Language and Ethnic Groups in Sudan

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. VIII, Issue 6/ September 2020 Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) ISSN 2286-4822 DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) www.euacademic.org Language and Ethnic Groups in Sudan AMIR KHABIR SATTI HAMED Assistant Professor Elnaser Technical College Omdurman Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Republic of Sudan Abstract This study aims at investigating language and ethnic groups in the Sudan. In this study the researcher has made a review of historical background of the Sudan and its people. The Sudan is a multilingual country. It has more than 300 local vernacular languages. It has a diversity of cultures. The Sudan has more than 300 indigenous tribes. They are Afro- Arabian Nilo- Saharan tribes and black African tribes. But Arabic language is the National Language and the language of education. There are the Nilo-Saharan tribes in the North of the Sudan within the blank of the Nile. In the East of the Sudan mainly in the Red Sea State, there are the tribes of: Beni Amer, Hadndawa, Amharinga, and Tigrai. Each of these tribes has its own local language. Then we have the Blue Nile State and the Nuba mountain tribes. Each of these tribes has its own local language. And we have North State Kordofan and South Kordofan State. The later is inhabited by many ethnic groups tribes. Each of these tribes has its own language. Thus we have the greater Darfur States. Each of these state has many ethnic groups. Each of these groups has its own language. Hence the case study of this paper is language and ethnic groups in the Sudan. Keywords: Language, ethnic groups, bilingualism, multilingualism 3333 Amir Khabir Satti Hamed - Language and Ethnic Groups in Sudan INTRODUCTION: (Library of Congress:- Fedral Research Division, country profile: Sudan, December 2004). Country Formal Name: Republic of the Sudan. Short form: Sudan. Term for Citizen (s): Sudanese. Capital: Khartoum. Other Major Cities: Omdurman, Khartoum North, Port Sudan, Kassala, Al Ubayyid and Nyala. Independence: Sudan gained independence from United Kingdom and Egypt on January 1st 1956. Public Holidays: Sudan observes the following public holidays: Independence Day, Feast of the Sacrifies/ Id al-Adha, Islamic New year, Uprising Day, anniversary of 19th of December 2019 coup, Coptic Easter/ Shaman- Nassim, Birth of the Prophet/ Mouloud, end of Ramadan/ Id al-fitr and Christians (December 25). The asterisk indicates holidays with variable dates according to the Islamic or Coptic calendar. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: Prehistory and Early History: Northern Sudan was inhabited by hunting and gathering peoples by at least 60,000 years ago. These peoples had given way to pastoralists and probably agriculturalists at least by fourth millennium B.C. Sudan's subsequent culture and history have largely revolved around relation to the north with Egypt and to the South with tropical Africa, the Nile River forming "bridge" through the Sahara Desert between the two. The Ancient Egyptians sent military expeditions into Nubia, the region between the first and the second Nile cataracts, and at times occupied Nubia, as well as Cush, the land between the second and sixth cataracts, the population becoming partially Egyptianized. From the early eight century to the mid-seventh century B.C., the Cushites conquered and ruled Egypt. By the early sixth century B.C., a Chushitic state, Meroe, had emerged that eventually extended southward almost to present-day Khartoum. Meroe maintained commercial relations with the Roman world, developed a distinctive culture and written language, and became the locate of an iron-working industry. It succumbed to invasion in the mid-fourth century A.D. By the sixth century, three state had emerged as the political and cultural heirs of the Meroitic kingdom. All were ruled by warrior aristocracies who converted to Christianity, accepting the EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 6 / September 2020 3334 Amir Khabir Satti Hamed - Language and Ethnic Groups in Sudan Monolphysite rite of Egypt. The church encouraged literacy, the use of Greek in liturgy eventually giving way to the Nubian language. Arabic, however, gained importance after the seven century, especially as a medium for commerce. With the disintegration of the Christian Nubian Kingdoms by the fifteenth century, Islamic civilization and religion spread throughout northern and eastern Sudan. Pastoralists from Egypt filtered into the land, gradually giving rise to a new population composed of local Nubian and Muslim Arabs. The coming of Islam gradually changed the nature of Sudanese society and facilitated the division of Sudan into northern and southern halves, one Arab, the other, African. In the sixteenth century, the ottoman Turks, governors of Egypt, claimed Nubia as a dependency but exerted little authority beyond the Nile. meanwhile, in central Sudan, a new state called Funj arose with its capital at Sennar on the Blue Nile. the Funj checked the expansion of the Arabs, in the process becoming devout Muslims themselves. In the west, the Fur people formed the state of Darfur and similarly adopted Islam. Both states engaged in the slave trade with Egypt. Early in the nineteenth century, the Egyptian sent another military expedition into Sudan, establishing a new administration known as the Turkiyah, or Turkish regime. The Egyptians divided Sudan into a provinces, and in 1835 Khartoum became the seat of a governor general. The fostered the growth of Islamic low and institutions and organized and garrisoned the near provinces of Bahr al Ghazal. Equatoria, and upper Nile, home to the Nilotic Dinka, Nuer, and Shilluk as well as the non-Nilotic Azande. In 1874 Egypt conquered and annexed Darfur Slavery and the slave trade, age-old practices in Sudan, interns fied during the nineteenth century. Annual raids for salve resulted in the capture of thousands of black Sudanese, the destruction of the region's stability and economy, and a deep hotred of Arabs among the Southerners. In the early 1880s, an Islamic cleric, seeking to create a "purified" form of Islam and the throw off Ottoman rule from Egypt, took the title of "Mohdi" ("the rightly guided one"), and launched a revolt against the Ottomans as well as the British, who in 1882 had assumed control of affairs in Egypt. By late 1885, the Mahdi's force, the Ansar, had driven the Egyptians out of Sudan. Mohdist control of central and northern Sudan lasted until an Anglo. Egyptians army defeated the Ansar in 1898. The next year, the Anglo-Egyptians EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 6 / September 2020 3335 Amir Khabir Satti Hamed - Language and Ethnic Groups in Sudan condominium inSudan was proclaimed, which provided for joint overt and ship but which in effect placed control in British hands. (Abdelrahim Hamid Mugaddam, August 2015, language identily in the context of conflict: the case of ethno linguistic communities in South Darfur, http://www.researchgate. net/publication/ 280727453, University of Khartoum/ Aljouf University. International Journal of the Sociology of language). Pointed out that, located in the western most part of the Sudan, the Greater Darfur (constituting five federal states) occupies an area of 549 thousand square kilometers. South Darfur State (SDS)- the area of the present study- is one of these states, with its capital Nyala. According to the Sudan Fifth Population and Housing. Census carried out in 2008, the population of (SDS) stands at 4,074,369 people. Occupying Vast Savanah lands, SDS is a paradise for sedentary farmers and roaming pastoralists. Although they are usually transhumant, the majority of farmers are Negroid Africans while the majority of nomads are Arabs. Since the 1970s, the region has been devastated by frequent droughts, giving rise to tense competition between nomads and farmers over the shrinking land and water resources. Throughout its history, Darfur conflicts arising on such grounds were often contained amicably through time – honoured traditional conventions. Since the early 1980s, however, the Darfurians have become increasingly dissatisfied with their marginalized position. Nevertheless, there had never been a collective animosity towards the State until mid-2003, Afterwards, two armed movement. The Sudan liberation Army/movement, and justice and Equality Movement, both now falling under several breakaway groups, manifested themselves as movements fighting the government for political grounds. In fact, as Harir (1993:4) notes, for a long time the Sudanese at large have been experiencing an unstated, but noticeable ethnic-based conflict. This can be seen as a centre vs. periphery conflict, Harir (1993:4) argues, which can be described as "what is not said which divides" the worthy sons of Arabs and gharraba. He argues that this is a long standing conflict traceable to the time of Mahdi, the famous religious propagandist, because the riverain Arabs: …did not accept the authority of Khalifa Abdullahi, the appointed successor of Mahdi even though Khalifa Abdullahi was an Arabhismself. His undoing, as far the riverain Ashraf EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 6 / September 2020 3336 Amir Khabir Satti Hamed - Language and Ethnic Groups in Sudan were concerned, was that he was a Baggara Arab of the Taisha tribe of Western Sudan, i.e. Darfur. (Harir 1993: 6-7). We would argue that enimity between the centre and the periphery subdued, at least tactically, when the current conflict broke out. Instead, because the vanguards of the current conflict are mostly non- Arabs, and by the very same token that the majority of ethnic groups mobilized by the government to counter attack the liberation Army/ movement were Darfur Arabs, antipathy between these two groups inevitably ensued. As a result, the two groups flagrantly vented their animosities towards each other, resulting in the devastation of the whole region. In terms of language, Arabic is the official language of the Sudan. Except for intermittent periods where English was imposed as an official language, Arabic has been the dominant language since the 1950s.

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