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Download 1 File THE LIVES OF THE POPES VOL. IV. $ ON THE SITE OF LEO S WALES Porfa Vi ridaria or the Gate which looks towards the Church oF S Peregrinus Ffei la Cai ZUc ^ntariaTnimporrfinoo/ .,%, \ m.r.Romuii^-P Sr*J- Po.t.co ot it PjieVi U ~~5' mithaeli nS't-o 1 *—VS Schola Fnsonun lln 0b rum . i^5cit;dtot--*L! , ^ s moMa $ FranC0KU r Sthola Anglorur yr ^^s^JrJSlg,^ ! l ** t IN THE DARKAGE. Porta PoH-uer (i.e) ixv the TENTH CENTURY. AND THE FIRST HALF OFTHE ELEVENTH, TheRoman Numerals I-XIVsltow the localities of the fourteen Tenons ofAgustus ~ The large capitals A G showUie areas of Ihe seveix ecclesiastical regions Scale: ABOUT 6 4-0 YARDS tothi INCH THE LIVES OF THE POPES IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES DY THE REV. HORACE K. MANN " De gente Anglorum, qui maxiine familiarea A; • Sedis semper * existunl {Gtsia Abb. Fontanel. A.D. 747-75*, ap- M.G. SS. II. 289). HEAD MASTER OF ST. CUTHBERTS GRAMMAR SCHOOL, NBWCAS I CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF HISTORY OK SPAIN THE POPES IN THE DAYS OF FEUDAL ANARCHY Formosus to Damasus II. 891-1048 VOL. IV 891-999 SECOND EDITION LONDON KEGAX PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., LTD. St. Lults, Mo.: B. HERDER BOOK CO. 1 :; Printed in Great Britain by Butler & Tanner Ltd., Frome and London Co HIS ALMA MATER ST CUTHBERT'S COLLEGE, L'SIIAW THIS VOLUME 3s respectfully DeMcateD BY A GRATEFUL SON PREFACE. If edification were the sole, or even the principal, object which I had in view in undertaking to write the biographies of the Popes of the early Middle Ages, I might perhaps have hesitated about publishing the present series. But I wish to pursue a higher end than that of indulging in a style of historical writing which is supposed to be calculated to edify a certain type of mind. I would fulfil what I regard as a command laid upon me by the late glorious Head of the Church, and strive to make known the history of the Popes of Rome. And, as it was a cardinal maxim with Leo XIII. that truth would not injure the Church, I am convinced that he would not have had the Lives of some Popes written and the Lives of others left unrecorded, nor would he have wished to see some of their deeds blazoned forth and others buried in eternal oblivion. I know, too, that one of the greatest of the predecessors of Leo XIII. laid it down that "if scandal be taken from the enunciation of truth, it is better to allow the scandal to arise than to leave the word of truth unrecorded." 1 1 scandalum utilius St. Gregory I., "Si autent de veritate sumitur, in pcrniittitur nasci scandalum quant Veritas rclinquatur." Horn, EzecA., i., horn. 7. viii PREFACE Have I not also the assurance of St. Leo I., the Great, that " the dignity of Peter is not lost even in an unworthy " x successor ? Besides, I believe that such as have the patience to read the following pages will probably conclude that the scandals of the Papacy of the Dark Age are not so numerous as they had imagined, and that excuses not 2 a few serve to palliate most of those which did take place. " " Finally, as the history of the medieval Papacy is a " " 3 glorious one, it would appear to have been necessary for it to have its dark pages in order that its bright ones may be fully appreciated. It seems as if we must become acquainted with the tree of the knowledge of good and evil before we can properly appraise what is perfect. To the critics who have expressed widely different views on the literary style in which I have dressed my biographies, I would say that were it not too unconventional, I would follow the lead of an old Icelandic historian, and call this work a horn-spoon, "because methinks there is much good stuff therein but I know that there is need that it be ; beautified, and I shall, as long as I am able, busy myself with the mending thereof." 4 It would not be becoming in me to bring to a conclusion the short preface to this volume without thanking those who have helped me to make it. I must offer my warm thanks to those who have so patiently read over the proof- sheets for me, to C. Hart, Esq., B.A., and to F. F. Urquhart, 1 " Petri dignitas etiam in indigno haerede non deficit." Serm. 3. n. 3. 2 Rome "was perpetually rent by factions (in the tenth century), which are in great measure responsible for the odium which a pre- judiced criticism has so often attached to the Papacy as an institution." Hill, A History of European Diplomacy, i. 176, London, 1905. 3 Frothingham, The Monuments of Christian Rome, p. 1. 4 So writes the early thirteenth-century author of the Lives of the early bishops of Iceland, ap. Origines Islandica, i. 426. He was a very original writer, and called his book Hunger-ivaker. PREFACE IX Esq., M.A., and to those who have helped me with the illustrations, to the Rev. A. Chadwick and H. Burton, to A. Harding, Esq., and the Cavaliere C. Serafini. X<>r must I forget to include among those to whom my gratitude is due, the authorities of the Public Library of the city of Newcastle-on-Tyne, and of St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw. H. K. MANX. The Arch of Septimius Severus in 1594, showing remains of medieval fortifications. (From HueUen's The Roman Forum.) A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS VOLUME. = Jafle, or Regesta . Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, ed. Jafle, 2nd ed., Lipsiae, 18S5. Labbe = Sacr<>sancta Concilia, ed. Labbe and Cossart, Paris, 167 1. = L. P., Anastasius, or the ) Liber Pontificalis, 2 vols., ed. L. Book of the Popes > Duchesne, Paris, 1886. = M. G. H., or Pertz . Monumenta Germanic? Historica, either Scrip/ores (M. G. SS.) or EpistoliE (M. G. Epp.) or Poetoz (M. G. PP.). = P. G. Patrologia Grozca, ed. Migne, Paris. = P. L. Patrologia Latina, ed. Migne, Paris. = I. R. SS. Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, ed. Muratori, Milan, 1723 ff. R. S., following an \ = The edition of the Chronicles, etc., edition of a book v published under the direction of ' the Master of the Rolls. The sign t placed before a date indicates that the date in question is the year of the death of the person after whose name the sign and date are placed. it TABLE OF CONTENTS. TALE Preface, ......... vii Introduction, i Formosus (891-896), 4a Boniface VI. (April? S96), 73 Stephen (VI.) VII. (S96-S97), 76 Romanus (897), 86 Theodore II. (897), 88 John IX. (S98-900), 91 Benedict IV. (900-903), 103 — Leo V. (903). (Christopher Antipope, 903-904), . in Sergius 111.(904-911), 119 Anastasius III. (911-913), 143 Landus (913-914), 147 John X. (914-928), 149 Leo VI. (92S-92S or 9), 1S8 Stephen (VII.) VIII. (929-931), 189 John XI. (931-936), 191 Leo VII. (936-939), 205 Stephen (VIII.) IX. (939-94-), xia Marinus II. (942-946), 21S XIV CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Plan of Rome, Ft mtisfiece The Arch of Septimius Seveius, The Arch of Janus Quadrifrons, The Arch of Titus, Pope Formosus, portrait of, Coins of Formosus, Coins of Stephen VII., . Coin of Romanus, . Christopher, portrait of, . S. Pier in Grado, interior of, John X., portrait of, Coin of John XL, . Coin of John XI., . Agapitus II., portrait of, Cenotaph of Benedict V., John XV., . INTRODUCTION. BEFORE we proceed to give the details of the Lives of those Europe in the "Dark ropes who held the See of Rome during the period when Age." Italy sank lower in the scale of civilisation than at any other period of its history, it will be of advantage to say something as to the causes which brought about the evils of that age. We would say something of an age when the supreme Pontiffs of Rome, dragged down with Italy, were so degraded, in part by the treatment to which they were subjected, and in part by the vices of some of those whom brute force thrust into the chair of Peter, that one might have been tempted to believe that their authority must for ever have come to an end. To the reader who has in mind the facts recorded in the preceding volume of this work, these intoductory remarks be but will at least serve to may scarcely necessary ; they impress still more upon him that the scandals in high places which he will soon see, if he continues his reading, were due rather to external circumstances than to any internal decay of the institution of the Papacy itself. The period we would discuss—the tenth century and the " first half of the eleventh — is often spoken of as the un- happy or obscure, the iron or leaden age." And for many reasons it richly deserves the haul names which have been v< >L. IV. I 2 INTRODUCTION to it but it must at once be noted that it is often given ; very the subject of undue generalisation. It is frequently asserted that, for Europe at large, it was the blackest period of its long life. No doubt, when the head suffers grievously, the body cannot be in a very satisfactory condition. For Italy, and for Rome—the head and centre at this time both of Western civilisation and of Christianity—the epoch in question was assuredly the most miserable of all the times they have passed through.
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