ORGANIZATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES ( OECS) SECRETARIAT ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT UNIT ( ESDU)

PROTECTING THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN REGION’ S BIODIVERSITY ( PERB) PROJECT

Literature Review for the Proposed Peak National Park and Camps River Watershed Area

FEDERATION OF ST. KITTS AND NEVIS

JUNE 2009

Cover Photo: View from Round Hill looking SE toward Nevis Peak across the Camps Ghaut Proposed Protected Area

ORGANISATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES (OECS) SECRETARIAT

ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT UNIT (ESDU)

PROTECTING THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN REGION’S BIODIVERSITY (PERB) PROJECT

MINISTRY OF PHYSICAL PLANNING, INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES NEVIS ISLAND ADMINISTRATION

Literature Review for the Proposed Nevis Peak National Park and Camps River Watershed Area

PREPARED BY:

Tortola, British Virgin Islands  St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands  Washington, DC

June 2009

This activity is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the donor agencies supporting the activity or of the OECS Secretariat.

Literature Review for the Proposed Nevis Peak National Park and Camps River Watershed Area

For this review, Island Resources Foundation:

A. Conducted a literature review to obtain existing information on the biodiversity within the proposed protected area;

B. Re-surveyed local researchers, guides and locally linked students about studies of resource issues conducted on Nevis in recent years; and

C. Prepared and submitted to the Department of Physical Planning and OECS/ESDU/PERB a report on the finding of the literature review, including an annotated bibliography of pertinent documents.

This material is presented in two separate sections.

The first section is the books, manuscripts, maps, guides, photographs and tapes listed below that are available in Nevis, mostly at the facilities of the Nevis Historical and Cultural Society. If numbered they are available at the Archives of Nevis History at the Bellvue Museum Building next to Government House.

The second section is the list of Selected References used in the course of researching the overall project and the Terrestrial Biodiversity Inventory and Status Assessment for the Proposed Nevis Peak Protected Area specifically. Some of these documents may not be available on Nevis.

island resources Page 1 FOUNDATION June 2009 Literature Review: Nevis Peak Park and Camps River Watershed

RESOURCES AVAILABLE ON NEVIS

Abbreviations: NHCS=Nevis Historical and Conservation Society ESA=Environmental Study Area

Biodiversity

Shelf Author(s) Date Title: Sub-title Publisher Place Subject No. Barnes M.J.C. 1996 A Provisional Guide to Some Common Moths of the Eastern Biodiversity Caribbean. 2nd edition Beard, J.S. 1948 Forestry Memoirs # 21 Islands, pp. 7-104 Oxford University Press Biodiversity Beekeeping Congress 2000 Proceedings of the Second Caribbean Beekeeping Congress Gingerland, Nevis Biodiversity Bond, James 1988 Birds of the Collins, Reprint with Biodiversity Revisions Butler, Paul March Conservation Education for Nevis Nevis Historical and Nevis Biodiversity 1993 Conservation Society Caribbean Ornithology 2006 The Journal of Caribbean Ornithology, Vol 19 No. 1 & 2 Biodiversity Eckert, Karen, Editor 1992 Sea Turtle Recovery Action Plan for St. Kitts-Nevis Widecast Biodiversity Helmer, Eileen H., et al. 2008 Land Cover and Forest Formation Distribution for St. Kitts, Nevis, St. Caribbean Journal of Biodiversity Eustatius, Grenada and Barbados Science Honychurch, Penelope N. 1987 Caribbean Wildplants and their Uses MacMillian Press Ltd. Biodiversity 87-6. Hutton, C. O. 1965 The Mineralogy & Petrology of Nevis. Leeward Isl. B.W.I. 4th Caribbean Biodiversity A 2.56 Geological Conference Hutton, C.O. 1978 Overseas Geology & Mineral Resources # 52: The Petrology of Nevis, Her Majesty's London Biodiversity A 2.15 , West Indies Stationery Office Paul Hilder 1989 The Birds of Nevis Nevis Historical and Nevis Biodiversity Conservation Society Pemberton, E. Lemuel 1985 A Study of the Water Resources of Nevis St.Kitts-Nevis Teachers Biodiversity A 2.64 College Raffaele, Herbert et al. 1998 A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies Princeton University Biodiversity 98.87 Press Robinson, David & Jennifer 2000 The Natural History of the Island of Nevis Nevis Historical and Nevis Biodiversity Lowery Conservation Society Robinson, David R. 1988 "A Survey of the Natural Resources of Nevis and Recommendations Nevis Historical and Biodiversity for Action" Conservation Society (unpublished,) Smith, William 1745 A Natural History of Nevis and the rest of the English Leeward J. Bentham Cambridge, UK Biodiversity A 2.13 Charibee Islands in America van Halewyn, Ruud & Robert 1984 The Status and Conservation of Seabirds in the Caribbean Biodiversity Norton Whitaker, M.C. 1997 Medicinal Plants of St. Kitts-Nevis, Part I and Part II College of Further St Christopher Biodiversity 94.57. Education Heritage Society Willmore, P.L. 1950 "The Earthquake Series of St.Kitts Nevis, 1950-5l" Nature 169, 770-2 Biodiversity A 2.58 Young,R, T. Sharbel, G. Linton 1988 Preliminary Report-Nevis Expedition-Flora & Fauna Survey NHCS Biodiversity A 2.143

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Shelf Author(s) Date Title: Sub-title Publisher Place Subject No. ESA 1991 Ecological Report on Bath Bog - Gallows Bay Archives Box A NHCS Biodiversity: St. Box A Kitts & Nevis Bermingham, J 1990 Monkey Study at Golden Rock Estate Archives Box A NHCS Biodiversity: St. Box A Kitts & Nevis Monzac, A. 1989-91 Wetlands in Nevis Archives Box A NHCS Biodiversity: St. Box A Kitts & Nevis Owen, P. 1992 Vegetation Analysis of the Bath Bog Archives Box A NHCS Biodiversity: St. Box A Kitts & Nevis Rodrigues, D. 1990 A survey of the Dominant Flora in three Wetland habitat on Nevis Archives Box A NHCS Biodiversity: St. Box A Kitts & Nevis ESA undated Ecological Report on Hamilton Mountain Trail Archives Box A NHCS Biodiversity: St. Box A Kitts & Nevis ESA undated Ecological Report on Golden Rock Archives Box A NHCS St. Kitts & Nevis Box A Collection Rodrigues D. 1990 The Vegetation Zones of Nevis, W.I Archives Box A NHCS Biodiversity: St. Box A Kitts & Nevis Sharbel, T. 1988 Reptile & Amphibian Survey for Nevis Expedition Archives Box A NHCS Biodiversity: St. Box A Kitts & Nevis Beaulieu, J. 1990 Survey of Marine Life, Coral Communities and Coastal Features of Archives Box A NHCS Biodiversity: St. Box A Nevis Kitts & Nevis Rodriques, D 1990 A Survey of the Dominant Flora in Three Wetlands Habitat on Nevis Archives Box A NHCS Biodiversity: St. Box A Kitts & Nevis Unnamed 1990 Executive Summary of Nevis Coastal Marine Archives Box A NHCS Biodiversity: St. Box A Kitts & Nevis The Natural Vegetation of the Windward & Leeward Islands Archives Box A NHCS Biodiversity: St. Box A Kitts & Nevis A 2.11 The Geology of St. Kitts & Nevis W.I. Archives Box A NHCS Biodiversity: St. Box A Kitts & Nevis Almond Gardens Marine ESA Report Archives Box A NHCS Biodiversity: St. Box A Kitts & Nevis Notes on Species Diversity and Habitat Specificity in the Orchidaceae Archives Box A NHCS Biodiversity: St. Box A of Nevis. Kitts & Nevis Environmental Assessment report on Pinney's Estate Dev. Plan Archives Box A Biodiversity: St. Kitts & Nevis 1990 Avifauna Description for Selected Regions on Nevis, W.I. Archives Box A Biodiversity: St. Kitts & Nevis 1987 The National Conservation and Environment Protection Act Archives Box A Biodiversity: St. Kitts & Nevis Denoncourt, M. 1990 Population Estimates and Habitat Descriptions for the Nearshore Archives Box A Biodiversity: St. Marine of Nevis Kitts & Nevis Ecological Report on ESA Archives Box A Biodiversity: St. Kitts & Nevis 1991 A Coastal Monitoring Project for Nevis(UNDP & NHCS) Archives Box A Biodiversity: St. Kitts & Nevis Coastal Development Control in Nevis Archives Box B Biodiversity: St. Kitts & Nevis Analysis of Beach Change in Nevis, 1988-1991 (5 copies) Archives Box B Biodiversity: St. Kitts & Nevis

island resources Page 3 FOUNDATION June 2009 Literature Review: Nevis Peak Park and Camps River Watershed

Shelf Author(s) Date Title: Sub-title Publisher Place Subject No. Evaluation of the UNESCO Coastal Monitoring Programmes in Archives Box B Biodiversity: St. Dominica, Nevis & St. Kitts (3 copies) Kitts & Nevis ‘1991-92 Evaluation of the UNESCO Coastal Monitoring Programme in the Archives Box B Biodiversity: St. Lesser Antilles - Kitts & Nevis 1983 Coastal Erosion in St. Kitts & Nevis Vol. 2 - 1990 -1991 Archives Box B Biodiversity: St. Kitts & Nevis The Impact on Marine Environment of St. Kitts & Nevis from the Oil spill Archives Box B Biodiversity: St. of the Barge Vestabella Kitts & Nevis Cambers, G. Photographs of Coastal damage in Nevis following Hurricane Hugo, Archives Box B Biodiversity: St. Sept, 1989 Kitts & Nevis Cambers, Dr. G. Nevis Coastal Monitoring Programme Field Manual Archives Box B Biodiversity: St. Kitts & Nevis Cambers, Gillian Management of Coastal Resources in St. Kitts & Nevis #3 Archives Box B Biodiversity: St. Kitts & Nevis Management of Coastal Resources in St. Kitts & Nevis #2 (3 Archives Box B Biodiversity: St. copies) Kitts & Nevis Marine Pollution Prevention, Control & Response in St. Kitts & Nevis, Archives Box B Biodiversity: St. 1984 Kitts & Nevis Environment & Coastal Resources, 1990 Archives Box B Biodiversity: St. Kitts & Nevis

History

Author(s) Date Title Publisher Location Shelf

Pares, Richard 1950 A West India Fortune Longmans, Green and History Co. Hollings, E.S. March 1874 Plan of Pinney’s Estate History Hubbard, Vincent K. 2002 Swords, Ships and Sugar- A History of Nevis Premier Editions History International, fifth edition Alexander John & Burke Iles. 1871 Indies - Complete with a map and list of sugar plantations, History plantation owners location of plantations by parish and the type A 2.7 b of power employed at the sugar works. Byron, R. Spencer 1988 "I Remember : The Hurricanes of 1924 and 1928" 1988 NHCS Newsletter History A 2.108 Dec 1988.

Robinson, Joan 1980's Chronology of Nevis Events, all editions-by NHCS History A 2.42 Machling, Tessa C.S. September 2003. Protected Interests? The Fortifications of Nevis, West Indies, from PhD Thesis, Faculty of Arts, University History the 17th Century to the Present Day. of Southampton, England Box, Ben & Sarah Cameron 1990 Caribbean Islands Handbook. Trade and travel publications, 1989. History Editors

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Author(s) Date Title Publisher Location Shelf

Ralston, Lenore D. May 1979. Written History with and without words in Nevis- PhD Thesis to Bryn . History Aspects of an Ethnography of Speaking in a British West Indies Mawr College for a Community.. Explores the delicate interplay between language Doctorate in loyalty, education and the “business of making a living” in speech Philosophy communities characterized by eligossia. Hobson, D. The Architecture of Nevis/ a short analysis NHCS History Box D Robinson, D. The Nevis Experience/Eco-tourism; History Box D Protect our National Bird & its habitat/ Brown Pelican History Box D List of Certification of Title 1887-1909 History Deed Books, Land Titles and Certificates A 9.1 May1890 - August Land and House Taxes History 1903 Deed Books, Land Titles and Certificates A11.1 Taxes Paid on Horses & Carriages History Deed Books, Land Titles and Certificates A11.2 1988 Gravestone Survey-St. Paul Anglican Church History Gravestones- A 17.1

1988 Gravestone Survey-St.James Anglican Church History Gravestones- A 17.2 1988 Gravestone Survey-St. Thomas Anglican Church History Gravestones- A 17.3 1988-89 Gravestone Survey-St. John Anglican Church History Gravestones- A 17.4 1988 Gravestone Survey-Independence Park-C/Town History Gravestones- A 17.5 1989 Gravestone Survey-St. George's Anglican Church History Gravestones- A 17.6 1989 Gravestone Survey-Gingerland Methodist Church History Gravestones- A 17.7

island resources Page 5 FOUNDATION June 2009 Literature Review: Nevis Peak Park and Camps River Watershed

Author(s) Date Title Publisher Location Shelf

BLUE BOOKS OF NEVIS- 1841-1882 Taxes, Duties, and other Sources of Revenue; History 184l l842 l862 l863 Fees; Revenue and Expenditure; B l.l8 B l.l5 B l.l l864 l865 l866 l87l Comparative Yearly Statements of Revenue and Expenditure; B l.l9 B l.8 B l.l6 l872 l873 l874 l875 Local Revenues; B l.2 B l.3 B l.4 l876 l877 l878 l879 Public Debt; B l.5 B l.6 B l.7 1880 l88l l882 Military Expenditure-Militia; B l.9 B l.l0 B l.ll Public Works; B l.20 B 1.12 Legislation-Laws, Proclamations & C; B l.l3 B l.l4 Political Franchise; Council and Assembly; Civil Establishment; Officers Who Have Given Security for Discharge of Their Duties; Pensions; Abstract of Expenditure for Civil, Judicial, Ecclesiastical Establishments, & C; Foreign Consuls; Population; Savings Banks, Friendly Societies, Immigrants and Emigrants & C; Manufactures, Mines and Fisheriens; Grants of Land; Gaols and prisoners; Criminal Statistics; Hospitals; Lunatic Lunatic Asylums; Charitable and Literary Institutions, Air Service. LEEWARD ISLANDS BLUE 1891-1940 Taxes, Duties, and other Sources of Revenue; Published by Leeward History BOOKS l89l l896 l899 l900 Fees; Islands Government- B 6.l5 B l902-03 l904-05 Revenue and Expenditure; Antigua. 6.l6 l906-07 l907-08 Comparative Yearly Statements of Revenue and Expenditure; B 6.17 B 6.l8 l908-09 l9l0-ll l9l3-l4 Municipalities and other Local Bodies; l9l4-l5 l9l5-l6 l9l6-l7 Public Debt; B 6.l9 B 6.20 l9l9-20 l920 l922 Military Expenditure-Militia; l923 l923 l924 Public Works; B 6.2l B l926 l927 l928 l929 Legislation-Laws, Proclamations, & C.; 6.22 l930 l93l l932 l933 Political Franchise; B 6.23 B 6.24 l934 l935 l936 l937 Councils and Assemblies; B 6.25 l938 l940 Civil Establishment; B 6.l.2 B Officers who have given Security for the Discharge of their Duties; 6.l.l Pensions; B 6.2 B 6.26 Abstract of Expenditure; B 6.30 B 6.30a Foreign Consuls; B 6.3l B 6.32 Population, Miscellaneous Numerical Returns; B 6.33 B 6.27 Ecclesiastical Returns; B 6.28 B 6.3 Education, (including Training Schools); B 6.4 Newspapers and Reviews; B 6.5 Currency, Banking, Weights and Measures; B 6.6 1&2 Imports and Exports; B 6.7 Shipping; B 6.8 Agriculture, Cultivated and Uncultivated Lands, Wages, &C; B 6.9 Hospitals; B 6.l0 Lunatic and Leper Asylums; B 6.ll

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Charitable and Literary Institutions; B 6.l2 Meteorological Observations, Savings Banks and Friendly B 6.l3 Societies; B 6.l4 Government House; B 6.29 Railways, Canals and Roads; B 6.30 Post Office Telegraphs and Telephone Statistics, Air Services. l949 Caribbean Economic Review V. l # l&2 History B 7.ll l950 Caribbean Economic Review V. 2 #2 History B 7.l2 l95l Caribbean Economic Review V. 3 #l&2 History B 7.l3 1952 Caribbean Economic Review IV # 1&2 History B 7.l4 1954 Caribbean Economic Review Vol VI History B 7.15 1946 Livestock in the Caribbean-Caribbean Commission History B 7.16 Caribbean Commission 1947 Root Crops and Legumes in the Caribbean Caribbean History B 7.17 Commission

Author(s) Date Title Publisher Location Shelf

Geography 1986. Island in the Sun: A Local Geography of St. Kitts-Nevis. Basseterre High School, St.Kitts Geography Merrill, Gordon C. 1958. The Historical Geography of St. Kitts and Nevis, The West Indies. Geography Mexico: 1980. Nevis: Preliminary Data Atlas. Barbados: Caribbean Conservation Instituto Panamericano Geography Association, De Geografia E Historia, Bonham Richards 1983. Caribbean Migrants- Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts Geography and Nevis Planning UNDP Physical Planning 1975 Town and Country Planning in St. Kitts/Nevis : Planning Guidelines Physical Planning St. Kitts A 2.40 Project and Control procedures Project UNDP Physical Planning 1976 St. Christopher/Nevis National Physical Development Plan, Vol. I Written Statement. East St. Lucia Project Caribbean Region, UNDP Physical Planning 1976. St. Christopher/Nevis National Physical Development Plan Annex and Technical St. Lucia Project Appendix Vermeiran, Jan C. 1999 St. Kitts-Nevis Hurricane Action Plan- Natural Disasters-Linking OAS, Natural Washington, DC Economics and the Environment with a Vengeance, Resources Unit Lindsay, Jan M., Richard E.A. 2005 Volcanic Hazard Atlas of the Lesser Antilles University Of The West Chaguaramas, Trinidad Robertson, and John B. Indies Shepherd. Lindsay, Jan, Shahiba Ali, 1993 Disaster Management in Nevis- Thesis Richard Roberts, John Shepard and John Hanley. 1993 Socio-Economic Characteristics and Environmental Impact of Thesis 98-108 Beach Sand Mining in Nevis . Cambers, Gillian Ed. 1997 Managing Beach Resources in the Smaller Caribbean Islands. COSALC MacKinnon, John, Kathy 1998 Managing Protected Areas in the Tropics IUCN Conservation 98-108. Mackinnnon, Graham Child, Library and Jim Thorsell 1989 Water Legislation and Administration - Nevis, CIDA Ottawa, Canada St. Kitts & Nevis

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Box A

Author(s) Date Title Publisher Location Shelf

1986 Harmonization of Environmental Legislation St. Kitts & Nevis Collection Box A National Physical Dev. Plan for St. Kitts & Nevis/1976 (2 copies) St. Kitts & Nevis Collection Box E Buildings of Environmental Interest/ St. Kitts & Nevis (2 copies) St. Kitts & Nevis Collection Box E Institutional Analysis in the area of Natural Resource Management OAS Washington, DC St. Kitts & Nevis of St. Kitts & Nevis/ Collection Box E 1988 Caribbean Development Bank Annual Economic Report/St. Kitts St. Kitts & Nevis & Nevis; (3 copies) Collection Box E Litter Abatement Act of St. Kitts & Nevis St. Kitts & Nevis Collection Box E Matters with Respect to which the Nevis Island Legislature has St. Kitts & Nevis Exclusive Power to make laws Collection Box E 1989 The National Disaster Plan St. Kitts & Nevis Collection Box E 1985 Pre-Feasibility Assessment of Ethanol production at the St. Kitts St. Kitts & Nevis Sugar Factory/ Collection Box E Public Acts and Laws for Nevis

Laws of Nevis 1680-1773 A 4.1

Acts of Nevis1872-1876 A 4.2

Acts of Nevis 1877 A 4.3

The Laws of Nevis 1681-1861 A 4.4

Acts of Nevis 1870-72 A 4.5

Acts of Nevis 1768-1777 A 4.6

Nevis Acts of Assembly1664-1739 A 4.7

Nevis Laws 1873-1877 A 4.8

Acts of Nevis 1872-1882 A 4.9

Nevis Laws 1872-1877 A 4.10

Acts of Nevis 1862-1869 A 4.11

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9 June 1701 An Act to Prevent Papists from settling in Nevis A 4.12

Author(s) Date Title Publisher Location Shelf

1659 An Act "entitled" Publique Worshipp Office CO 1S4 148755 from Public Record (photocopy) A 4.13 1706 Conditions for surrender of Nevis to French D'Iberville. photocopy Public Record Office A 4.14 Xc/A.049337 1709 "The Case of the poor distressed Planters & other inhabitants of photocopy Public Record Office A 4.15 the islands of Nevis & St. Christopher in America” #516 M l7 (18) 8073971 1705 Instructions for Gen Capt & Gov-in-Chief over Nevis, St. Kitts, photocopy A 4.16 Antigua, Montserrat, Anguilla & Barbuda Public Law # 30 re : the building of thatched houses 1699 in Nevis. photocopy A 4.17 1704-1705 An Act for making Indian Castle a Shipping Place photocopy #60 A 4.18 1680 An Act for preventing dangerous fires in 1680 Charlestown & c. photocopy A 4.19 1975 The Protection of the Environment Act, 1975 for St. Christopher, A 4.20 Nevis, Anguilla 1986 The Protection of Employment Act: St. Christopher and Nevis A 4.21 1988 The National Conservation and Environment Protection Act for A 4.22 St.Kitts-Nevis 1969 The Public health Act No. 22 of 1969- St. Chrisropher Nevis, A 4.23 Anguilla 1978 The Public Health (Collection and Disposal of Refuse) Regulations A 4.24 1978: St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla 1986 The Saint Christopher and Nevis Fisheries Regulations A 4.25 1984 Consolidated Index of Statutes and Subsidiary 1984 Legislation to A 4.26 1 Jan 1984 for St. Christopher & Nevis 1987 International Movement & Disease: Act#1 of 1987 A4.27 1982 White paper: Constitutional Proposals for St. Christopher and A4.28 Nevis 1982 Financial Implications of Independence for St. Christopher and A4.29 Nevis 1962 Statutory Rules and Orders, No.20 Fisheries Regulations A4.30 Archaeology Wilson, Samuel M. 1984 Preliminary Assessment of the Archaeological Sites on Nevis, W.I. - ARCHAEOLOG Y A 2.43 Wilson, Samuel M. 1985 The Prehistory of Nevis : Preliminary Report NHCS Newsletter-May ARCHAEOLOG 1986 Y A 2.47 1962 Earthquake Series in St.,Kitts-Nevis Nature Vol 195 # 4845 Sept. 8, 1962 ARCHAEOLOG p 972-974 Y A 2.55 Wilson, Samuel 1988 The Settlement History of Nevis ARCHAEOLOG Y A 2.81 Various authors 2006 Archaeological Field Evaluation of Pinney’s Estate Nevis, using. Bristol University ARCHAEOLOG Y Randall, Emma J. 2001. A Comparision of Pottery from Sites of Montravers, Jamestown, Dissertation Department of Archaeology, ARCHAEOLOG and Charlestown, NEVIS West Indies: The use of Digital University of Southampton, Great Y 2002-44 Photography in Pottery Analysis. Britain Forsham, Claire. 2005 Community Archaeology in Nevis, West Indies: Strategies for Dissertation University of Southampton, Great ARCHAEOLOG Collaboration Practice in the Context of Post-Colonialism on the Britain Y Island of Nevis. island resources Page 9 FOUNDATION June 2009 Literature Review: Nevis Peak Park and Camps River Watershed

Nokkert, Mark 2001 Social Status and Ethnicity in Historic Nevis: A Zooarchaeological` Dissertation Department of Archaeology, ARCHAEOLOG Approach University of Southampton, Y

Author(s) Date Title Publisher Location Shelf

Meniketti, Marco Guido 2004 The Historical Archaeology of Nevis, West Indies: Capitalism, Dissertation for Doctor ARCHAEOLOG Environment and the Evolution of the Caribbean Colonial of Philosophy Y Landscape, 1625-1833 Britt, Sean F. December 2005. Fueling the Fire: An Examination of Inter-Relationships Between Thesis for MA Degree University of Massachusetts Historical 2007-2 Humans and the Environment through Colonial Caribbean Fuel Archaeology Program ARCHAEOLOG Sources Y Hardwick, Wayne Adrian 2001 Ship Borne Comforts on a Caribbean Island: The Recording, Dissertation for MA University of Southampton, Great ARCHAEOLOG Analysis and Interpretation of a 17th to 20th Century Glass Degree in Maritime Britain Y 2002-43 Assemblage from the Caribbean Island of Nevis Archaeology Agriculture Griffin, Oslyn 1984-86 The Cotton Industry in Nevis St. Kitts-Nevis Teachers College AGRICULTURE A 2.66 Gerald, Wilroy (1980's) The Livestock Industry in Nevis- St. Kitts-Nevis Teachers College AGRICULTURE A 2.67 Crane, Dr. Eva 1988 Early Honey Production in St.Kitts & Nevis, Leeward Islands NHCS Newsletter Mar AGRICULTURE 1989 A 2.144 Soil & Land - Use Survey #16, St. Kitts & Nevis Agriculture St. Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C Beard 1949 Climatological Data, Nevis Extracts from: The Natural Vegetation Nevis portion Agriculture St. of the Windward & Leeward Islands , Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C Report on land-based sources of pollution in coastal, marine and Agriculture St. land areas of Caricom States, SK/N & Nevis Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C The Fisheries of St. Kitts & Nevis.A Strategy for Conservation & Agriculture St. Development of the Fisheries Resources of St. Kitts & Nevis Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C 1970 Fishing Industry of St. Kitts & Nevis Agriculture St. Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C 1986 Review of St. Kitts & Nevis Soil Survey Agriculture St. Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C A Profile of Small Farming in Nevis Development, Forestry and Agriculture St. Environmental quality in the Eastern Caribbean. Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C Weed Control in St. Kitts & Nevis ( CARDI), 1987 Agriculture St. Kitts & Nevis

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Collection Box C Author(s) Date Title Publisher Location Shelf 1985. Resource Management Project, Agricultural Sector, St. Kitts & Agriculture St. Nevis, Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C Ian Corker 1990 Nevis Resource Assessment & Zoning Plan(original draft) Agriculture St. Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C An Introduction to the Forests of St. Kitts/ CCA 1982 report Agriculture St. Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C Forestry Development & Resource Management Planning Agriculture St. Project/ St. Kitts & Nevis Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C Forestry in the Leeward Islands St. Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C 1986 Progress Report on Development of a Management Plan for the St. Kitts & Nevis St. Kitts & Nevis Spiny Lobster Fishery Collection Box C Agricultural Census/ 1987 (Data), Nevis St. Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C Agricultural Training Course, 19th Annual Leeward Island's St. Kitts & Nevis Agricultural Extension Collection Box C 1983 Agricultural Sector Assessment for St. Kitts & Nevis St. Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C Gerald, W. The Livestock Industry in Nevis (copy) St. Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C 1989 Agriculture, Industry & Tourism: Agriculture St. Bread Winners for the Country/ Kitts & Nevis Collection Box C 1914-1935 Reports of the St. Kitts-Nevis Agricultural Department- AGRICULTURE A-13.15 – 13.26 Culture Crist, Raymond E. Static & Emerging Cultural Landscapes on the Islands of St. Kitts & Publ.- publ. Source not known. Culture Nevis, B.W.I." Olwig, Karen Fog. 1985 The Culture of Development on the West Indian Island of Nevis. Report to the Danish Council for Culture Development Research, University of Copenhagen,

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Richardson, Bonham C. 1983. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Culture and Nevis. Press, Maps

Author(s) Date Title Publisher Location Shelf

1987. NHCS Newsletter Nov. MAPS D 2.20 Bellin 1763 Carte de I'Isle de Nieves Appears in Petit Atlas MAPS Maritime, l764. original D 2.l Bellin, S. l758 l758 Bellin.Carte reduite de I'Isle de Saint MAPS Christopher... Par le S. Bellin, Ingenieur de le Marine bottom left, large inset top et du Depost des Plans, Censeur Royal de l' right Isle de Nieves situee a Academie de la Marine et de la Societe Royal de une lieu au Sud de S. Title Cartouche. Christophe, Lettered No. 76 above map, Prix trente sols below. With stamp Depot de la Marine Original Cary, J. Feb. 7 l782 An accurate map of the islands of St. Christophers In European Magazine, London for By an officer. MAPS D 2.3 and Nevis, in the West Indies. J. Cary sc J. Fielding, l782 With the position of the English and French fleets Jefferys, Thomas Nevis photo C0700 West Indies 4S 2299. MAPS D 2.4 Public Record Office[ Alexander, John & Burke Iles l871 Iles (J.A.B.) MAPS D 2.5 2nd Jan l87l. Map of the Island of Nevis Thomson. l8l4 Map of Nevis with top of St. Kitts Peninsula MAPS D 2.9 Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Map of The reproduction in colour MAPS D 2.l0 Leeward Islands Map of Nevis with lower part of St. C. Peninsula Photograph from Public Record C 0700 St. Christopher l4 S MAPS D 2.l4 Office 2299 Beauvilliers l703 Map of Nevis - Par Beauvilliers l703 French map-photocopy MAPS D 2.l5 from the Library of Congress Map of Nevis- very similar to D 2.l5 but appears photocopy from the MAPS D 2.l6 later.- Library of Congress Williams Fort (Long Point) CO 700/ MAPS D 2.l7 St. Christopher and Nevis BP/l443/L Katherines Fort (Old Road) MAPS D 2.l7.l D 2.l7.3 Black Rock Fort (St. Pauls, Charlestown) CO 700/St. Christopher MAPS D 2.l7.2 and Nevis BP/l443/M St. James Fort (Mortetons Bay) CO 700/St. Christopher MAPS D 2.l7.4 and Nevis BP/l443/M Johnson's Fort (Black Rock) CO 700/St. Christopher MAPS D 2.l7.5 and Nevis BP/l443/M Ft. Ann's Fort (Indian Castle) CO 700/St. Christopher MAPS D 2.l7.6 and Nevis BP l443/M Charles Fort (Pelican Point) CO 700/St. Christopher MAPS D 2.l7.7 and Nevis BP l443/M Round Hill Fort CO 700/St. Christopher MAPS D 2.l7.8 and Nevis BP l445/S

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Abbot's Fort (Coles Point) CO 700/St. Christopher MAPS D 2.l7.9 and Nevis BP l445/S

Author(s) Date Title Publisher Location Shelf

Matthews Fort (Sandy Bay) CO 700/St. Christopher MAPS D 2.l7.ll and Nevis BP/l443/M Codringtons Fort CO 700/St. Christopher MAPS D 2.l7.l2 and Nevis BP/l445/S l848 Map of Nevis, in English, photograph, 3 British Ordinance Map, MAPS D 2.l8 revised in l850-used in recent times. Hacke, Wm. 1687 Map of Nevis 1687 MAPS D 2.20

1982 Architectural plans for restoration of A. Hamilton MAPS D 2.21 House 1703 French map of Nevis with position of Fr. & Eng. MAPS D 2.23 troops The British Islands in the West Indies - antique map MAPS D 2.25

West Indies Leeward Islands-St. Eustatius, St publ. at the Admiralty, MAPS D 2.28 Christopher and Nevis from an1864 map London D 2.27 Map of Nevis with villages indicated MAPS

1950's Map of Belmont Estate with narrative ? MAPS D 2.29

1976 Maps of Charlestown, Basseterre, Sandy Point, MAPS D 2.30

Photographs various Nevis Photos NHCS a. Charlestown, general b. other communities c. architecture-buildings d. churches & schools e. people f. agriculture & home crafts g. landscapes-seascapes h. Alexander Hamilton & associated subjects i. arts and crafts j. events k. NHCS events l. fishing m. tourism n. Bath Hotel o. archaeology p. transportation q. military r. zoological and botanical specimens s. museum artifacts t. Nelson u. sugar v. conservation island resources Page 13 FOUNDATION June 2009 Literature Review: Nevis Peak Park and Camps River Watershed

Author(s) Date Title Publisher Location Shelf

Lists and Accounts about Slaves and Slavery

1788 List of accounts and no. re: slaves, Feb 21, 1788 Whitehall A 7.1 questionnaire from Privy Council for Trade-Whitehall 1674 "Ships entertained by Royal African Company: A 7.2.1&2 since 1674 1817 Slave Registry- Parish of St. Thomas A 7.3 1817 Slave Registry-Parish of St. James A 7.4 1817 Slave Registry-Parish of St. George A 7.5 1817 Slave Registry-Parish of St. John A 7.6 1817 Slave Registry-Parish of St. Paul A 7.7 1817 Registry of Slaves not attached to any A 7.8 particular plantation 1817 Index to 1817 Registry of Slaves A 7.9 Health l9ll Medical Report on Sanitary Conditions of St. Kitts, A l4.l Nevis, Anguilla Nevis Council Minutes 1746-47 Nevis Council Minutes A 1.1 1761-72 Nevis Council Minutes A 1.2 1772-80 Nevis Council Minutes A 1.3 1781 Nevis Council Minutes A 1.4 1781-84 Minutes for St. Christopher Council; Minutes for The following publ. in 1 vol. A 1.26 A 1.6 Nevis Council 1781-82 Rough Minutes of St. Kitts-Nevis Council 1782-84 Minutes & Records from Nevis Council 1782-84 Minutes & Records from Nevis Council A 1.5 1803-09 Nevis Council Minutes A 1.7 1811-16 Nevis Council Minutes A 1.8 1834-36 Nevis Council Minutes A 1.9 1840-44 Nevis Council Minutes A 1.10 1853-54 Nevis Council Minutes A 1.11 1857-60 Nevis Council Minutes A 1.12 1873-82 Nevis Council Minutes A 1.13 1823-27 Nevis Assembly Minutes A 1.14 1874-82 Legislative Assembly Minutes & Legislat. Council A 1.15 1796-1802 Nevis Council Minutes A 1.16 1816-1818 Nevis Council Minutes A 1.17 1819-23 Minutes Nevis Council A 1.18 1844-50 Nevis Council Minutes A 1.19 1796-1853 Nevis Privy Council Minutes A 1.20 1835-53 Nevis Privy Council Minutes A 1.21 1825-1827 Nevis Council Minutes A 1.22

Page 14 island resources June 2009 FOUNDATION Literature Review: Nevis Peak Park and Camps River Watershed

Rainfall record 1977- 2006 Upper Jessups at Mount Palmetum

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total/Yr

Average 3.78 3.49 2.86 4.40 5.13 2.98 4.43 5.57 7.11 5.35 6.62 4.85 56.56

1977 0.12 1.17 0.89 3.27 1.26 1.38 3.06 6.02 6.76 6.14 9.75 5.53 45.35

1978 3.89 1.91 2.48 9.77 3.65 3.06 9.06 7.36 2.80 7.07 7.55 5.96 64.56

1979 3.02 2.68 5.74 3.14 8.16 8.28 5.51 3.36 20.33 2.62 6.85 8.62 78.31

1980 0.58 2.32 2.93 3.10 4.32 5.02 4.38 6.22 3.82 3.56 5.72 2.94 44.91

1981 2.25 4.07 2.53 8.38 9.17 2.03 5.97 6.03 6.33 5.32 4.01 5.33 61.42

1982 5.50 5.96 1.42 3.25 3.23 1.73 4.35 2.70 4.78 2.68 4.09 3.80 43.49

1983 6.94 1.02 0.87 4.12 10.50 2.22 7.22 4.17 3.89 3.97 4.54 4.96 54.38

1984 5.16 2.89 3.62 0.81 10.20 3.09 2.64 3.21 6.21 6.18 11.10 3.53 58.65

1985 2.46 3.33 6.81 2.28 3.21 0.46 5.18 6.05 5.33 4.39 9.17 4.28 52.95

1986 3.61 3.72 2.84 2.92 8.89 2.52 1.42 3.03 3.66 2.24 9.10 2.38 46.33

1987 3.11 1.12 3.41 5.10 21.80 6.17 3.21 6.09 5.61 9.31 8.37 2.61 75.94

1988 4.94 2.99 1.92 4.60 4.31 1.20 6.29 11.40 5.84 3.28 4.68 5.53 56.98

1989 5.91 6.00 3.28 4.63 1.84 1.74 4.21 10.01 12.03 6.43 4.97 2.11 63.16

1990 2.12 3.26 3.22 6.89 3.40 3.70 4.11 6.20 5.15 13.08 4.53 6.27 61.93

1991 4.47 3.59 3.07 2.43 2.49 2.06 3.29 2.61 4.33 3.80 7.20 3.98 43.32

1992 5.02 2.65 3.09 4.92 3.41 4.58 4.35 4.12 6.47 3.05 13.44 6.33 61.43

1993 3.61 2.30 1.84 9.54 10.25 4.41 4.11 2.37 5.94 7.72 3.43 2.75 58.27

1994 4.18 4.24 2.14 2.45 2.06 2.70 1.95 1.99 7.62 4.11 5.90 3.12 42.46

1995 1.31 3.90 5.15 2.29 2.23 2.50 2.44 8.66 14.28 6.14 7.34 2.05 58.29

1996 5.15 6.36 4.55 5.66 3.18 4.85 6.53 5.48 6.95 5.26 6.08 5.62 65.67

1997 3.59 5.29 2.43 8.13 1.61 1.07 3.19 4.78 3.71 3.90 3.66 2.55 43.91

island resources Page 15 FOUNDATION June 2009 Literature Review: Nevis Peak Park and Camps River Watershed

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total/Yr

Average 3.78 3.49 2.86 4.40 5.13 2.98 4.43 5.57 7.11 5.35 6.62 4.85 56.56

1998 6.05 5.47 1.97 3.29 2.06 3.01 4.71 5.64 12.63 6.11 10.48 12.93 74.35

1999 5.98 5.29 1.86 3.29 2.06 1.74 4.21 10.01 12.03 6.43 4.97 2.11 59.98

2000 2.90 3.51 1.71 2.75 4.36 2.15 2.36 7.22 7.99 2.75 5.77 4.16 47.62

2001 2.52 2.23 1.63 2.90 0.60 2.86 7.12 4.53 3.30 8.28 2.69 11.76 50.42

2002

2003 1.16 3.66 0.65 4.53 1.10 3.03 3.39 3.23 4.47 8.78 9.96 5.63 50.29

2004 4.13 6.57 6.13 1.64 8.17 2.83 6.74 5.18 5.82 18.55 23.01 3.97 92.74

2005 4.24 3.37 .0.6 5.26 5.29 14.11 6.12 4.43 6.55 10.94 8.21 3.3 72.42

2006 7.83 2.9 .09 .81 14.84 9.95 4.36 7.69 11.19 10.81 3.8 0.32 75.4

Page 16 island resources June 2009 FOUNDATION Literature Review: Nevis Peak Park and Camps River Watershed

SELECTED REFERENCES (from Biodiversity Inventory of Nevis Peak)

Adams, Rick A., Jon D. Appino, Hugh Genoways, Peter A. Larsen, Kevel C. Lindsay, Matthew N. Morton, Scott C. Pedersen & Vicki J. Swier. 2006. Bats of Nevis, northern Lesser Antilles. Museum of Texas Tech University: Number 249.

American Ornithologists’ Union. 1983. Check-list of North American Birds. 6th edition. Archer, A. 1984. Report on the land-based sources of pollution in coastal, marine and land areas of CARICOM states. Prepared for UNEP/CARICOM/PAHO project for the protection of the coastal and marine environment of Caribbean islands.

Atkins Land and Water Management. 1983. Soil and water conservation Windward and Leeward Islands: Phase I reconnaissance study. Volume 1: main report (September 1983); Volume 2: appendices (August 1983). Prepared for Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI). Cambridge, UK.

Bacon, P. R. 1991. The status of mangrove conservation in the CARICOM islands of the Eastern Caribbean. Report to the Commission of the European Communities as part of the Tropical Forestry Action Plan for the Caribbean Region.

Bacon, PR. 1993. Mangroves in the Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. LD Lacerda (ed.), Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Mangrove Forests in Latin America and Africa Regions. Part I-Latin America. International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems.

Baker, Robert J., Jane A. Groen and Robert D. Owen. 1984. Field key to Antillean bats. Occasional Papers: The Museum, Texas Tech University, No. 94.

Barnes, M.J.C. 1996. A Provisional Guide to Some Common Moths of the Eastern Caribbean. Unpublished in files of Island Resources Foundation.

Bauchot, M. 1959. La faune ichtyologique des eaux douces antillaises. Compte Rendu Summaire des Seances de la Societe du Biogeographie, Vol. 36(311).

Beard, J. S. 1949a. Forestry and timber in the Windward and Leeward Islands. Guardina Commercial Printery.

Beard, J. S. 1949b. The natural vegetation of the Windward and Leeward Islands. Oxford For. Mem. 21. Oxford, UK: Oxford University.

Beard, J. S. 1955. The classification of tropical American vegetation-types. Ecology 36.

Betz, K. 1989. A report on land-based sources of marine pollution in the Caribbean. Unpublished report for the Office of International Activities, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Bond, J. 1980. Birds of the West Indies. Fourth edition. Houghton Mifflin Company.

Breuil, M. and D. Masson. 1991. Quelques remarques sur la biogeographie des chauves-souris des Petites Antilles. C.R. Biogeogr, V67.

Britton, Dr. Nathaniel Lord. 1901. In: Burdon Katherine, 1920. Handbook of St. Kitts-Nevis. The West India Committee.

Burgess, G.H., and R. Franz. 1989. Zoogeography of the Antillean Freshwater Fish Fauna. In Woods, CA (ed). 1989. Biogeography of the West Indies. Sandhill Crane Press.

Cambers, G. 1985. Erosion of coasts and beaches in the Caribbean islands: an overview of coastal zone management in six East Caribbean Islands. UNESCO Regional Office of Science and Technology.

Caribbean Development Bank. 1984. Regional forestry sector study. Final report. Barbados.

island resources Page 17 FOUNDATION JUNE 2009 Literature Review: Nevis Peak Park and Camps River Watershed

Carstens, B.C., L.M. Davalos, P.A. Larsen & S.C. Pedersen. 2004. Exploring population genetic structure in three species of Lesser Antillean bats. Molecular Ecology, 13.

Cater, J. 1944. Forestry in the Leeward Islands: Development and welfare in the West Indies, bulletins, no. 7. Advocate Co., Ltd., Bridgetown, Barbados.

Censky, Ellen and Kevel Lindsay. 1997. Note on Gymnothalmus underwoodi (Antillean Lizard). Submitted to Herpetological Review.

Center for International Development and Environment. 1988. Biological diversity and tropical forest assessment for the Eastern Caribbean. USAID/RDO/C.

Chalmers, W. 1990. FAO tropical forestry action plan for nine CARICOM countries. FAO.

Conservation Data Center. 2004. United States Virgin Islands vegetation classification system. University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, VI. http://cdc.uvi.edu/reaweb/vegbody.html.

Coomans, H.E. 1958. A survey of the littoral gastropoda of the Netherlands Antilles and other Caribbean islands. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands Vol. 8(31).

Cooper, Brian and Vincent Bowen. 2001. Integrating management of watersheds and coastal areas in small island developing states of the Caribbean. Environment Division, Ministry of Tourism and Environment, Antigua.

Cory, C.B. 1891. Notes on West Indian birds. The Auk, Vol. 8(1).

Courts, Sian E., Hugh H. Genoways, Gary G. Kwiecinski and Scott C. Pedersen. 2005. Bats of St. Kitts (St. Christopher), northern Lesser Antilles, with comments regarding capture rates of Neotropical bats. Caribbean Journal of Science, Vol. 41, No. 4, 744-70.

Courts, Sian E., Hugh H. Genoways, James W. Johnson, Matthew N. Morton and Scott C. Pedersen. 2003. Bats of St. Nevis, northern Lesser Antilles. Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS, Acta Chiropterologica, 5(2).

Cryan, P., T. OsShea, L. Ellison, M. Bogan, and J. Wilson. 2004. Flying by night: USGS scientists put technology to work on bats. United States Geological Survey. http://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/research_briefs/FlyNight.asp.

Darlington, P. J. 1938. The Origin of the Fauna of the Greater Antilles, with discussion of dispersal of animals over water and through the air. The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol. 13, No. 3.

De kort-Gommers, M. and N. Nieser. 1969. Records of Antillean water-striders (Heteroptera). Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands. Vol. 30(112).

Devine, B. and Tony Thomas. 2005. Island peak to coral reef: A field guide to the plant and marine communities of the Virgin Islands. University of the Virgin Islands. Devine, B., Gibney, E., O’Reilly, R. and T. Thomas. 2000. U.S. Virgin Islands vegetation community classification— Basic community descriptions. The Conservation Data Center, University of the Virgin Islands.

Dunne, ER. 1934. Physiography and herpetology in the Lesser Antilles. Copeia V1934?:105-111. Eastern Caribbean Natural Areas Management Program, 1980. St. Kitts and Nevis: Preliminary data atlas. Survey of Conservation Priorities in the Lesser Antilles. ECNAMP.

Edwards, Bryan. 1806. The history, civil and commercial of the British colonies in the West Indies. James Humphreys?, Vol. 1. Elliot, Daniel Giraud. 1904. The land and sea mammals of middle America and the West Indies. Field Columbian Museum: Zoological Series, Vol. IV, Part 1. Evans, P. 1990. Birds of the Eastern Caribbean. MacMillan Caribbean. Faaborg, J. and W. Arendt. 1985. Wildlife assessments in the Caribbean. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry.

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Fleming, T. H. 1971. Artibeus jamaicensis: Delayed embryonic development in a neotropical bat. Science 171.

Fox, Thomas. The Mukti Fund in St. Kitts and Nevis, 1983—2004: How A Small Foundation Can Make A Difference. 2004, 35 pp.

Freeman, Patricia Waring, Hugh H. Genoways and Scott C. Pedersen. Notes on the Bats of Montserrat (Lesser Antilles) with comments concerning the effects of Hurricane Hugo. Caribbean Journal of Science, Vol. 32, No. 2.

Freeman, Patricia Waring. 1981. A multivariate study of the family Molossidae: (mammalia, chiroptera): Morphology, ecology, evolution. Fieldiana Zoology-Field Museum of Natural History: New Series, No. 7.

Gannon, M.R., Allen Kurta, A. Rodriguez-Duran and Michael R. Willig. 2005. Bats of Puerto Rico: An island focus and a Caribbean perspective. Texas Tech University Press. Genoways, Hugh H, Jeffrey J. Huebschman, Gary G. Kwiecinski, Peter A. Larsen and Scott C. Pedersen. 2007. Bats of Saint Martin, French West Indies/Sint Maarten, Netherlands Antilles. Mastozoologia Neotropical, 14(2).

Genoways, Hugh H, Peter A. Larsen and Scott C. Pedersen. 2006. New records of bats from Saint Barthelemy, French West Indies. Mammalia, DOI 10.1515, 056. Genoways, Hugh H., Jeffrey J. Huebschman, Peter A. Larsen and Scott C. Pedersen. 2007. Bats of Saba, Netherlands Antilles: a zoogeographic perspective. Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS, Acta Chiropterologica, 9(1).

Genoways, Hugh H., Linda K. Gordon, Scott C. Pedersen and Carleton J. Phillips. 2007. Bats of Anguilla, Northern Lesser Antilles. Museum of Texas Tech University, Number 270.

Genoways, Hugh H., Steven J. Presley and Michael R. Willig. 2008. Macreology of Caribbean bats: Effects of area, elevation, latitude and hurricane-induced disturbance. Island bats: evolution, ecology, and conservation (T. Fleming, and P. Racey, eds.). University of Chicago Press (in press).

Gricks, N. 1994. Whale-watching in the West Indies: A Guide to Cetaceans and Sites of the Region. Island Resources Foundation.

Gricks, N., B. Horwith and K Lindsay. 1997. Birds of Nevis--Redonda. Unpublished in files of Island Resources Foundation.

Grisebach, A.H.R. 1864. Flora of the British West Indian islands. Lovell Reeve and Company. Gudger, E.W. 1945. Fishermen bats of the Caribbean region. Journal of Mammology, Vol. 26, No. 1.

Haas, F. 1962. Caribbean land molluscs: Subulinidae and Oleacinidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands. Vol. 13(58).

Halewyn, R. van and Norton, R. 1984. The status and conservation of seabirds in the Caribbean. ICPB Technical Publication No. 2.

Handley, C.O., Jr., D.E. Wilson and A.L. Gardner. 1991. Demography and natural history of the common fruit bat Artibeus jamaicensis on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 511.

Hayes, John P., Allen Kurta and Michael J. Lacki (Ed). 2007. Bats in forests: Conservation and management. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Hayssen, V., A. Van Tienhoven, and A. Van Tienhoven. 1993. Asdell’s Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.

Henderson, Robert W. 1992. Consequences of predator introductions and habitat destruction on amphibians and reptiles in the post-Columbus West Indies. Caribbean Journal of Science, Vol. 28, No 1-2. island resources Page 19 FOUNDATION JUNE 2009 Literature Review: Nevis Peak Park and Camps River Watershed

Hill, Robert T. 1898. Cuba and Porto Rico, with the other islands of the West Indies: Their topography, climate, flora, products, industries, cities, people, political conditions, etc. The Century Company.

Howard, R. 1973. The vegetation of the Antilles. In: A. Graham (ed.), Vegetation and vegetational history of Northern Latin America. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. New York.

Howard, R. 1974. Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands. Volume 1. Orchidaceae by L. Garay and H. Sweet. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University.

Howard, R. 1977. Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands. Volume 2. Pteridophyta by G. Proctor. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University.

Howard, R. 1979. Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands. Volume 3. Monocotyledoneae. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University.

Howard, R. 1988. Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands. Volume 4. Dicotyledoneae—Part 1. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University.

Howard, R. 1989a. Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands. Volume 5. Dicotyledoneae—Part 2. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University.

Howard, R. 1989b. Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands. Volume 6. Dicotyledoneae—Part 3. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University.

Humann, P. and N. Deloach. 2002a. Reef creature identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. New World Publications, Inc. Jacksonville, FL, USA.

Humann, P. and N. Deloach. 2002b. Reef coral identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. New World Publications, Inc. Jacksonville, FL, USA.

Humann, P. and N. Deloach. 2002c. Reef fish identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. New World Publications, Inc. Jacksonville, FL, USA.

Humfrey, M. 1975. Sea Shells of the West Indies. Collins, St James's Place, London. Hutton, C. and S. Nocholds. 1978. The petrology of Nevis, Leeward Islands, West Indies. Overseas geology mineral resources no. 52:32.

Island Resources Foundation and Caribbean Conservation Association. 1991. St. Kitts and Nevis environmental profile. Island Resources Foundation, Washington, DC.

Jefferson, Thomas A and Spencer K. Lynn. 1994. Marine Mammal Sightings in the and Gulf of Mexico, Summer 1991. Caribbean Journal of Science, Vol. 30, No. 1-2.

Kaiser H. 1992. The trade-mediated introduction of Eleutherodactylus martinicensis (Anura: Leptodactylidae) on St. Barthélémy, French Antilles, and its implications for Lesser Antillean biogeography. Journal of Herpetology, 26:264.

Koopman, K. F. 1975. Bats of the Virgin Islands in relation to those of the Greater and Lesser Antilles. American Museum Novitates, 2581. Krutzsch, P. H., and D. W. Nellis. 2006. Reproductive anatomy and cyclicity of the male bat Brachyphylla cavernarum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Chiropterologica 8.

Kunz, Thomas H, Gary F. McCracken and Akbar Zubaid (Ed). 2006. Functional and evolutionary ecology of bats. Oxford University Press.

Larsen, Roxanne J., Karen A. Boegler, Hugh H. Genoways, Will P. Masefield, Ronan A. Kirsch and Scott C. Pedersen. 2007. Mist netting bias, species accumulation curves, and the rediscovery of two bats on Montserrat (Lesser Antilles). Acta Chiropterologica, 9(2).

Lazell, J.D. and E.E. Williams. 1962. The Anoles of the Eastern Caribbean (Sauria, Iguanidae). Parts IV-VI. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 127. Harvard University. Lazell, James. 2005. Island: Fact and theory in nature. University of California Press.

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Lindsay, Kevel and Bruce Horwith. 1997a. A biodiversity profile of St. Kitts, Nevis, and Redonda. Island Resources Foundation. Lindsay, Kevel and Bruce Horwith. 1997b. A vegetation classification of St. Kitts and Nevis and Redonda. Island Resources Foundation. Little, E. L. and F. H. Wadsworth. 1974. Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Second Volume. Washington, DC.

Little, E. L. and F. H. Wadsworth. 1989. Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Revision of First Volume. Washington, DC. Lovette, Irby J. and Robert E. Ricklefs. 1999. The role of island area per se and habitat diversity in the species-area relationships of four Lesser Antillean faunal groups. Journal of Ecology, 68. MacLean, W.P., R. Kellner and H. Dennis. 1977. Island Lists of West Indian Amphibians and Reptiles. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, No. 40 (1977).

Marcuzzi, G. 1962. Tenebrionid beetles of the West Indies. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands Vol. 13(57). Mark, Cynthia S. and George E. Marks. 2006. Bats of Florida. University Press of Florida. Martin-Kaye, P. 1959. Reports on the geology of the Leeward and British Virgin Islands. Voice Publishing Company, St. Lucia.

Martin-Kaye, P. 1969. A summary of the geology of the Lesser Antilles. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, Vol. 10.

Miller, L.D. and J.Y. Miller. 1989. The Biogeography of West Indian Butterflies (Lepidopter: Papilionoidea, Hesperoidea). Unknown.

Nicoll, M.J. 1908. Three voyages of a naturalist: Being an account of many little-known islands in three voyages visited by the “Valhalla” R.Y.S. Witherby and Company.

Olson, D.M, E. Dinerstein, G. Cintron and P. Iolster (Eds.). 1996. Conservation Assessment of Mangrove Ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean. World Wildlife Fund.

Organization of American States. 1988. Inventory of Caribbean marine and coastal protected areas. Department for Regional Development, OAS.

Parker, H.W. 1933. Some amphibians and reptiles from the Lesser Antilles. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Vol. 11(10).

Pashley, David N. & Robert Hamilton. 1990. Warblers of the West Indies III. Caribbean Journal of Science, Vol. 26, No. 3-4.

Pedersen, Scott C. 2004. Earth, wind and fire: the fruit bats of Montserrat have had to contend with most of nature's torments - Naturalist At Large. American Museum of Natural History.

Petterson, Jim. 1997. Feasibility of using ultrasonic surveys for bat monitoring on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Organic Pipe Cactus National monument. Powers, Miguel N., C. Patrick Ervin and Malcolm P. Weiss 1987. Reconnaissance magnetic survey of Nevis, West Indies. Caribbean Journal of Science 23(2).

Pregill, G.K.D., D.W. Steadman and D.R. Watters. 1994. Late Quaternary Vertebrate Fauna of the Lesser Antilles: Historical Components of Caribbean Biogeography. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, No. 30. Presley, Steven J. and Michael R. Willig. 2008. Composition and structure of Caribbean bat (chiroptera) assemblages: effects of inter-island distance, area, elevation and hurricane- induced disturbance. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: DOI: 10.1111.

Riley, N.D. 1975. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of the West Indies. Collins, London. island resources Page 21 FOUNDATION JUNE 2009 Literature Review: Nevis Peak Park and Camps River Watershed

Rodda, Gordon H., Gad Perry, Renee J. Rondeau and James Lazell. 2001. The densest terrestrial vertebrate. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 17.

Rodrigues, Dean. 1990. The vegetation zones of Nevis, West Indies. Vanier College, Canada. Schmitt, W.L. 1959. Narrative of the 1958 Smithsonian-Bredin Caribbean expedition. In An Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1958. U.S. Government Printing Office.

Schwartz, A. 1967. Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus in the Lesser Antilles. Studies Fauna Curacao and Caribbean Island Vol. 23(91).

Schwartz, A. and R.F. Klinikoski. 1963. Observations on West Indian birds. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 155(3).

Schwartz, A. and R.W. Henderson. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, distributions and natural history. University of Florida Press.

Scullion Littler, D., M. Littler, K. Bucher and J.N. Norris. 1989. Marine plants of the Caribbean: A field guide from Florida to Brazil. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington DC, USA.

Shoemaker, C.R. 1959. Three new cave amphipods from the West Indies. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol. 49(8). Stehle, H. 1945. Forest types of the Caribbean Islands. Caribbean Foresters 7 (supplement). Stiling, P.D. 1986. Butterflies and other insects of the Eastern Caribbean. Macmillan Caribbean. Stock, J.H. 1977. The taxonomy and zoogeography of the hadziid amphipoda. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands Vol. 55(177).

Stokes, F.J. 1984. Divers and Snorkelers Guide to the Fishes and Sea Life of the Caribbean, Florida, Bahamas and Bermuda. The Academy of Natural Sciences. Terborgh, J.W. and J. Faaborg. 1980. Saturation of bird communities in the West Indies. American Naturalist, Vol. 116(2).

Terborgh, J.W., J. Faaborg and H.J. Brockmann. 1978. Island colonization by Lesser Antillean birds. The Auk, Vol. 95. Towle, Edward, and John McEachern Environmental Status Report and Guidelines for Development (Antigua-Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Montserrat, St. Kitts-Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Turks and Caicos), 1974, 171 pp.

Towle, Edward, et al. Environmental Assessment Report On The Proposed Southeast Peninsula Access Road, St. Kitts, West Indies., 1986, 200 pp.

Towle, Edward, William Rainey, Ricky Skerritt, and Victor Williams, Tourism And The Environment: A Case Study Of Frigate Bay, St. Kitts. E. 1985, 65 pp.

Towle Edward, et al. Land Use Management Plan for the Southeast Peninsula, St. Kitts. 1986, 220 pp., plus land use maps.

Towle, Judith. Environmental Agenda For The 1990’s: A Synthesis Of The Eastern Caribbean Environmental Profile Series for Antigua, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts-Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. Soft cover, 1991, 71 pp.

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Van Doesburg, P.H.V, Sr. 1970. Records of Syrphidae (Diptera) from the Lesser Antilles. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands. Vol. 34(126).

Velez, I. 1957. Herbaceous angiosperms of the Lesser Antilles. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Biology Department. Inter-American University of Puerto Rico.

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