DOCSLIB.ORG

Saint Kitts and Nevis Minamata Initial Assessment Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Saint Kitts and Nevis Minamata Initial Assessment Report SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS MINAMATA INITIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT DEVELOPMENT OF MINAMATA INITIAL ASSESSMENT IN THE CARIBBEAN (Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago) SEPTEMBER 2018 Basel Convention Regional Centre for Training and Technology Transfer in the Caribbean *This page has been intentionally left blank* i SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS MINAMATA INITIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT PUBLISHED 2018 Prepared by the Basel Convention Regional Centre for Training and Technology Transfer for the Caribbean (BCRC-Caribbean) under the GEF Project: “Development of the Minamata Initial Assessment in the Caribbean (Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago)”. GEF IMPLEMENTING AGENCY UN Environment NATIONAL EXECUTING AGENCY Saint Kitts and Nevis Bureau of Standards DISCLAIMER The sole responsibility for the content of this Report lies with the co-authors. The views reflected in this Report are solely those of the co-authors and are not necessarily those of the other institutions that supported the report. COVER PHOTO SOURCES https://www.travel2thecaribbeanblog.com/2013/11/st-kitts-marriott-resort-cyber-monday.html ii ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT The Saint Kitts and Nevis Minamata Initial Assessment Report was developed under the project, “Development of Minamata Initial Assessment in the Caribbean: Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago”. The project is an enabling activity for the ratification and/or implementation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury. Funding was received from the Global Environment Facility with the United Nations Environment (UN Environment) acting as the Implementing Agency and the Basel Convention Regional Centre for Training and Technology Transfer for the Caribbean (BCRC-Caribbean) acting as the Executing Agency. Nationally, the project was executed by the Saint Kitts and Nevis Bureau of Standards (SKNBS). The development of the Report was guided by the Biodiversity Research Institute (BRI) who was contracted as the lead technical consultancy. The report consists of an inventory of mercury emissions and releases, primarily based on 2015 data, and was performed in accordance with UN Environment (formerly United Nations Environment Programme) "Toolkit for identification and quantification of mercury releases", Inventory Level 2 (version 1.04, January 2017). The report also includes an assessment of the Policy, Legislative and Institutional Framework in relation to the implementation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury, which was developed by legal consultant, Dr Winston McCalla. Additional assessments and recommendations are outlined in chapters relating to populations at risk, education and awareness-raising strategies, and priorities for action to ensure the effective implementation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury. Contact point responsible for inventory of mercury releases Full name of institution Saint Kitts and Nevis Bureau of Standards Contact person Dr Marcus L Natta, Science and Research Manager E-mail address [email protected]; [email protected] Telephone number +1 (869) 465-5279; +1 (869) 467-1587 Website of institution www.sknbs.org; facebook.com/sknbs Report issuing date September, 2018 iii Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................. 1 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ 3 List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 18 Chapter 1: National Background Information .............................................................................................. 25 1.1 Geography and Population ............................................................................................................... 25 1.2 Political, Legal and Economic Profile ............................................................................................... 26 1.3 Environmental Overview ................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 2: Mercury Inventory and Identification of Emissions and Releases ............................................ 29 2.1 Summary of Mercury Releases, Stockpiles, and Supply and Trade ................................................ 29 2.1.1 Mercury Release Source Types Present .................................................................................. 29 2.1.2 Summary of Mercury Inputs to Society ..................................................................................... 31 2.1.3 Summary of Mercury Releases ................................................................................................. 32 2.1.4 Summary of Mercury Stockpiles, and Supply and Trade .......................................................... 36 2.2 Identified Hot-Spots of Mercury Contamination (Contaminated Sites) ............................................. 37 2.3 Data and Inventory on Extraction and Use of Fuels/Energy Sources .............................................. 41 2.4 Data and Inventory on Consumer Products with Intentional Use of Mercury ................................... 47 2.4.1 Thermometers Containing Mercury ........................................................................................... 48 2.4.2 Electrical Switches and Relays Containing Mercury ................................................................. 50 2.4.3 Light Sources with Mercury ....................................................................................................... 52 2.4.4. Batteries with Mercury .............................................................................................................. 54 2.4.5 Polyurethane with Mercury Catalysts ........................................................................................ 56 2.4.6 Pharmaceuticals for Human and Veterinary Uses .................................................................... 57 2.4.7 Cosmetics and Related Products with Mercury (Skin-lightening Cosmetics) ........................... 57 2.5 Data and Inventory on Other Intentional Product/Process Uses ...................................................... 59 2.5.1 Dental Mercury Amalgam Fillings ............................................................................................. 59 2.5.2 Manometers and Gauges with Mercury .................................................................................... 62 2.5.3 Laboratory Chemicals and Equipment with Mercury ................................................................ 63 2.6 Data and Inventory on Waste Incineration and Burning ................................................................... 66 2.7 Data and Inventory on Waste Disposal, Deposition/Landfilling and Wastewater System/Treatment ................................................................................................................................................................ 68 2.7.1 Waste Deposition and Landfilling .............................................................................................. 68 iv 2.7.2 Informal Dumping of General Waste ......................................................................................... 73 2.7.3 Wastewater System/Treatment ................................................................................................. 73 2.8 Data and Inventory on Crematoria and Cemeteries ......................................................................... 77 2.9 Stocks of Mercury and/or Mercury Compounds, and Storage Conditions ....................................... 80 2.10 Supply and Trade of Mercury and Mercury Containing Compounds Including Sources, Recycling Activities and Quantities ......................................................................................................................... 80 2.11 Impacts of Mercury on Human Health and the Environment .......................................................... 81 Chapter 3: Policy, Regulatory and Institutional Framework Assessment ................................................... 82 3.1 Assessment of Policy ........................................................................................................................ 82 3.2 Assessment of Legislation ................................................................................................................ 85 3.2.1 Saint Kitts and Nevis Legislation ............................................................................................... 86 3.2.2 Nevisian Legislation .................................................................................................................. 97 3.2.3 Minamata Convention and Saint Kitts and Nevis Legislation .................................................... 98 3.2.4 Gaps .......................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geology the Island of Nevis Consists of a Single Volcanic Complex Made up of a Series of Volcanic Domes Or Centres
    Nevis Geology The island of Nevis consists of a single volcanic complex made up of a series of volcanic domes or centres. Although Nevis is made up primarily of volcanic material, the oldest outcropping rock on the island is a conglomerate containing blocks of crystallised limestone that contain fossils of mid-Eocene age (Hutton 1965). Seven volcanic centres have been identified on Nevis: Hurricane Hill, Round Hill, Cades Bay, Saddle Hill, Red Cliff, Butler’s Mountain and Nevis Peak (Hutton 1965; Hutton and Nockolds 1978). These centres have been interpreted as remnants of lava domes that were generated by effusive eruptions. Ages for Hurricane Hill, Round Hill and Cades Bay range from 3.43 to 2.7 Ma, and these are considered the oldest centres. Extrusive activity at the Round Hill and Cades Bay centres seems to have been controlled by a NW-SE trending feeder system, and that of Hurricane Hill by a NE-SW trending system (Geothermica Italiana 1991). Saddle Hill and Butler’s Mountain have yielded radiometric ages of 1.80 and 1.10 Ma respectively, and are therefore somewhat younger. The small eruptive centre of Red Cliff is interpreted as a remnant of a volcanic cone whose source was probably situated slightly east of the present shoreline and is now removed by wave action (Geothermica Italiana 1991). No radiometric age is available for Red Hill, but the relative freshness of the lava led Hutton and Nockolds (1978) to suggest an age comparable to that of Nevis Peak (1 Ma). These older volcanic centres discussed above are unlikely to be the sites of future volcanic activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Highlights of ILO's Work in the Caribbean
    INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION Subregional Office for the Caribbean HIGHLIGHTS of ILO’S Work in the Caribbean May 2007 - March 2010 Highlights of ILO’s work in the Caribbean May 2007 to March 2010 Highlights of the ILO’s work in the Caribbean – May 2007 - March 2010 ii Highlights of the ILO’s work in the Caribbean – May 2007 - March 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Overview 1 Areas of Work 5 Technical Support and Advisory Services 5 Training 10 Policy Coherence and External Partnerships 15 Donor- and ILO-Funded Technical Cooperation 16 Research, Publications and Public Information 21 The Way Forward 23 iii Highlights of the ILO’s work in the Caribbean – May 2007 - March 2010 iv Highlights of the ILO’s work in the Caribbean – May 2007 - March 2010 1. Overview The International Labour Organization's goal of promoting opportunities for women and men to obtain full and productive employment in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity, provided the framework for the support given by the International Labour Organization’s Subregional Office for the Caribbean to its constituents in the Caribbean during the period May 2007 to March 2010. The Subregional Office, which celebrated its 40th Anniversary of service to the Caribbean subregion in 2009, is working with the tripartite constituents in the Caribbean to draw up and DECENT WORK AGENDA FOR GROWTH implement Decent Work Country WITH EQUITY Programmes (DWCP). These The Decent Work Agenda is a development Programmes are the mechanisms agenda which strives for economic growth with through which the ILO will equity through a coherent blend of social and collaborate with its constituents - economic goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Kitts and Nevis MIGRATION PROFILES
    Saint Kitts and Nevis MIGRATION PROFILES Part I. Global legal instruments related to international migration States parties to United Nations legal instruments Year ratified: Year ratified: - 1949 ILO Migration for Employment Convention 1990 1989 Conv. on the Rights of the Child 2002 1951 Refugee Convention - 1990 UN Migrant Workers Convention - 1967 Refugee Protocol 2004 2000 Human Trafficking Protocol - 1975 ILO Migrant Workers Convention 2004 2000 Migrant Smuggling Protocol Part II. Population indicators Population estimates 1990 2000 2010 2013 15 Males ('000) 20 23 26 27 10 Females ('000) 21 23 26 27 5 Total ('000) 41 46 52 54 0 Percentage urban population 35 33 32 32 Percentage rural population 65 67 68 68 -5 -10 -15 1985-90 1995-00 2005-10 2010-15 -20 Average annual rate of change -0.57 1.20 1.27 1.12 Annual rate of natural increase* 12.39 11.40 12.20 11.23 1985-90 1995-00 2005-10 2010-15 Crude net migration rate* -18.11 0.61 0.46 0.00 Annual rate of natural increase* Total net migration ('000) -4 0 0 0 * Per 1,000 population Crude net migration rate* Projected change in total population by component (x 1000) 12 10 2015-20 2025-30 2035-40 2045-50 Total population at end of period 58 63 66 67 8 Population change during period 3 2 1 1 6 Annual rate of natural increase* 9.73 6.64 4.12 1.84 Crude net migration rate* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 * Per 1,000 population 2 Projected change in working-age (15-64) population (x 1000) 0 2015-20 2025-30 2035-40 2045-50 2015-20 2025-30 2035-40 2045-50 Medium variant 2 1 0 -1 Annual rate of natural increase* Zero-migration variant 2 1 0 -1 Crude net migration rate* Difference 0 0 0 0 Part III.
    [Show full text]
  • The Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Children and Young People in the Eastern Caribbean Area April 2020
    The socio-economic impact of COVID-19 on children and young people in the Eastern Caribbean Area April 2020 Jonathan Wood, Alexandru Nartea, Stephanie Bishop1 Context The new coronavirus is affecting the Eastern Caribbean care systems, have closed their borders, schools and Area (ECA)2 along with the rest of the world. As of 28 non-essential businesses, and established lockdowns April 2020, the number of confirmed cases from the in an effort to reduce the movement of the population virus had reached 333 and the reported deaths had and enforce social distancing to contain the spread of risen to 20 (figure 1). Similar to the other countries, the the virus. governments in the ECA are re-configuring their health Figure 1: Daily confirmed COVID-19 cases, Eastern Caribbean Area Source: UNICEF Office for the Eastern Caribbean, April 2020. 1 Jonathan Wood, Data Analyst, UNICEF Office for the Eastern Caribbean. Alexandru Nartea, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, UNICEF Office for the Eastern Caribbean. Stephanie Bishop, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, UNICEF Office for the Eastern Caribbean. 2 The countries covered by this policy paper are Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks and Caicos Islands. Note that data is not always available for every country. 1 The socio-economic impact of COVID-19 on children and young people in the Eastern Caribbean Area In consequence, for many people, interactions will be impact on the population, these measures will, inevitably, limited to members of their immediate family.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Kitts and Nevis 2020 Human Right Report
    SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS 2020 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Saint Kitts and Nevis is a multiparty parliamentary democracy and federation. The prime minister is the head of government. The United Kingdom’s Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state, represented by a governor general. The constitution provides the smaller island of Nevis considerable powers of self-governance under a premier. In national elections on June 5, Team Unity, a coalition of three political parties, won nine of the 11 elected seats in the legislature. Team Unity leader Timothy Harris was reselected prime minister for a second term. A Caribbean Community observation mission assessed that “the voters were able to cast their ballots without intimidation or fear and that the results of the 5 June 2020 General Elections reflect the will of the people of the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis.” The security forces consist of a police force, which includes the paramilitary Special Services Unit, a drug unit, the Special Victims Unit, the Office of Professional Standards, and a white-collar crimes unit. These forces are responsible for internal security, including migration and border enforcement. In addition there is a coast guard and a small defense force. The military and police report to the Ministry of National Security, which is under the prime minister’s jurisdiction. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the security forces. There were no reports that members of the security forces committed abuses. Significant human rights issues included criminalization of same-sex sexual conduct between men, although the law was not enforced during the year.
    [Show full text]
  • Automatic Exchange of Information: Status of Commitments
    As of 27 September 2021 AUTOMATIC EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION (AEOI): STATUS OF COMMITMENTS1 JURISDICTIONS UNDERTAKING FIRST EXCHANGES IN 2017 (49) Anguilla, Argentina, Belgium, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Bulgaria, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus2, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Jersey, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Seychelles, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Turks and Caicos Islands, United Kingdom JURISDICTIONS UNDERTAKING FIRST EXCHANGES BY 2018 (51) Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan3, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, China, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Curacao, Dominica4, Greenland, Grenada, Hong Kong (China), Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Macau (China), Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Monaco, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue4, Pakistan3, Panama, Qatar, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sint Maarten4, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago4, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Vanuatu JURISDICTIONS UNDERTAKING FIRST EXCHANGES BY 2019 (2) Ghana3, Kuwait5 JURISDICTIONS UNDERTAKING FIRST EXCHANGES BY 2020 (3) Nigeria3, Oman5, Peru3 JURISDICTIONS UNDERTAKING FIRST EXCHANGES BY 2021 (3) Albania3, 7, Ecuador3, Kazakhstan6
    [Show full text]
  • Nevis Geological Profile
    NEVIS GEOLOGICAL PROFILE SUMMARY The island of Nevis consists of a single volcanic complex made up of a series of volcanic domes or centres. There have been no recent signs of increased activity on Nevis; however, frequent shallow earthquake swarms and hydrothermal activity associated with the Nevis Peak volcanic centre indicate that this centre is potentially active, and an increase in activity could occur at any time. Caption: View looking southeast at the main edifice of Nevis Peak and the older dome of Butlers Mountain (to the left). Note the communities living on the northern flank of Nevis Peak, this area is a pyroclastic fan developed in a prehistoric eruption of Nevis Peak. View is taken from near the gps benchmark on Round Hill. GEOLOGY The island of Nevis is situated in the northern region of the Lesser Antilles. Nevis is 93 km2 in size and has a population of ~ 9,000 people. The highest point on Nevis is Nevis Peak, rising to 984 m (3232 ft) and this mountain represents a typical andesitic lava dome characteristic of the Lesser Antilles. Although the island of Nevis is made up primarily of volcanic material, the oldest rock outcropping on the island is a small conglomerate unit containing blocks of crystalline limestone that contain fossils of mid-Eocene age. Caption: Generalised geological map (modified from Hutton & Nockolds, 1978) Seven volcanic centres have been identified on Nevis: Hurricane Hill, Round Hill, Cades Bay, Saddle Hill, Red Cliff, Butlers Mountain and Nevis Peak. These centres have been interpreted as remnants of lava domes that were generated by effusive volcanic activity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Children and Young People in the Eastern Caribbean Area April 2020 Jonathan Wood, Alexandru Nartea, Stephanie Bishop1
    The socio-economic impact of COVID-19 on children and young people in the Eastern Caribbean Area April 2020 Jonathan Wood, Alexandru Nartea, Stephanie Bishop1 Context The new coronavirus is affecting the Eastern Caribbean care systems, have closed their borders, schools and Area (ECA)2 along with the rest of the world. As of 28 non-essential businesses, and established lockdowns April 2020, the number of confirmed cases from the in an effort to reduce the movement of the population virus had reached 333 and the reported deaths had and enforce social distancing to contain the spread of risen to 20 (figure 1). Similar to the other countries, the the virus. governments in the ECA are re-configuring their health Figure 1: Daily confirmed COVID-19 cases, Eastern Caribbean Area Source: UNICEF Office for the Eastern Caribbean, April 2020. 1 Jonathan Wood, Data Analyst, UNICEF Office for the Eastern Caribbean. Alexandru Nartea, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, UNICEF Office for the Eastern Caribbean. Stephanie Bishop, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, UNICEF Office for the Eastern Caribbean. 2 The countries covered by this policy paper are Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks and Caicos Islands. Note that data is not always available for every country. 1 The socio-economic impact of COVID-19 on children and young people in the Eastern Caribbean Area In consequence, for many people, interactions will be impact on the population, these measures will, inevitably, limited to members of their immediate family.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Kitts and Nevis
    Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene Briefing note for countries on the 2020 Human Development Report Saint Kitts and Nevis Introduction This year marks the 30th Anniversary of the first Human Development Report and of the introduction of the Human Development Index (HDI). The HDI was published to steer discussions about development progress away from GPD towards a measure that genuinely “counts” for people’s lives. Introduced by the Human Development Report Office (HDRO) thirty years ago to provide a simple measure of human progress – built around people’s freedoms to live the lives they want to - the HDI has gained popularity with its simple yet comprehensive formula that assesses a population’s average longevity, education, and income. Over the years, however, there has been a growing interest in providing a more comprehensive set of measurements that capture other critical dimensions of human development. To respond to this call, new measures of aspects of human development were introduced to complement the HDI and capture some of the “missing dimensions” of development such as poverty, inequality and gender gaps. Since 2010, HDRO has published the Inequality-adjusted HDI, which adjusts a nation’s HDI value for inequality within each of its components (life expectancy, education and income) and the Multidimensional Poverty Index that measures people’s deprivations directly. Similarly, HDRO’s efforts to measure gender inequalities began in the 1995 Human Development Report on gender, and recent reports have included two indices on gender, one accounting for differences between men and women in the HDI dimensions, the other a composite of inequalities in empowerment and well-being.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Kitts and Nevis and FAO Building Sustainable Agricultural Systems and Food and Nutrition Security
    Saint Kitts and Nevis and FAO Building sustainable agricultural systems and food and nutrition security The twin-island federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis has been a member of FAO since 1983. Since 2003, technical assistance has focused on the development of non-sugar agricultural activities, with an emphasis on the creation of sustainable livelihoods and food production. Interventions range from national policy support to community projects for improving food security and nutrition. As a small island developing state (SIDS), disaster risk management and adaptation to climate change are important areas of cooperation with FAO. Post-sugar industry rehabilitation Matching FAO’s expertise to Saint Kitts and and diversification Nevis’ development priorities Following the closure of the country’s 300 year-old sugar industry in 2005, FAO and the Government have FAO assistance in Saint Kitts and Nevis is currently shaped by been cooperating closely to build sustainable livelihoods the 2016-2019 FAO Country Programming Framework (CPF), through agricultural diversification. FAO assistance which focuses on the three areas below, built on the successes has focused on support to the post-sugar industry of the 2012-2015 CPF: diversification programme and smallholder agricultural Food and Food and Feed Systems, improving food production, including the supply of inputs for establishing systems and values chain development, linking producers crop and livestock enterprises as well as value addition to processors and markets, strengthening groups and and marketing activities. It has also implemented food cooperatives with an aim at fostering the development of and nutrition security interventions, developing and viable livelihoods and competitive agri-business will be promoting Food-Based Dietary Guidelines, together with supported under this priority area.
    [Show full text]
  • 2011 Vol. 14, Issue 3
    Department of Botany & the U.S. National Herbarium The Plant Press New Series - Vol. 14 - No. 3 July-September 2011 Island Explorations and Evolutionary Investigations By Vinita Gowda or over a century the Caribbean eastward after the Aves Ridge was formed On joining the graduate program region, held between North and to the West. Although the Lesser Antilles at The George Washington University FSouth America, has been an active is commonly referred to as a volcani- in Washington, D.C., in the Fall of area of research for people with interests cally active chain of islands, not all of the 2002, I decided to investigate adapta- in island biogeography, character evolu- Lesser Antilles is volcanic. Based on geo- tion in plant-pollinator interactions tion, speciation, as well as geology. Most logical origin and elevation all the islands using a ‘multi-island’ comparative research have invoked both dispersal and of the Lesser Antilles can be divided into approach using the Caribbean Heliconia- vicariance processes to explain the distri- two groups: a) Limestone Caribbees (outer hummingbird interactions as the study bution of the local flora and fauna, while arc: calcareous islands with a low relief, system. Since I was interested in under- ecological interactions such as niche dating to middle Eocene to Pleistocene), standing factors that could influence partitioning and ecological adaptations and b) Volcanic Caribbees (inner arc: plant-pollinator mutualistic interactions have been used to explain the diversity young volcanic islands with strong relief, between the geographically distinct within the Caribbean region. One of dating back to late Miocene). islands, I chose three strategic islands of the biggest challenges in understanding the Lesser Antilles: St.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the EU List of Tax Havens
    Evolution of the EU list of tax havens 22 February 2021 12 jurisdictions 9 jurisdictions American Samoa, Anguilla, Australia, Barbados, Botswana, Eswatini, Jamaica, Jordan, Maldives, Dominica, Fiji, Guam, Palau, Thailand, Turkey Panama, Samoa, Seychelles, Trinidad and Tobago, Vanuatu, US Virgin Islands Moved from black list to grey list Barbados Added to the black list Removed from the grey list Dominica Morocco, Namibia and Saint Lucia 6 October 12 jurisdictions 2020 10 jurisdictions American Samoa, Anguilla, Australia, Botswana, Eswatini, Jordan, Maldives, Morocco, Namibia, Barbados, Fiji, Guam, Palau, Saint Lucia, Thailand, Turkey Panama, Samoa, Seychelles, Trinidad and Tobago, Vanuatu, US Virgin Islands 9 jurisdictions Moved from grey list to black list Anguilla American Samoa, Belize, Fiji, Guam, Oman, Samoa, Trinidad and Tobago, Vanuatu, Added to the black list Removed from the grey list US Virgin Islands Barbados Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mongolia Removed from the blacklist Cayman Islands, Oman Taxation and Customs Union 18 February 12 jurisdictions 2020 13 jurisdictions American Samoa, Cayman Anguilla, Australia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Eswatini, Jordan, Islands, Fiji, Guam, Palau, Maldives, Morocco, Mongolia, Namibia, Saint Lucia, Thailand and Turkey Panama, Samoa, Seychelles, Oman, Trinidad and Tobago, Vanuatu, US Virgin Islands Moved from grey list to black list Cayman Islands, Palau and Seychelles Added to the black list Removed from the grey list Panama Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda,
    [Show full text]