the official language be used throughout. “To use the ancient languages regularly — Welsh, Irish, Gaelic and Manx — would be either to serve propaganda purposes or to disregard the needs of the greatest number in the interest of those who use the language for aesthetic and sentimental reasons rather than for practical purposes… “If the extremists who desire to force the language upon listeners in the area were to have their way, the official language would lose its grip.” Dyna’r perygl — fod yr iaith Saesneg yn colli ei gafael! Dywed JE Jones: “Diddorol yw sylwi ar ddefnyddio’r gair ‘eithafwr’ mor gynnar â 1927 ar y rhai a ofynnai am ychydig o Gymraeg ar y radio.” Ym 1930, sefydlwyd trefn ranbarthol y BBC, ac er waetha cannoedd o brotestiadau, fe sefydlodd y Gorfforaeth “Western Region” i gynnwys deheudir Cymru a de-orllewin Lloegr.
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