DOCSLIB.ORG

Important Bird Areas Americas - Priority Sites for Biodiversity Conservation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Important Bird Areas Americas - Priority Sites for Biodiversity Conservation © 2009 BirdLife International Juan de Dios Martínez Mera N35-76 y Av. Portugal Casilla 17-17-717 Quito, Ecuador. Tel: +593 2 2277059 Fax: +593 2 2469838 [email protected] www.birdlife.org BirdLife International is a UK-registered charity No. 1042125 ISBN: 978-9942-9959-0-2 Recommended citation: DEVENISH, C., DÍAZ FERNÁNDEZ, D. F., CLAY, R. P., DAVIDSON, I. & YÉPEZ ZABALA,I.EDS. (2009) Important Bird Areas Americas - Priority sites for biodiversity conservation. Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 16). To cite this chapter: COLLIER, N. & BROWN, A. (2009) St Kitts and Nevis. Pp 329 – 332 in C. Devenish, D. F. Díaz Fernández, R. P. Clay, I. Davidson & I. Yépez Zabala Eds. Important Bird Areas Americas - Priority sites for biodiversity conservation. Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 16). The purpose of the information contained in this book is to support conservation initiatives in the Americas, for which it may be reproduced. Using this information for commercial purposes is not permitted. If part or all of this information is used or included in any other publication, BirdLife International must be cited as copyright holder. Those who provided illustrations or photographs in this book have copyright over them and these are not permitted to be reproduced separately to the texts accompanying them. The presentation of material in this book and the geographical designations employed do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of BirdLife International concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Membership of BirdLife International does not imply any opinion or position with respect to sovereignty issues on the part of BirdLife International Partner organizations. Graphic design: Alejandro Miranda Baldares ([email protected]) Translations: Christian Devenish, Ítala Yépez Zabala & Amiro Pérez-Leroux Maps: David F. Díaz Fernández, Ítala Yépez Zabala & Christian Devenish Edition of Spanish language country chapters: Ítala Yépez Zabala, Carlos Huertas Sánchez & David F. Díaz Fernández Graphic design volunteer (Spanish language country chapters): Adriana Valencia Tapia 3ULQWHGLQ(FXDGRUE\3ROLJUi¿FD&$ This publication and all country/territory chapters in their native languages are available for download at www.birdlife.org/ 0TWVY[HU[)PYK(YLHZAMERICAS -/Ê//-ÊEÊ 6- 5H[HSPH*VSSPLY (KHT)YV^U :V\[OLHZ[7LUPUZ\SH^P[O5L]PZVU[OLOVYPaVU 329 7OV[V!2H[L6YJOHYK :[2P[[Z 5L]PZ *V\U[Y`MHJ[ZH[HNSHUJL (YLH! RT2 7VW\SH[PVU! 42,700 *HWP[HS! )HZZL[LYYL (S[P[\KL! ¶T 1 5\TILYVM0)(Z! 2 ;V[HS0)(HYLH! OH 0)(JV]LYHNLVMSHUKHYLH! 22% ;V[HSU\TILYVMIPYKZ! 196 .SVIHSS`[OYLH[LULKIPYKZ! 0 .SVIHSS`[OYLH[LULKIPYKZPU0)(Z! 0 *V\U[Y`LUKLTPJZ! 0 .LULYHSPU[YVK\J[PVU The Federation of St Kitts and Nevis comprises two islands in the Leeward Islands at the northern end of the Lesser Antilles. The islands lie c.13 km south-east of St Eustatius, 67 km west of Antigua and 25 km north-west of Redonda (to Antigua and Barbuda). St Kitts is the larger island (168 km2) supporting c.75% of the population, and is separated from Nevis (93 km2) by a shallow 3-km channel called “the Narrows”. Nevis is south-east of St Kitts. The islands constitute the smallest nation in the Americas in terms of both area and population, and were also DPRQJWKHÀUVWLVODQGVLQWKH&DULEEHDQWREHVHWWOHGE\(XURSHDQV Both islands are volcanic in origin. The northern end of St Kitts is dominated by the dormant volcano Mount Liamunga (1156 m) which is cloaked in tropical moist forest at higher elevations while the lower slopes have EHHQFOHDUHGIRUDJULFXOWXUH VXJDUFDQHSURGXFWLRQHQGHGLQ 6WUHDPVÁRZGRZQWKHQXPHURXVJKDXWVRQ the sides of the volcano. The northern coastline of St Kitts is primarily cliffs of up to 15 m high. The south-east of the island comprises low hills supporting dry thorn-forest along a tapering peninsula used for grazing livestock and for tourism development. The southern coastline is characterized by sandy or rocky shores with saline coastal ponds. Nevis is a conical-shaped island formed by an extinct volcano that rises to 985 m at Nevis Peak, and is similarly vegetated to northern St Kitts. The island is fringed on three sides by long sandy beaches, and protected by (intermittent) fringing coral reefs. St Kitts and Nevis have a tropical maritime climate. Average annual rainfall is 1300 mm although low-lying areas can receive as little as 200 mm and it can reach over 3800 mm on the volca- noes (up to 6000 mm has been recorded). Most of the precipitation arrives during hurricane season in late summer and fall. Modern land use (on St Kitts) includes agricultural plantations in the lowlands, local market agriculture, WRXULVPGHYHORSPHQW HVSHFLDOO\IURP%DVVHWHUUHWR)ULJDWH%D\DQGWKH6RXWKHDVW3HQLQVXOD ÀVKLQJDQGOLJKW manufacturing. On St Kitts the Central Forest Reserve was created as a result of the Forestry Ordinance (1904) which legislates for the protection of areas above 300 m. This ordinance was enacted to prevent further deforestation (at the hands of the sugar- cane industry) and thereby also protect soil and water sources. The Wild Birds Protection Ordinance (1913) prohibits the KXQWLQJRIVSHFLHVRIELUGDQGHVWDEOLVKHGDUHJXODWHGKXQWLQJVHDVRQIRUDQRWKHUQLQHVSHFLHVUHÁHFWLQJWKHQXPEHU of bird species known on the island at this time. The National Conservation and Environment Protection Act (1987) legislates for further protection of c.90 species. However, the extent to which these laws are enforced is unknown. There DUHQRNQRZQRIÀFLDOO\SURWHFWHGDUHDVLQ1HYLVEXWWKHUHLVDOVRQRKXQWLQJRIDQ\VSHFLHVRQWKHLVODQG7KH%ULPVWRQH Hill Fortress National Park (on the west slope of Mount Liamuiga, but outside the Central Forest Reserve) is a World Heritage Site. ¸;OLYLHYLUVRUV^UVMÄJPHSS`WYV[LJ[LKHYLHZPU5L]PZ I\[[OLYLPZHSZVUVO\U[PUNVMHU`ZWLJPLZVU[OLPZSHUK¹ 7KHUHLVOLWWOHV\VWHPDWLFELUGUHVHDUFKRUELUGVSHFLÀFFRQVHUYDWLRQDFWLRQFXUUHQWO\EHLQJXQGHUWDNHQRQWKHLVODQGV Environmental Protection in the Caribbean conducted a survey of the South-east Peninsula Ponds and Booby Island in May 2004, and Steadman et al. (1997) provides data from their research on St Kitts in the 1970s and 1980s. Birds have been documented informally for many years on Nevis (e.g. through the maintenance and provision of birding lists for visitors). The NGO Nevis Historical and Conservation Society is active on the island, especially with education and awareness efforts and community conservation action. 1 This directory only includes global IBAs, for regional IBAs using “B” or Caribbean criteria, see BirdLife International (2008). Much of St Kitts was converted (by the British) to agricultural land domi- and terns through trampling. The government has recently undertaken a nated by sugarcane. St Kitts became Britain’s most productive Caribbean campaign to remove unfenced and feral livestock from supplier of sugar. Even though lands were abandoned as the sugar market the peninsula in preparation for tourism develop- ÁXFWXDWHGLQWKHVPXFKRIWKHLVODQGUHPDLQHGFOHDUHGIRUVXJDUFDQH ment of the South-east Penin- cultivation through the nineteenth century. Pesticides (such as DDT) were sula. Such development for the XVHGRQWKHVXJDUFDQHÀHOGVGXULQJWKHVDQGLPSDFWHGWKHELUGSRSX tourism industry (which takes lations of St Kitts. Nevis had abandoned the mass monoculture by this little account of global biodi- time. In spite of the clearances for agriculture, upper elevation forests have versity priorities) poses a huge been spared and are largely protected. However, throughout all areas (in- threat to the future ecological cluding these montane forests) alien invasive predators are a problem. Of integrity of the South-east particular concern are the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops; Peninsula, and presumably brought by the French as a pet and established as a wild population since other areas. the 1700s) and the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus), brought by the British from Jamaica in 1884 to reduce rat damage to sug- arcane. These two species have undoubtedly reduced populations of native )YPKSLK8\HPSKV]L.LV[Y`NVUT`Z[HJLH amphibians, reptiles and birds. Other invasives such as cows, goats and VULVMYLZ[YPJ[LKYHUNLIPYKZWYLZLU[VU white-tailed deer are widespread, but their presence along pond shorelines :[2P[[ZHUK5L]PZ 7OV[V!1PT1VOUZVU (e.g. in the South-east Peninsula) means that they impact nesting shorebirds Over 190 species of birds have been documented (as certainly or hypotheti- east Peninsula (KN002), on Booby Island (KN003), and in Nevis’ coastal cally) occurring on St Kitts and Nevis, 37 are breeding residents (23 of ODJRRQVDQGSRQGV+RZHYHUWKHUHVHHPWREHFRQVLGHUDEOHÁXFWXDWLRQV which are landbirds). The majority are Neotropical migrants (or vagrants). and declines in the numbers of birds breeding. For example, 21 pairs of Ten (of the 38) Lesser Antilles Endemic Bird Area (EBA 030) restricted- Kentish (Snowy) Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) were counted range birds occur on both of the islands, none of which is endemic to the at Little and Great Salt Pond in 1985, but none were seen in 2004, then country. A number of these species, especially Bridled Quail-dove (Geotry- small numbers have been recorded since. Similarly, Roseate Tern (Sterna gon mystacea) and Antillean Euphonia (Euphonia musica), are restricted to dougallii) breeds on the Southeast Peninsula with 100–200 pairs estimated the moist forested slopes and ghauts of the volcanoes. St Kitts did support in the mid-1990s,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geology the Island of Nevis Consists of a Single Volcanic Complex Made up of a Series of Volcanic Domes Or Centres
    Nevis Geology The island of Nevis consists of a single volcanic complex made up of a series of volcanic domes or centres. Although Nevis is made up primarily of volcanic material, the oldest outcropping rock on the island is a conglomerate containing blocks of crystallised limestone that contain fossils of mid-Eocene age (Hutton 1965). Seven volcanic centres have been identified on Nevis: Hurricane Hill, Round Hill, Cades Bay, Saddle Hill, Red Cliff, Butler’s Mountain and Nevis Peak (Hutton 1965; Hutton and Nockolds 1978). These centres have been interpreted as remnants of lava domes that were generated by effusive eruptions. Ages for Hurricane Hill, Round Hill and Cades Bay range from 3.43 to 2.7 Ma, and these are considered the oldest centres. Extrusive activity at the Round Hill and Cades Bay centres seems to have been controlled by a NW-SE trending feeder system, and that of Hurricane Hill by a NE-SW trending system (Geothermica Italiana 1991). Saddle Hill and Butler’s Mountain have yielded radiometric ages of 1.80 and 1.10 Ma respectively, and are therefore somewhat younger. The small eruptive centre of Red Cliff is interpreted as a remnant of a volcanic cone whose source was probably situated slightly east of the present shoreline and is now removed by wave action (Geothermica Italiana 1991). No radiometric age is available for Red Hill, but the relative freshness of the lava led Hutton and Nockolds (1978) to suggest an age comparable to that of Nevis Peak (1 Ma). These older volcanic centres discussed above are unlikely to be the sites of future volcanic activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Nevis Geological Profile
    NEVIS GEOLOGICAL PROFILE SUMMARY The island of Nevis consists of a single volcanic complex made up of a series of volcanic domes or centres. There have been no recent signs of increased activity on Nevis; however, frequent shallow earthquake swarms and hydrothermal activity associated with the Nevis Peak volcanic centre indicate that this centre is potentially active, and an increase in activity could occur at any time. Caption: View looking southeast at the main edifice of Nevis Peak and the older dome of Butlers Mountain (to the left). Note the communities living on the northern flank of Nevis Peak, this area is a pyroclastic fan developed in a prehistoric eruption of Nevis Peak. View is taken from near the gps benchmark on Round Hill. GEOLOGY The island of Nevis is situated in the northern region of the Lesser Antilles. Nevis is 93 km2 in size and has a population of ~ 9,000 people. The highest point on Nevis is Nevis Peak, rising to 984 m (3232 ft) and this mountain represents a typical andesitic lava dome characteristic of the Lesser Antilles. Although the island of Nevis is made up primarily of volcanic material, the oldest rock outcropping on the island is a small conglomerate unit containing blocks of crystalline limestone that contain fossils of mid-Eocene age. Caption: Generalised geological map (modified from Hutton & Nockolds, 1978) Seven volcanic centres have been identified on Nevis: Hurricane Hill, Round Hill, Cades Bay, Saddle Hill, Red Cliff, Butlers Mountain and Nevis Peak. These centres have been interpreted as remnants of lava domes that were generated by effusive volcanic activity.
    [Show full text]
  • 2011 Vol. 14, Issue 3
    Department of Botany & the U.S. National Herbarium The Plant Press New Series - Vol. 14 - No. 3 July-September 2011 Island Explorations and Evolutionary Investigations By Vinita Gowda or over a century the Caribbean eastward after the Aves Ridge was formed On joining the graduate program region, held between North and to the West. Although the Lesser Antilles at The George Washington University FSouth America, has been an active is commonly referred to as a volcani- in Washington, D.C., in the Fall of area of research for people with interests cally active chain of islands, not all of the 2002, I decided to investigate adapta- in island biogeography, character evolu- Lesser Antilles is volcanic. Based on geo- tion in plant-pollinator interactions tion, speciation, as well as geology. Most logical origin and elevation all the islands using a ‘multi-island’ comparative research have invoked both dispersal and of the Lesser Antilles can be divided into approach using the Caribbean Heliconia- vicariance processes to explain the distri- two groups: a) Limestone Caribbees (outer hummingbird interactions as the study bution of the local flora and fauna, while arc: calcareous islands with a low relief, system. Since I was interested in under- ecological interactions such as niche dating to middle Eocene to Pleistocene), standing factors that could influence partitioning and ecological adaptations and b) Volcanic Caribbees (inner arc: plant-pollinator mutualistic interactions have been used to explain the diversity young volcanic islands with strong relief, between the geographically distinct within the Caribbean region. One of dating back to late Miocene). islands, I chose three strategic islands of the biggest challenges in understanding the Lesser Antilles: St.
    [Show full text]
  • Vmsg Abstract Book
    V-VMSG Annual General Meeting 6-8 January 2021 Abstract book CODE OF CONDUCT FOR MEETINGS AND EVENTS The Volcanic & Magmatic Studies Group is a Special Interest Group joint between the Geological Society of London and Mineralogical Society. These learned societies are signatories to the Science Council Declaration on Diversity, Equality and Inclusion. Through their members, the Geological Society of London and Mineralogical Society have a duty in the public interest to provide a safe, productive and welcoming environment for all participants and attendees of meetings, workshops, and events regardless of gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, race, ethnicity, religion, disability, physical appearance, or career level. The Volcanic & Magmatic Studies Group has worked with the Geological Society of London and Mineralogical Society on Code of Conduct policies. These are available from https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/codeofconduct and https://www.minersoc.org/code-of- conduct.html. The Code of Conduct outlined below specifically applies to all participants in Volcanic & Magmatic Studies Group activities, including ancillary events and social gatherings. The Volcanic & Magmatic Studies Group expects all participants -- including, but is not limited to, attendees, speakers, volunteers, exhibitors, staff, service providers and representatives to outside bodies -- to uphold the principles of this Code of Conduct. 1. Behaviour The Volcanic & Magmatic Studies Group aims to provide a constructive, supportive and professionally stimulating environment for all its members. Participants of VMSG meetings and events are expected to behave in a professional manner at all times. 2. Unacceptable Behaviour Harassment and/or sexist, racist, or exclusionary comments or jokes are not appropriate and will not be tolerated.
    [Show full text]
  • Nevis Saint Kitts
    Saint Kitts Nevis Welcome to the Islands of Saint Kitts & Nevis. A somewhat unknown location of the West Indies in the Caribbean Steeped in history and tradition. A dual island run by Federal Parliamentary Democracy with The British Monarch serving as Head of State Enjoy the beautiful beaches, local foods and friendly islanders Your Contact Barry Devo Tel. 330 284 4709 (Est) Email. [email protected] Page 2 The Dual Island of Saint Kitts and Nevis Location Page 3 The Islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis Information English speaking Nevis is the smaller island of two - St Kitts and Nevis ... Known by some as the greenest Island in the Caribbean US$1.00 = 2.7 Eastern Caribbean Dollar The Capital of Saint Kitts is Basseterre and on Nevis is Charlestown. Arrival by Plane is on the main airport of Saint Kitts and a short trip across the water by ferry is taken to get to Nevis It is said that ‘Nevis is the best Nevis is known for sandy beaches like Pinney’s Beach and Oualie Caribbean Island you Beach don’t know about’ A TASTE OF WHERE TO STAY ON THE ISLANDS OF SAINT KITTS and NEVIS Accommodation on the islands is varied and consists of a good choice of Hotels, Resorts and Guest houses. Below are some examples Ideal for a relaxing Caribbean getaway. Ideally located in the lively Frigate Bay area with local restaurants, bars, casino and beaches of Saint Kitts A hillside resort at the Caribbean waterfront with improvements in 2015 completed Located on the Island of Saint Kitts Luxury Villas on Saint Kitts overlooking the Caribbean Sea Affordable elegance at this hotel with all the amenities.
    [Show full text]
  • Geothermal Potential of the Cascade and Aleutian Arcs, with Ranking of Individual Volcanic Centers for Their Potential to Host Electricity-Grade Reservoirs
    DE-EE0006725 ATLAS Geosciences Inc FY2016, Final Report, Phase I Final Research Performance Report Federal Agency and Organization: DOE EERE – Geothermal Technologies Program Recipient Organization: ATLAS Geosciences Inc DUNS Number: 078451191 Recipient Address: 3372 Skyline View Dr Reno, NV 89509 Award Number: DE-EE0006725 Project Title: Geothermal Potential of the Cascade and Aleutian Arcs, with Ranking of Individual Volcanic Centers for their Potential to Host Electricity-Grade Reservoirs Project Period: 10/1/14 – 10/31/15 Principal Investigator: Lisa Shevenell President [email protected] 775-240-7323 Report Submitted by: Lisa Shevenell Date of Report Submission: October 16, 2015 Reporting Period: September 1, 2014 through October 15, 2015 Report Frequency: Final Report Project Partners: Cumming Geoscience (William Cumming) – cost share partner GEODE (Glenn Melosh) – cost share partner University of Nevada, Reno (Nick Hinz) – cost share partner Western Washington University (Pete Stelling) – cost share partner DOE Project Team: DOE Contracting Officer – Laura Merrick DOE Project Officer – Eric Hass Project Monitor – Laura Garchar Signature_______________________________ Date____10/16/15_______________ *The Prime Recipient certifies that the information provided in this report is accurate and complete as of the date shown. Any errors or omissions discovered/identified at a later date will be duly reported to the funding agency. Page 1 of 152 DE-EE0006725 ATLAS Geosciences Inc FY2016, Final Report, Phase I Geothermal Potential of
    [Show full text]
  • Nevis Peak National Park and Camps River Protected Area Literature
    ORGANIZATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES ( OECS) SECRETARIAT ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT UNIT ( ESDU) PROTECTING THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN REGION’ S BIODIVERSITY ( PERB) PROJECT Literature Review for the Proposed Nevis Peak National Park and Camps River Watershed Area FEDERATION OF ST. KITTS AND NEVIS JUNE 2009 Cover Photo: View from Round Hill looking SE toward Nevis Peak across the Camps Ghaut Proposed Protected Area ORGANISATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES (OECS) SECRETARIAT ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT UNIT (ESDU) PROTECTING THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN REGION’S BIODIVERSITY (PERB) PROJECT MINISTRY OF PHYSICAL PLANNING, INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES NEVIS ISLAND ADMINISTRATION Literature Review for the Proposed Nevis Peak National Park and Camps River Watershed Area PREPARED BY: Tortola, British Virgin Islands St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Washington, DC June 2009 This activity is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the donor agencies supporting the activity or of the OECS Secretariat. Literature Review for the Proposed Nevis Peak National Park and Camps River Watershed Area For this review, Island Resources Foundation: A. Conducted a literature review to obtain existing information on the biodiversity within the proposed protected area; B. Re-surveyed local researchers, guides and locally linked students about studies of resource issues conducted on Nevis in recent years; and C. Prepared and submitted to the Department of Physical Planning and OECS/ESDU/PERB a report on the finding of the literature review, including an annotated bibliography of pertinent documents. This material is presented in two separate sections.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview: Nevis Is an Eastern Caribbean Island, the Smaller Part of the Independent Island Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis. Th
    Nevis Overview: Nevis is an eastern Caribbean island, the smaller part of the independent island Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis. The two islands are separated by a shallow 2-mile (3.22 km) channel, known as "The Narrows". Nevis is conical in shape, with a volcanic peak, Nevis Peak, at the centre. The island is fringed on three sides by long sand beaches, and has a coastline intermittently protected by coral reefs. The most popular beach is the 4-mile (6.44 km) long Pinney's Beach, on the western or Caribbean coast. The gently sloping coastal plain (0.6 miles/1 km wide) has natural fresh water springs, as well as non-potable volcanic hot springs, especially along the west coast. Nevis has a well established position as a major offshore center. Net foreign direct investment inflows represent 30.4% of its GDP. The island was named Oualie ("Land of Beautiful Waters") by the Caribs and Dulcina ("Sweet Island") by the early British settlers. The name Nevis is derived from the Spanish Nuestra Señora de las Nieves or Our Lady of the Snows, and first appears on maps in the 16th century. Nevis was a British colony from 1628 to 1983 when it became independent and joined the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis. The Federation is an active member of the British Commonwealth but is not affected by current or future UK/EU legislation impacting the British Dependent Territories or Channel Islands. The Imperial System of weights and measures is used. Territory: The smaller of the two-island nation located in the Eastern Caribbean.
    [Show full text]
  • Capacity Assessment of Geographic Information Systems Capabilities of the Caribbean
    Integrating Watershed & Coastal Areas Management in the Caribbean Small Island Developing States [IWCAM] Capacity Assessment of Geographic Information Systems Capabilities of the Caribbean: REGIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT Prepared by The Water Center for the Humid Tropics of Latin America & the Caribbean (CATHALAC) Revised September 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Background 1 Objectives 1 Methodology 2 Limitations & Caveats 2 Report Outline 2 2. COUNTRY SUMMARIES 3 Antigua & Barbuda 4 The Bahamas 6 Barbados 8 Cuba 9 Dominica 11 The Dominican Republic 12 Grenada 14 Haiti 15 Jamaica 17 St. Kitts & Nevis 19 St. Lucia 21 St. Vincent & the Grenadines 23 Trinidad & Tobago 25 3. REGIONAL SYNTHESIS 27 Software Infrastructure 27 Hardware Infrastructure 28 Human Resources 29 Data Resources 29 Summary Matrix 31 Recommendations 33 4. REFERENCES 35 APPENDICES 36 Appendix A: Inventories of Geographic Data 36 A1: Antigua & Barbuda 36 A2: The Bahamas 38 A3: Barbados 40 A4: Cuba 42 A5: Dominica 44 A6: The Dominican Republic 46 ii A7: Grenada 48 A8: Haiti 50 A9: Jamaica 52 A10: St. Kitts & Nevis 54 A11: St. Lucia 56 A12: St. Vincent & the Grenadines 58 A13: Trinidad & Tobago 60 Appendix B: List of Institutions Consulted 66 Appendix C: Survey Questionnaire 68 iii LIST OF ACRONYMS APUA Antigua Public Utilities Authority CARILEC Caribbean Association of Electric Utilities CATHALAC Water Center for the Humid Tropics of Latin America & the Caribbean CBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity CEHI Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
    [Show full text]
  • Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis
    ORGANIS ATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES ( OECS ) SECRETARIAT ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT UNIT ( ESDU ) PROTECTING THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN REGION ’ S BIODIVERSITY ( PERB ) PROJECT FEDERATION OF ST . KITTS AND NEVIS JUNE 2009 ORGANIS ATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES ( OECS ) SECRETARIAT ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT UNIT ( ESDU ) PROTECTING THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN REGION ’ S BIODIVERSITY ( PERB ) PROJECT MINISTRY OF PHYSICAL PLANNING, INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES NEVIS ISLAND ADMINISTRATION PREPARED BY: Kevel C. Lindsay, Jean-Pierre Bacle Carolyn Thomas and Melanie Pearson Tortola, British Virgin Islands St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Washington, DC June 2009 This activity is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the donor agencies supporting the activity or of the OECS Secretariat. Background …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 Summary of Findings ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 Physical Characteristics of Proposed Nevis Peak Protected Area ……………………………………………… 4 Location …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Existing Conditions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 Climate and Weather ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 Geology and Soils ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 Drainage and Watersheds …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
    [Show full text]
  • Geothermal Energy Porpecting for the Caribbean Islands of Nevis And
    GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PROPECTING FOR THE CARIBBEAN ISLANDS OF NEVIS AND MONTSERRAT Randy R. Koon Koon, Department of Physics, the University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad ABSTRACT Geothermal energy exploration is vastly dependent on the findings of geophysical surveys and other exploratory methods that may yield sub-surface characteristics of potential reservoirs, such as rock morphology, fault lining, and fluid dynamics. The main focus of this paper is to capture and explore the geological and geophysical methods required to generate an enhanced understanding of southern Montserrat and western Nevis. In addition, the location of deep fracture networks that are necessary for fluid circulation in hydrothermal systems will be identified through seismic analysis. Figure 1. Forecast of World Population and Energy Production INTRODUCTION (from The Quaker Economist, Vol. 7, No. 155, March 2007). Physical manifestation of stresses within the Earth is In any geothermal power generation project, whether it be a represented by fractures, as well as faults. Once rock is low-or-high enthalpy system, it is very important to understand compelled beyond its elastic limit (its ability to deform) the geology, structural and tectonic regime of the area, and fractures are generated. It should be noted that all stresses, be subsurface characteristics based on surface geophysical it localized or regional stress systems, can be assessed based methods, as well as geochemical characteristics of the on fault orientation. There exists a major fault system on the geothermal waters and gases (Chandrasekharam & island of Montserrat known as the Belham Valley Fault Bundschuh, 2008). (BVF). The BVF not only dominates southern Montserrat but The regions highlighted in Figure 2, illustrate subduction also influences the pattern of volcanism and alignment of and strike-slip faults.
    [Show full text]
  • Annoying and Blood Sucking Arthropods of Trinidad and Tobago 1
    Quarterly Bulletin of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club October - December 2010 Issue No: 4/2010 Annoying and Blood Sucking Arthropods of Trinidad and Tobago 1. Phlebotomine sand flies by Elisha Tikasingh [email protected] I suspect that nearly all members of the TTFNC at some point in time might have been bitten by sand flies. I say “bitten”, because “bite” is the common term in use. But these flies do not bite because they do not have biting mouth parts, instead their mouth parts are designed for sucking blood. I will use the word bite because we all use that word when a blood-sucking in- sect tries to get a blood meal from us. A Phlebotomus pappataci sand fly taking a blood meal. Photo: Wikipedia. Frank Collins, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. There are two groups that are called sand flies in nia. The other family, Ceratopogonidae will be dis- the West Indies and both groups are present in cussed in a subsequent article. Trinidad and Tobago. The two groups belong to two separate families: Psychodidae and Ceratopogo- The Psychodidae is represented in the Old World nidae. The term sand flies is really reserved for the by three genera: Phlebotomus, Sergentomyia and Chin- former. I will deal first with the Psychodidae as two ius and in the New World (NW) by three genera, members of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Natural- Warileya, Brumptomyia and Lutzomyia. Two out of ists' Club who recently went into a forest in Guyana the three genera in the NW are found in Trinidad were bitten by species of this group and they both and Tobago: Brumptomyia and Lutzomyia.
    [Show full text]