DARFUR 2005 LIVELIHOODS UNDER SIEGE Final Report
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DARFUR 2005 LIVELIHOODS UNDER SIEGE Final Report Thursday, 17th February, 2005 Helen Young, Abdul Monim Osman, Yacob Aklilu, Rebecca Dale Feinstein International Famine Center, Tufts University Babiker Badri Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was funded by the USAID/OFDA under the Livelihoods Cooperative Agreement with Tufts University. The team would like to thank the support and generosity of OFDA and also the Principal Investigator of the Cooperative Agreement Sue Lautze who has supported this work from the beginning. The study represents a joint effort between The Feinstein International Famine Center, Tufts University, Medford and Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman. Special thanks are due to the teams of research assistants from both universities who supported this work. They included Sung-Wook Choi, Alyson Abrami and Brian Bence from Tufts University who undertook literature reviews and constructed timelines. In Sudan, special thanks are due to Iman Ahmed Ibrahim Mohammed and Sara Ismail Ibraibhim Mustapha from Ahfad University for Women who undertook fieldwork in Gedaref and Khartoum. In Darfur, Dr Abdul Jabbar Abdullah Fuddle, of Darfur Development Services, played an active and important role as a local consultant and adviser. In Libya, t he team is most grateful to the support extended to them by the Libyan Red Crescent, particularly the team in Kufra and the International Division in Benghazi, without whose help this work would not have been possible. In Sudan the team would like to especially thank UN OCHA in Khartoum and Darfur, and a wide range of international and local agencies and NGOs, including Oxfam GB, SC UK, ICRC, FAO, Kebkabiya Smallholders Charitable Society, the Intermediate Technology Development Group, Concern and others. The team also extends its thanks for the enormous hospitality and engagement of the communities, tribal leadership and local authorities, who could not have done more to help us in our work. Once more the hospitality of Darfurians has warmed our hearts, and we are deeply saddened at the suffering inflicted upon them. It is the teams hope that this report is worthy of all their kindnesses and generosity and makes some small inroads to promoting livelihoods and future peace in Darfur. iii iv Contents Chapter One INTRODUCTION Introduction Methodology Background on Livelihoods in Darfur References Chapter Two THE HISTORY AND ORIGINS OF THE CONFLICT IN DARFUR Historical background to Darfur The Current Conflict National and Regional Processes Contributing to the Conflict Local Processes Links between local, national and regional processes Concluding remarks References Chapter 3 LIVELIHOODS IN DARFUR Profile of the case-study areas Examples of How Systematic Destruction Continues References Chapter 4 THE LIVESTOCK SECTOR IN THE DARFUR CRISIS The Livestock Resource in Sudan Livestock Resources and Migration Patterns in Darfur Flock and Herd Structure in South Darfur Livestock Trade in Darfur Drought and Conflict-based Production Orientation Trade-Induced Production Expansion The Impact of the Conflict on the Livestock Sector in Darfur Conclusions References Chapter 5 LABOUR MIGRATION AND REMITTANCES Introduction Labour Migration to Libya Internal Migration to Khartoum and Gedaref Conclusions References Chapter 6 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS v ANNEXES 1 Tribes of Darfur 2 Livelihoods In Kebkabiya Area 3 Livelihoods in Disr Area 4 Livelihoods in El Seraif, Beni Hussein 5 Livelihoods in Mellit Area 6 Livelihoods in El Geneina area 7 Livelihoods in Nyala BOXES Chapter 1 Box 1 Five categories of rural production system in Darfur Box 2 The Six Food Economy Zones in North Darfur (Save UK) Chapter 2 Box 3 Military regimes and democratic governments in Sudan since Independence Box 4 Disparities in health and development in Darfur, 1956 Box 5 Who are the Jinjaweed? Box 6 Famine in Darfur Box 7 Changes In Land Tenure Since The Fur Sultanate Box 8 Rebel/ Opposition Groups in Darfur Chapter 4 Box 11 The making of a lead drover Chapter 5 Box 1 Oil and the economy of Libya Box 2 Onward travel to Italy from Northern Libya Box 3 Example of remittances received in Darfur from Libya TABLES Chapter 1 Table 1 Food purchases as a percentage of the households source of food Chapter 2 Table 1 Distribution of agricultural Schemes in 1955 Table 2 Progress of Pump Irrigation Schemes in Sudan, pre 1920-1963 by Province Table 3 Disparities in Regional Income22,23 Table 4 Darfurs MPs Distribution by Tribe. Chapter 4 Table 1 Estimates of livestock population in Darfur Table 2 Officially recognized stock route Table 3 Cattle herd structure in the Baggara system Table 4 Trekking and other costs for various destinations from Darfur Table 5. Primary and secondary markets in Darfur Table 6. Value chain for livestock from Darfur (US dollars) Table 7. Average land and livestock holdings by small farmers in North Darfur Table 8. Risks associated with pastoral migration routes vi Chapter 5 Table 1 Profile of Sudanese labour migrants in Kufra, south eastern Libya Table 2 Foreign workers employed by the Kufra Agricultural Project and Flour Mill Table 3 Examples of daily wage rates for foreign workers in Kufra and Benghazi Table 4 Cash value of remittances sent by Sudanese migrant workers in Libya Table 5 Cash value of remittances sent by Sudanese skilled and unskilled migrant workers in Libya Table 6 Household size of Darfurian migrants in Khartoum Table 7 Type and distribution of work among Darfurian male migrants in Khartoum and Gederaf Table 8 Challenges facing Darfurians in Khartoum and Gedaref FIGURES Chapter 1 1 2 Chapter 2 3 1928 Anglo Egyptian Map of Sudan – extract of Darfur showing tribal boundaries 4 Distribution of tribal affiliation of Darfur MPs in the National Assembly Chapter 4 1-4. Growth trend of livestock population in Sudan 5 Distribution of TLU’s within Sudan states 6 Live animal exports from Sudan 7 Value of live animal exports 8 Volume and value of chilled meat exports 9 Cattle and sheep productivity and off-take models in a Darfur traditional system 10 Schematic diagram of the livestock marketing chain in Sudan 11 Camel and Donkey Trade Routes from and to Darfur 12 El Fasher rainfall record 13 Livestock growth trend in Darfur 14 Normal and Crisis Migration Limits for Jamala and Baggara pastoralists 15 Normal and Crisis Trade Routes 16-19 Price fluctuations before the conflict and after the conflict (North Darfur) 20 Livestock price trends in selected markets 21-22 Immediate Impact of the Conflict on Livestock Prices at El Fasher Chapter 5 1 Annual number of Sudanese arriving and departing from Kufra, southeastern Libya 2 Livelihoods of Sudanese before the border closure and currently (excludes those in transit) 3 The Hawala mechanism 4 Time of arrival of Darfurian migrants to Khartoum and Gedaref 5 Distribution of Darfurian migrant workers in Central and Eastern Sudan by ethnic group 6 Interaction between tribes in Gedaref and Khartoum vii Annex 1 Livelihoods in Kebkabiya Area 1 Zaghawa in Saburna - sources of food and income before the crisis 2 Sources of food and income for Zaghawa IDPs in Kebkabiya 3 Changes in livelihood strategies among Arab groups living in the Wadi Shallal area of Kebkabiya 4 Changes in livelihood strategies among Arab groups in the Wadi Shoba area of Kebkabiya 5 Changes in livelihood strategies among Gimr groups in Kebkabiya Annex 2 Livelihoods in Disr 1 Livelihoods in Disr before the crisis – principle sources of food and income for medium income groups 2 Livelihoods in Disr Area – before the crisis and in October 2004 3 Examples of the permits required to take purchased goods outside of Kutum Annex 3 Livelihoods in Seraif 1 Livelihood strategies in Seraif – Pre-crisis and currently 2 Proportion of food and income provided by livestock sales (live animals) and milk/ meat and skins in Seraif (pre-crisis and currently) Annex 4 Livelihoods in Mellit 1 Changes in livelihood strategies among the Zayadia in Mellit Annex 5 Livelihoods in El Geneina 1 Native Administration Structure after the State Governor’s Decree of March 1995 2 Livelihood strategies for the Masalit before the crisis 3 Geographical distribution of labour migration from Dar Masalit viii Executive Summary Purpose 1 The purpose of the research study was to investigate the effects of the conflict and humanitarian crisis on the livelihoods of select communities in Darfur, in order to refine strategic humanitarian interventions. The study focused on labour migration, livestock production and trade, and their links with Libya, and central and eastern Sudan. Study Approach 2 The study included a background review of literature and liaison with partners; and field work in Tripoli, Benghazi and Kufra in Libya; in North, West and South Darfur, Khartoum and Gederaf. The study used a range of qualitative field methods to collect primary data, and the analysis was based on a review of impact on livelihood strategies, assets and goals at the local level. In addition, the history and origins of the conflict were reviewed in order to understand their relation with livelihoods, and their implications for subsequent recommendations. Livelihoods in Crisis 3 Never in the history of Darfur has there been such a combination of factors causing the failure of livelihood strategies and loss of assets, including; systematic asset- stripping, production failures, market failures, failures to access natural resources, and failure to transmit back remittances. Under these circumstances regionwide famine appears inevitable. While food aid can partially redress the production failures, a much wider raft of interventions are needed to begin to address the other failures. Recommendations 4 Major structural changes need to be addressed at the international, national and state level. These changes include processes of land restitution and compensation; livestock restitution, reconciliation and compensation; and opening up of transport routes to provide safe passage of people, livestock and goods.