cancers Review Aberrant Sialylation in Cancer: Biomarker and Potential Target for Therapeutic Intervention? Silvia Pietrobono * and Barbara Stecca * Tumor Cell Biology Unit, Core Research Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research and Prevention (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy * Correspondence:
[email protected] (S.P.);
[email protected] (B.S.); Tel.: +39-055-7944568 (S.P.); +39-055-7944567 (B.S.) Simple Summary: Sialylation is a post-translational modification that consists in the addition of sialic acid to growing glycan chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids. Aberrant sialylation is an established hallmark of several types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, colorectal and lung cancers, melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hypersialylation can be the effect of increased activity of sialyltransferases and results in an excess of negatively charged sialic acid on the surface of cancer cells. Sialic acid accumulation contributes to tumor progression by several paths, including stimulation of tumor invasion and migration, and enhancing immune evasion and tumor cell survival. In this review we explore the mechanisms by which sialyltransferases promote cancer progression. In addition, we provide insights into the possible use of sialyltransferases as biomarkers for cancer and summarize findings on the development of sialyltransferase inhibitors as potential anti-cancer treatments. Abstract: Sialylation is an integral part of cellular function, governing many biological processes Citation: Pietrobono, S.; Stecca, B. including cellular recognition, adhesion, molecular trafficking, signal transduction and endocytosis. Aberrant Sialylation in Cancer: Sialylation is controlled by the levels and the activities of sialyltransferases on glycoproteins and Biomarker and Potential Target for lipids. Altered gene expression of these enzymes in cancer yields to cancer-specific alterations of Therapeutic Intervention? Cancers glycoprotein sialylation.