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Diplomsko Delo UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA ODDELEK ZA ETNOLOGIJO IN KULTURNO ANTROPOLOGIJO ODDELEK ZA ZGODOVINO DIPLOMSKO DELO LJUBLJANA, 2015 PATRICIJA JEREB UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA ODDELEK ZA ETNOLOGIJO IN KULTURNO ANTROPOLOGIJO ODDELEK ZA ZGODOVINO PATRICIJA JEREB Ne računajte na nas! Razpad Jugoslavije in vpliv rock 'n' rolla v protivojnih akcijah v Srbiji v devetdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja Diplomsko delo Študijski program: Etnologija in kulturna antropologija Zgodovina Mentorja: red. prof. dr. Rajko Muršič red. prof. dr. Božo Repe Ljubljana, 2015 Zahvala Iskreno se zahvaljujem mentorjema prof. dr. Rajku Muršiču in prof. dr. Božu Repetu za vse strokovne nasvete in vsestransko pomoč pri izdelavi diplomskega dela ter vsem svojim sogovornikom, saj brez njih moje diplomsko delo ne bi bilo mogoče. Zahvaljujem se staršem in prijateljem za vso podporo in spodbudne besede v času študija. Izvleček Ne računajte na nas! Razpad Jugoslavije in vpliv rock 'n' rolla v protivojnih akcijah v Srbiji v devetdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja Diplomsko delo obravnava tematiko razpada Jugoslavije in vpliv rocka v protivojnih akcijah v Srbiji. Vojne na območju nekdanje Jugoslavije so v srbski družbi pustile neizbrisen pečat. Vojna kultura ni vplivala samo na razmah kriminala temveč je močno zaznamovala tudi glasbeno sceno. Protivojne akcije so bile relativno pogoste; vojni situaciji so se upirale različne organizacije, ki so z akcijami opozarjale na nesmiselnost vojne in njene posledice. Prav tako so protivojno držo izražali posamezni rock glasbeniki, ki so izvedli nekaj uspešnih projektov. Najodmevnejši projekt je skupina Rimtutituki, ki je v februarju 1992 posnela pacifistično pesem Slušaj 'vamo (Poslušaj) z eksplicitnim sporočilom. Rock ni preprečil tragičnega konca SFRJ, to niti ni bil namen, brez dvoma pa izpeljani glasbeni projekti predstavljajo velik uspeh in iskro upanja vsem narodom nekdanje skupne države. Ključne besede: razpad Jugoslavije, Srbija, Slobodan Milošević, vojna, popularna glasba, rock, Rimtutituki, turbo-folk Abstract Do not count on us! The Break-up of Yugoslavia and the Impact of Rock 'n' Roll in Serbian Antiwar Actions of the nineties The thesis discusses the break up of Yugoslavia and the impact of rock in Serbian antiwar actions. Wars inside the territory of the former Yugoslavia have left a huge mark on Serbian society. The culture of war caused the growth of crime and marked the music scene. Anti-war actions were relatively frequent; different organizations resisted the war situation by warning of negative consequences of the war itself. Some rock musicians had antiwar beliefs as well, therefore they organized some successful projects. The project which caused the biggest attention was done by the group Rimtutituki – in February 1992 they recorded pacifistic song with explicit message - Slušaj 'vamo (Listen here). Rock has not prevent the tragic end of the SFRY, it was not its purpose either, but no doubt it was a great success and the bright light of hope for all nations of former common state. Key words: the break-up of Yugoslavia, Serbia, Slobodan Milošević, war, popular music, rock, Rimtutituki, turbo-folk KAZALO 1. UVOD................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. ZGODOVINSKO OZADJE ................................................................................................................ 2 2.1. Tudi po Titu Tito! .......................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2. Slobodan Milošević .................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3. Razpad SFRJ in vojne na ozemlju nekdanje skupne države ......................................................................... 14 3. OPOZICIJA REŽIMU SPS IN PROTIVOJNE AKCIJE ................................................................ 19 3.1. Odnos opozicije in oblasti .......................................................................................................................... 19 3.2. Protivojne organizacije ............................................................................................................................... 21 4. ROCK 'N' ROLL, POLITIKA IN UPOR ........................................................................................ 25 4.1. Rock 'n' roll v Jugoslaviji ............................................................................................................................. 27 5. SRBSKI ROCK 'N' ROLL KOT PROTIUTEŽ VOJNI ................................................................. 33 5.1. Rimtutituki ................................................................................................................................................. 36 5.2. »Ne računajte na nas!« .............................................................................................................................. 42 5.3. EXIT ............................................................................................................................................................ 51 5.4. Učinek protivojnih akcij .............................................................................................................................. 52 6. RADIO B92 – RADIO, GIBANJE, IDEJA, ORGANIZACIJA ALI STANJE ZAVESTI? ........... 54 7. GLASBA IN IDENTITETA – JAZ IN DRUGI ............................................................................... 56 7.1. Kulturni rasizem ali subkulturna raznolikost – urbanost ali primitivizem ................................................... 58 8. ESTETIKA TURBO-FOLKA .......................................................................................................... 60 9. ZAKLJUČEK ..................................................................................................................................... 64 LITERATURA IN VIRI ........................................................................................................................ 65 1. Uvod »Kakvo je društvo, takva je i muzika. Muzika ne može da se gleda van konteksta društva.«1 Branimir Johnny Štulić, 1983 (v Ivačković 2013: 7) Leto 1989 je bilo prelomno leto v svetovni zgodovini. Padli so socialistični režimi, padel je Berlinski zid, zgodil se je protest na trgu Tiananmen. Istega leta je imel takratni srbski predsednik Slobodan Milošević slavni govor na svečani spominski slovesnosti na Gazimestanu, na Kosovu - v 'srcu srbske nacije', kot ga nekateri radi poimenujejo. Desetletje, ki je sledilo, se je v spomin narodov Jugoslavije zapisalo po tragediji - razpadu skupne države Jugoslavije in krvavi vojni z ogromnim številom žrtev. Devetdeseta leta v Srbiji so bila leta strahu, sankcij in dolgih vrst čakajočih ljudi, da bi kupili kruh. To so bila leta, polna kontradikcij in kompleksnih fenomenov. Vojna se je zgodila, nihče je ni mogel zaustaviti. Tudi rock 'n' roll ne. V svojem diplomskem delu se ukvarjam z glasbo v devetdesetih letih v Srbiji ter z njenim vplivom v protivojni propagandi. Moja glavna metoda raziskovanja je bila etnografska – pogovarjala sem se s posamezniki, ki so bili na takšen ali drugačen način vpeti v takratno dogajanje, z rock glasbeniki, novinarji, glasbenimi kritiki in drugimi. Pomemben del raziskovanja je bila tudi analiza takratne periodike, predvsem neodvisnih medijev. Zavedam se, da glasba ni spremenila poteka tragičnih dogodkov, niti to ni bil njen namen. Prepričana pa sem, da so glasbeniki s pomočjo pesmi svetu poslali jasno opozorilo o nesmiselnosti vojne. Poudariti želim, da sem rojena leta 1992 v Sloveniji. Dogodkov, ki so predmet mojega raziskovanja nisem doživela, do njih imam tako časovno kot kulturno distanco. Vem, da ima to prednosti in slabosti. Sem zunanjka, zato so mi nekateri detajli ostali nevidni, skriti ali pa sem jih težko razumela, saj vsakega raziskovalca določa kulturni kontekst okolja. Po drugi strani pa je prav ta distanca ključna, da sem neke stvari razumela na nov način s širše perspektive – brez emotivne vpletenosti. 2 T. i. narodna glasba je od sredine osemdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja in vse do 1Kakršna je družba, takšna je tudi glasba. Glasbe ni mogoče opazovati zunaj družbenega konteksta. 1 danes pogosta tema javnih razprav in eden pomembnejših identifikacijskih elementov v Srbiji. Posebno v času vojn na območju nekdanje Jugoslavije je turbo-folk postal »prepoznaven simbol določene vrste srbskega nacionalizma, tako za tiste, ki so se identificirali s to vrsto glasbe, kot za tiste, ki so ji nasprotovali« (Simić 2006: 98). Po principu: »Povej mi, kakšno glasbo poslušaš in povem ti, kdo si.« Del takratne srbske underground rock scene je predstavljal pomembno protivojno držo in protiutež politiki, a ni spremenil tragičnega končnega rezultata ob razpadu Socialistične federativne republike Jugoslavije. 2. Zgodovinsko ozadje Za razumevanje tematike, ki jo obravnavam, je ključno razumevanje politične situacije v zadnjih dveh desetletjih prejšnjega stoletja v Jugoslaviji. Na naslednjih straneh bom podala krajši opis ključnih dogodkov, ki so privedli do razpada Socialistične federativne republike Jugoslavije,3 vojn na Balkanu, dotaknila pa se bom tudi vzpona in padca režima Slobodana Miloševića in njegove socialistične stranke.4 Tema, ki sem jo raziskovala, je kompleksna in občutljiva. V letu dni raziskovanja in študija na Univerzi v Beogradu sem se seznanila
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