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Pauline Nyiramasuhuko Et Shalom Ntahobali

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Pauline Nyiramasuhuko Et Shalom Ntahobali INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL PENAL INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA POUR LE RWANDA Case No. ICTR-97-21-1 N de dossier: ICTR-97-21-1 C- C ',' CJ 6 ~t: ;-:: ' c f";' .' - THE PROSECUTOR LE PROCUREUR DU TRIBUNAL~ : ~ _ ~ AGAINST CONTRE (:i ~~- 1) PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO SHALOM NTAHOBALI SHALOM NTAHOBALI AMENDED ACTE D'ACCUSATION INDICTMENT AMENDE as per the decision of Trial Chamber II of Selon la decision de la Chambre de August 10th 1999 Premiere Instance II du 10 aoiit 1999 The Prosecutor ofthe International Criminal Le Procureur du Tribunal Penal International Tribunal for Rwanda,pursuantto the authority pour le Rwanda, en vertu des pouvoirs que lui stipulated in Article 17 of the Statute of the confere I'article 17 du Statut du Tribunal International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Penal International pour le Rwanda ("IeStatut ('the Statute ofthe Tribunal') charges: du Tribunal") accuse: PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO SHALOM NTAHOBALI SHALOM NTAHOBALI d'ENTENTE EN VUE DE COMMETTRE with CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT LE GENOCIDE, de GENOCIDE de GENOCIDE, GENOCIDE, COMPLICITY COMPLICITE DE GENOCIDE, IN GENOCIDE, DIRECT AND PUBLIC d'INCITATION PUBLIQUE ET INCITEMENT TO COMMIT DIRECTE A COMMETTRE LE GENOCIDE, CRIMES AGAINST GENOCIDE, de CRIMES CONTRE HUMANITY, and VIOLATIONS OF L'HUMANITE, et de VIOLATIONS DE ARTICLE 3 COMMON TO THE L'ARTICLE 3 COMMUN AUX GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND CONVENTIONS DE GENEVE ET DU ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II, offences PROTOCOLE ADDITIONNEL II, crimes stipulated in Articles 2, 3 and 4 ofthe Statute prevus aux articles 2, 3 et 4 du Statut du ofthe Tribunal. Tribunal. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL PENAL INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA POUR LE RWANDA Case No. ICTR-97-21-1 N° de dossier: ICTR-97-21-1 THE PROSECUTOR LE PROCUREUR DU TRIBUNAL AGAINST CONTRE PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO SHALOM NTAHOBALI SHALOM NTAHOBALI AMENDED ACTE D'ACCUSATION INDICTMENT AMENDE as per the decision of Trial Chamber II of Selon la decision de la Chambre de August 10th 1999 Premiere Instance II du 10 aofit 1999 The Prosecutor ofthe International Criminal Le Procureur du Tribunal Penal International Tribunal for Rwanda,pursuantto the authority pour IeRwanda, en vertu des pouvoirs que lui stipulated in Article 17 of the Statute of the confere I'article 17 du Statut du Tribunal International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Penal International pour IeRwanda ("IeStatut ('the Statute ofthe Tribunal') charges: du Tribunal") accuse: PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO SHALOM NTAHOBALI SHALOM NTAHOBALI with CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT d'ENTENTE EN VUE DE COMMETTRE GENOCIDE, GENOCIDE, COMPLICITY LE GENOCIDE, de GENOCIDE de IN GENOCIDE, DIRECT AND PUBLIC COMPLICITE DE GENOCIDE, INCITEMENT TO COMMIT d'INCITATION PUBLIQUE ET GENOCIDE, CRIMES AGAINST DIRECTE A COMMETTRE LE HUMANITY, and VIOLATIONS OF GENOCIDE, de CRIMES CONTRE ARTICLE 3 COMMON TO THE L'HUMANITE, et de VIOLATIONS DE GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND L'ARTICLE 3 COMMUN AUX ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II, offences CONVENTIONS DE GENEVE ET DU stipulated in Articles 2, 3 and 4 ofthe Statute PROTOCOLE ADDITIONNEL II, crimes ofthe Tribunal. prevus aux articles 2, 3 et 4 du Statut du Tribunal. 1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE 1.1 The revolution of 1959 marked the 1.1 La revolution de 1959 marque le debut beginning of a period of ethnic clashes d'une periode d'affrontements ethniques entre between the Hutu and the Tutsi in Rwanda, les Hutu et les Tutsi au Rwanda, provoquant causing hundreds of Tutsi to die and au cours des annees qui ont immediatement thousands more to flee the country in the years suivi, des centaines de morts chez les Tutsi et immediately following. The revolution I' exode de milliers d' entre eux. Cette resulted in the abolition ofthe Tutsi monarchy revolution entraine I'abolition de la monarchie and the proclamation ofthe First Republic in Tutsi et la proclamation de la Premiere early 1961, confirmed in a referendum held in Republique au debut de I' annee 1961, the same year. Legislative elections held in confirmee par referendum au cours de la September 1961 confirmed the dominant meme annee. Les elections legislatives de position of the MDR-PARMEHUTU septembre 1961 confirme la domination du (Mouvement Democratique Republicain ­ MDR-PARMEHUTU (Mouvement Parti du Mouvement d 'Emancipation Hutu), Democratique Republicain-Parti du led by Gregoire Kayibanda, who was Mouvement d'Emancipation Hutu) de subsequently elected President ofthe Republic Gregoire Kayibanda, qui est elu President de by the Legislative Assembly on 26 October la Republique parI' assemblee legislative le 26 1961. octobre 1961. 1.2 The early years ofthe First Republic, 1.2 Les premieres annees d'existence de which was under the domination ofthe Hutu cette republique, dominee par les Hutu du of central and southern Rwanda, were again centre et du sud du Rwanda, sont de nouveau marked by ethnic violence. The victims were marquees par la violence ethnique. Les predominantly Tutsi, the former ruling elite, victimes furent principalement des Tutsi, and those related to them, who were killed, I' ancienne elite dirigeante, et leurs allies; driven to otherregions ofRwanda or forced to ceux-ci furent tues, chasses vers d'autres flee the country. The gradual elimination of regions du Rwanda ou forces de s'enfuir du the opposition parties in those early years pays. L'elimination progressive des partis confirmed the MDR-PARMEHUTU as the d' opposition durant ces premieres annees single party, the only party to present confirme le MDR-PARMEHUTU comme candidates in the elections of 1965. parti unique, qui est le seul apresenter des candidats aux elections de 1965. 1.3 The earlypart of1973 in Rwanda was 1.3 Le debut de I' annee 1973 au Rwanda again marked by ethnic confrontations est de nouveau marque par des between the Hutu and Tutsi, prompting affrontements ethniques entre Hutu et Tutsi another exodus ofthe Tutsi minority from the qui provoquent, apres ceux de 1959 a1963, country, as had occurred between 1959 and un nouvel exode de la minorite Tutsi. Cette 1963. This new outburst of ethnic and recrudescence des tensions ethniques et political tension between the North and South politiques (entre le Nord et le Sud) aboutit, resulted in a military coup by General Juvenal le 5 juillet 1973, aun coup d'Etat militaire Habyarimana on 5 July 1973, mene par le General Juvenal Habyarimana. shifting power from civilian to military hands Le coup d'Etat entraine un renversement du and from the Hutu of central Rwanda to the pouvoir, qui passe des mains des civils a Hutu of the northern prefectures of Gisenyi celles des militaires et de celles des Hutu du and Ruhengeri (Habyarimana's native region). centre du Rwanda acelles des Hutu des 2 prefectures de Gisenyi et Ruhengeri au nord du pays (region natale du President Habyarimana. 1.4 In 1975, President Habyarimana 1.4 En 1975, le president Habyarimana founded the Mouvement Revolutionnaire fonde le Mouvement Revolutionnaire National pour le Developpement (MRND), a National pour le Developpement (MRND), single party, and assumed the position ofparty parti unique, dont il assume la presidence. La Chairman. The administrative and party structure administrative et la hierarchie du hierarchies were indistinguishable in this MRND se confondent en un veritable parti­ single party state from the level ofthe Prefet Etat it tous les niveaux de I'administration to the bourgmestres, and down to that ofthe territoriale, du Prefet aux Bourgmestres, conseillers de secteurs and responsabIes de jusqu'aux conseillers de secteurs et cellule. responsables de cellule. 1.5 From 1973 to 1994, the government of 1.5 De 1973 it 1994, le gouvemement du President Habyarimana used a system of President Habyarimana applique un systeme ethnic and regional quotas which was de quotas base sur I'origine ethnique et supposed to provide educational and regionale qui etait cense offrir des chances employment opportunities for all, but which egales a tous en matiere d'education et was used increasingly to discriminate against d' emploi, mais qui fut utilise progressivement both Tutsi and Hutu from regions outside the de maniere discriminatoire a I'encontre des northwest. Tutsi et des Hutu originaires d' autres regions que le nord-ouest. In fact, by the late 1980s, persons from Gisenyi and Ruhengeri occupied many ofthe De fait, ala fin des annees 1980, plusieurs des most important positions in the military, postes les plus importants dans les secteurs political, economic and administrative sectors militaires, politiques, economiques et ofRwandan society. Among the privileged administratifs de la societe rwandaise etaient elite, an inner circle of relatives and close occupes par des personnes originaires de associates ofPresident Habyarimana and his Gisenyi et Ruhengeri. Parmi l'elite wife, Agathe Kanziga, known as the Akazu, privilegiee, un noyau, connu sous enjoyed great power. This select group, I'appellation Akazu, compose de membres de almost exclusively Hutu, was supplemented la famille et d' intimes du President by individuals who shared its extremist Hutu Habyarimana et de son epouse, Agathe ideology, and who came mainly from the Kanziga, jouit d'un grand pouvoir. Aux native region ofthe President and his wife. membres de ce groupe, presque exclusivement Hutu, se joignent des personnes qui en partagent I'ideologie Hutu extremiste et qui sont principalement originaires de la region natale du President et de son epouse. 1.6 In 1990, the President ofthe 1.6 Au cours de l'annee 1990, le Republic, Juvenal Habyarimana, and his President de la Republique, Juvenal single party, the MRND, were facing Habyarimana, et son parti unique, le MRND, mounting opposition, including from other font face a une opposition grandissante, Hutu. notamment de la part d'autres Hutu. 1.7 On 1 October 1990, the Rwandan 1.7 Le 1er octobre 1990, le Front Patriotic Front (RPF), made up mainly of Patriotique Rwandais (FPR), compose 3 Tutsi refugees, attacked Rwanda.
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