Office of U. S. Foreign Disaster Assistance

Annual Report FY 1983

Agency for International Development Washington, D.C. 20523 iv Administrator's Statement Latin America and the Caribbean iv Message from the Director Argentina -Floods 1 OFDA -It's Role and Mission Bolivia -Floods 2 Preparedness and Early Warning Activities Bolivia -Drought in FY 1983 Brazil -Floods (North) 10 Disaster Relief in FY 1983 Brazil -Drought Brazil -Floods (South) 14 Africa Colombia -Earthquake 16 Botswana-Drought Costa Rica -Earthquake and Landslides 18 Comoros -Cyclone Dominican Republic -Fire 20 Ethiopia -Drought Ecuador -Floods 23 Liberia -Landslide Guatemala -Displaced Persons 25 Senegal- Floods Paraguay -Floods 26 South Africa -Drought Peru -Floods 27 Sudan- Drought Peru- Drought 28 Sudan-Floods Venezuela -Fire 29 Tunisia -Floods Europe and the Near East 34 Uganda -Displaced Persons Italy -Forest Fire 35 West Africa -Expelled Persons (Benin, Middle East -West Bank Epidemic Ghana, Niger, Togo) Spain -Floods (Southeast) 42 Asia and the Pacific Spain -Floods (Northeast) 45 Australia -Bush Fire Yemen-Earthquake 46 Fiji -Cyclones 50 India -Cyclone U. S Foreign Disaster Assistance - 51 India -Floods Summary Data 53 Indonesia -Volcanic Eruption Current Fiscal Year Financial/Historical Data 56 Sri Lanka -Civil StrifelDisplaced Persons U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance Summary 59 Thailand -Displaced Persons by Fiscal Year Administratois Statement OFDA Directois Statement

The disaster assistance program has a vital role in This report of the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster A.I.D.'s overall strategy to promote economic Assistance represents our first annual report development and self-reliance throughout the since 1973. It provides an ove~ewof the year's world. Development is a difficult, fragrle process activities in both relief and preparedness, a and I have seen natural and man-made disasters change from the individual disaster case reports play havoc on this process. This past year when issued during the past decade. We hope this new earthquakes, flooding, and drought hit several format will familiarize members of the interna- countries of South America, we responded by tional disaster relief community and other U.S. providing vitally needed assistance to millions of Government agencies with the program and men, women, and children: roads were opened goals of the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster to move relief supplies, water purifiers were Assistance. deployed to provide communities with uncon- taminated water, and emergency food, medi- OFDA is organized regionally to ensure max- cines, and shelter materials were pavided to the imum collaboration with A.I.D. regional bu- homeless. reaus, reflecting the important relationship between disasters and development. Because As worldwide attention focused on the plight of disasters will continue to plague the world for millions affected by prolonged drought in regions the foreseeable future, OFDA believes strongly in of Africa, A.I.D. and OFDA worked hand in pre-disaster planning. To carry out this convic- hand with the international community to trans- tion, an increasing proportion of our budget is port needed food and relief to the affected committed to disaster preparedness and early populations from Sudan to South Africa. Civil warning programs. In the coming year, OFDA strife, too, is a disaster. For example, in response will continue to pursue its present program to the civil conflict in Sri Lanka, tents, blankets strategy as well as~eeknew ways to prevent the and other basic necessities were distributed to human suffering and yonomic hardship disas- thousands of people who had fled their homes to ters cause. seek refuge in temporary camps. Apart from immediate relief, our program is designed to help developing countries cope more effectivelywith disasters by using their own resources. This is done in part by promoting host W. Becton country disaster preparedness through training izdi and public awareness projects, and by integrat- Officeof U. S. Fom'p Disaster Assistance ing these countries into international early warn- ing systems. All OFDA's programs are carried out in close cooperation with international or- ganizations, other donor governments, and pri- vate voluntary organizations. I am confident that every American believes that victims of disasters must be helped and, as Administrator of A.I.D., I pledge to continue this humanitarian tradition.

M. Peter McPherson Administrator, Agency for international Development OFDA: Its Role and Mission OFDA responds to requests for emergency as- sistance in an average of 37 disasters a year and Natural and man-made disasters are a constant monitors another 40 situations which could be- threat to people throughout the world. Not only come disasters. When disaster strikes, OFDA do disasters cause death and suffering, but they mobilizes U.S. Government resowes and coor- destroy infrastructure vital to the social and dinates the U.S. Government response with that economic functioning of the affected country. of voluntary agencies, international organiza- Developing countries are particularly vulnerable tions, and other donors. To rapidly deliver emer- as they have fewer resources to deal with the gency relief to the disaster site, OFDA maintains often devastating effects of disasters. stockpiles of disaster supplies at five regional locations'worldwide. The beneficiaries of this Providing assistance to the victims of natural and relief are primarily those in developing countries man-made calamities in other nations reflects the who are least able to survive without outside deep-seated humanitarian concern of the Amer- assistance. ican people and is an important aspect of U.S. foreign policy. It is the Ofice of U.S. Foreign Beyond emergency relief and immediate rehabili- Disaster Assistance (OFDA) in the Agency for tation, a principal focus of the disaster assistance International Development (A.I.D.) that coordi- program is on strengthening countries' abilities nates the U. S. Government response to foreign to cope with disasters through increased reliance disasters. As mandated by Congress, OFDA on their own resources. This is accomplished provides assistance not only for international through country preparedness programs and the disaster relief and rehabilitation, but also for development of early warning systems. OFDA disaster preparedness, prediction, and con- works with U.S. Missions and host governments tingency planning. to identdy and develop effective pldgrams which will reduce the damage and loss of life caused by disasters around the globe. Preparedness and Early Warning Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation: Public Activities Awareness and Training In 1983 OFDA supported a wide variety of Underlying all OFDA initiatives is the recogni- programs in fulfillment of its mandate to aid in tion that most of the burden of disaster relief falls preparedness, prediction, and contingency plan- on the affected community itself. Host country ning for natural disasters abroad. From working training includes helping country officials to directly with local emergency managers in disas- establish national disaster organizations, disaster ter-prone countries to contributing financial and plans, and emergency operations centers, as well administrative support to international prepared- as providing training in specialized areas such as ness efforts, OFDA has been instrumental in hazard identification, shelter management, fire- providing both theoretical and practical tools for fighting, airport safety, and damage assessment. dealing with disasters around the world. A major In Jamaica, OFDA has supported the govern- goal of OFDA is to help developing countries ment's efforts to promote local disaster aware- increase their own capabilities through prepared- ness in a variety of ways. OFDA has helped to ness and early warning. develop an island wide vulnerability and haz- The preparedness dimension includes training of ard management study and has funded work- host country officials and support of in-country shops in housing construction patterns, shel- programs to increase public awareness of preven- ter management, and airport safety. With the tive measures. Early warning activities consist of Jamaican Office of Disaster Preparedness, research, development, and application of tech- OFDA has promoted the development of nologies which enable disaster managers to hurricane awareness programs in the elemen- anticipate disasters before they strike or before tary and secondary schools and has provided their worst effects are manifested in the audiovisual materials and curriculum planners community. to work with Jamaican teachers. In Haiti, OFDA and the AID Mission have Often, OFDA works with other agencies in funded a consultant in disaster management responding to the training needs of disaster- to work with Haiti's newly decreed Pre-disas- prone countries. ter and Relief Organization. This specialist has Following a fire in an electrical power plant in been working in Port-au-Prince for the past Venezuela and a forest fire in the Dominican year to help the Haitian government organize Republic (see Part 11, Venezuela-Fire and Do- its Emergency Coordination Center, compile minican Republic-Fire), representatives from data on in-country resources, and identlfy these and other countries in the region re- hazards which threaten the country. quested training in fire management. Through In Peru, OFDA sent a curriculum develop- the U. S. Forest Service, OFDA arranged for ment specialist to work with local teaching fifty representatives from Latin America and staff. Disaster training materials which were the Caribbean to attend a Wildfire Suppression developed for both teachers and students can Training Course conducted in Spanish. OFDA also be used in other Spanish-speaking coun- also sponsored training for twelve represent- tries of Central and South America. atives from Ecuador's Civil Defense in emer- gency management principles and emergency In Fiji, the Cook Islands, and Jamaica, OFDA operation center management at the Federal has supported innovative engineering studies Emergency Management Administration on the use of local materials to construct training center in Puerto Rico. disaster-resistant buildings. The studies rec- ommend minor modifications of traditional In cooperation with the National Science building practices and construction materials Foundation and Appropriate Technology Inter- to improve the durability of housing during national, OFDA held a regional workshop in tropical cyclones, high winds, and earth- Lima, Peru, on earthen building construction. quakes. Metal straps added to the roofs of The workshop examined the construction traditional housing, or bamboo reinforcement methods and materials used in Latin America of light frame walls, are inexpensive but highly and their ability to withstand earthquakes. effective mitigation techniques OFDA Page 3 Practical training in the use of adobe and helps to promote. earthquake resistant construction was pro- vided to local builders and housing program officials.

Disaster Early Warning Systems Earthquake Monitoring -Usuallv sudden and violek, earthquakegcause gre& loss of life OFDA supports disaster prediction and early and damage to property and infrastrucure. To warning systems research in five major areas: 1) mitigate earthquake damage, OFDA is sup- drought and famine, 2) earthquakes, 3) severe porting the development by the USGS of a storms, 4) tsunamis, and 5) volcanoes. Several prototype seismic event detector and data country and regional disaster early warning collection platform for early warning of earth- systems have recently been implemented by quakes and volcanic eruptions. The three-part A.I.D. in cooperation with the National Oceanic system consists of a stationary sensor (seis- and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the mometer) to register a seismic event, a micro- National Aeronautics and Space Administration computer system to monitor the seismometer (NASA), the Department of Defense (DOD), and output, and a data collection platform to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). These sys- transmit the data to one of the three U.S. tems, using satellite-based telemetry and remote Geostationary Operational Environmental sensor imagery monitor natural events and en- Satellites (GOES). From the satellite, news of a vironmental conditions which can lead to disas- seismic event is relayed to an earth station ters. The data these systems provide enable such as the one located at Wallops Island, policy planners and emergency managers to Viia.The goal of this program is to help make decisions about long-term threats, such as developing countries establish comprehensive potential food shortages, as well as immediate national and regional programs in seismic risk, decisions concerning such matters as evacuation hazards analysis, and earthquake monitoring. and resource deployment when a tsunami, or This system is a first step in significantly volcanic eruption threatens. The programs use improving worldwide seismic data collection, the latest technology in attempting to anticipate defining seismic threats, and investigating the disasters and predict how they will affect the possibility of severe earthquakes in different population at risk. regions. Agmlimatic Monitoring -AIDIOFDA has been Severe Stom Monitoring -Some kinds of working with NOAA to develop quantitative disasters recur seasonally bringing destruction weatherlcrop impact assessments for develop- to the same area year after year. Cyclones, ing countries in Africa, Southern Asia, South- typhoons, and hurricanes repeatedly strike east Asia, the Pacific and Caribbean Basins, land masses in the Indian Ocean, the Bay of and Latin America. The system uses regional Bengal, the north and south Pacific, and the rainfall readings, satellite imagery analysis, Caribbean, causing widespread flooding and and ground station reports made by the host wind damage. Working with the U.S. Navy countries. AU this information is relayed to Environmental Research and Prediction Facil- NOAA where it is interpreted and compared ity, OFDA has supported a research program in with crop yield models. The resulting climate storm surge and wind threat analysis, an impact statements indicate potential crop sur- outgrowth of which has been the implementa- pluses or shortfalls as much as 30 to 60 days tion of a threat probability warning system for prior to harvest, thus providing a three to six the Caribbean Basin, Indian Ocean region, and month lead time on actual crop variations. the Western Pacific. The system generates Such climatic impact statements are now being warnings as a result of the information pro- produced for more than 400 locales throughout vided by the Joint Typhoon Early Warning the subtmpics to pmvide decision makers with Center in Guam, the National Hurricane Cen- timely and reliable information on the poten- ter in Miami, and the Fleet Numerical tial for faod shortages trigge* by climatic Oceanography Center in Monterey, California. events. The warning messages are expressed in terms of one of four levels of urgency (notice, caution, alert, danger) according to the proba- bility that disastrous conditions wiU develop within a certain timehame. The Department of State's 24-hour Operations Center receives tropical cyclone strike, wind, and storm surge warnings by telex; they are also sent dMyto US Missions abroad. The threat message esti- mates axe routinely computed for some 125 major population centers worldwide. A cyclone tracking system installed in Technologies developed by NASA and NOAA Bangladesh by NOAA and NASA with OFDA over the past few years with respect to severe support has sigruficantly improved the storm analysis will be implemented by host Bangladesh Government's prediction and governments in cooperation with A.I.D. and the monitoring program as well as its disaster World Meteorological Organization in 1984-85. preparedness programs. In addition, OFDA is The principal focus will be on training and starting a program in the Philippines to up- technology transfer in the field of storm surge grade that country's radar cyclone tracking analysis, satellite data collection systems and system and institute cyclone risk studies. warning dissemination, and cyclonelhurricane risk modeling. The objective of providing imme- diate storm threat data to disaster managers may be fully realized in the Bay of Bengal, parts of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands by 1986. In the past 135 years, some 70,000 inhabitants Bunami Early Warning System -0FDA's pro- have been killed by tsunamis throughout the gram, Tsunami Hazard Reduction Utilizing Pacific Basin. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Systems Technology (THRUST)will utilize in Honolulu can provide adequate notice of GOES telemetry (see above under Earthquake impending threats to coastal areas thousands of Monitoring) to confirm wave generation im- miles from earthquake source zones (point of mediately following a major seismic event. It origin), but this system is severely limited in will idenhfy areas of maximum threat and providing warnings to areas located close to the transmit warnings directly to local disaster earthquake source. OFDA has been working for operations officials. In 1984, OFDA's THRUST several years to develop a means of anticipating program, coordinated by the Pacific Marine and warning the vulnerable population of an Environmental Laboratory, will concentrate on imminent tsunami threat. OFDA also supports developing the use of the GOES telemetry link researrh in tsunami modeling to calculate proba- for near-shore early warning of tsunamis oc- ble maximum wave heights occurring at selected curring along coastal South America. This coastal points and to identdy zones which will system will enable vulnerable population cen- suffer wave inundation and subsequent ters to be warned within minutes of tsunami flooding. generation offshore. A major goal of the early warning systems program is to reduce the uncertainty of disaster occurrence by using proven early warning tech- nologies to monitor potentially destructive natu- ral phenomena. Host government decision- makers can integrate these systems with their local public awareness and preparedness pro- grams. Finally, these systems can assist emer- gency managers in identdying and tracking imminent threats to determine when to activate emergency plans, including evacuation, to pro- tect populations at risk. Disaster Relief in FY 1983 During FY 1983 OFDA responded with emer- gency relief to 43 disasters in 34 countries. Approximately 4,700 people lost their lives as a result of these disasters, which affected some 45 million others. Floods were the most prevalent type of disaster in 1983 with 13 incidences, followed by drought with seven. Overall, natural disasters accounted for about 75 percent of the total OFDA-declared disasters in 1983. This proportion is in contrast to recent years in which man-made disasters -for example, civil strife, displaced persons, and accidents -comprised a greater percentage of the total. The large number of natural disasters worldwide in 1983 has been attributed in part to the unusual weather phenomenon known as El Nino. This term refers to a warm southward-flowing ocean current which develops off the coast of Peru and Ecuador each year around Christmas (hence the name "El Nino," i. e., "The Child"). Approxi- mately every six to eight years this equatorial current becomes exceptionally strong. Scientists have found that these major oceanic warmings are an important element in a complex system of climate fluctuations. The El Nino of 1982-83 was considered the worst in many years because it was both stronger than usual and earlier in its arrival. The climatic conditions associated with El Nino included unprecedented floods in several South American countries as well as severe and prolonged droughts in Australia, Indonesia, southern Af- rica, northeast South America, southern India, and other areas. In some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia, floods and drought occurred simul- taneously in different regions. Devastating fires in other countries were attributed to the un- usually dry conditions. Besides taking a tragic toll in human lives, these and other natural disasters such as a major earthquake in Colombia and severe drought conditions over a large portion of the African continent had an enormous economic impact. In just three South American countries -Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador -total economic losses from drought and floods were estimated at nearly $2 billion. The continuing drought in several African countries raises the possibility of widespread famine. Recovery from the year's disasters is likely to be slow, even if more normal weather patterns prevail. In performing its disaster relief function, OFDA provided both material and technical assistance and coordinated disaster services donated through other USG offices. Tents, blankets, cots, water pumps and containers, and plastic sheet- ing were some of the relief items airlifted to stricken countries from five USG-maintained stockpiles around the globe. In certain cases, OFDA arranged to send special equipment, such as water purification units and sewer cleaning machinery, to the disaster site, along with techni- cians who could provide expert training in its use. When requested by the A.I.D. Mission in the affected country, OFDA also sent disaster specialists to help assess relief requirements and coordinate the U. S. response. OFDA's relief and rehabilitation efforts helped lay the groundwork for the longer-term reconstruction assistance pro- vided by A. I. D. 's economic development programs. OFDA obligations for disaster relief are normally funded from the International Disaster Assist- ance (IDA) account. In FY 1983, $10 million of the $25 million IDA appropriation was earmarked for reconstruction activities in Italy, leaving $15 mil- lion for OFDA's disaster relief, preparedness, and early warning activities. Because of the large number of declared disasters in FY 1983, obliga- tions for disaster relief exceeded appropriated levels. As a result, funds programmed for disas- ter preparedness activities, and an additional $3.6 million from other A.I.D. accounts, had to be used for emergency relief. In responding to the following disasters, OFDA administered funds from other A.I.D. accounts in the amounts indicated. Bolivia -Drought --$46,670 Brazil-Drought -$25,000 Colombia -Earthquake -$46,483 Ecuador -Floods -$102,338 Ethiopia -Drought -$1,498,991 Indonesia -Volcanic Eruption-$25,000 Italy -Forest Fire -$616,319 Peru -Floods -$41 7,588 Peru-Drought -$70,000 Spain- Floods -$200,000 w Sri Lanka -Civil Strife -$216,838 Sudan -Floods -$7,716 Tunisia-Floods-$10,390 Uganda -Displaced Persons -$100,000 El Salvador -Civil StrifelDisplaced Persons (FY 82) -$232,980 Please note: In the disaster case reports which follow, the listings of assistance provided b U.S. Voluntary Agencies and the International 8om- munity are compiled from reports submitted voluntarily to OFDA. It is not always possible to verify the accuracy of these reports, nor the dollar value of in-kind contributions. As a result, the total dollar values indicated in these sections should be taken as representative figures. The Complex of International Disaster Relief Relationships

(1) Other Federal Agencies (2) Other AID Off ices & Bureaus (3) State Dept. Offices & Bureaus DOD HHS FEMA Program & Policy Coordination Regional Bureaus NOAA NASA USGS Food for Peace & Vol. Assistance Operations Center USDAIFASlForest Service External Affairs Counsular Affairs National Science Foundation Science & Technology l nternational Organizations DOTIUSCG General Counsel Inspector General Refugee Programs Management

L The Disaster Cycle

BOTSWANA Africa

Date: April 8,1982 (FY 82) supplied at no charge to pastoralists. In addition, June 13,1983 (FY 83) the supply of supplementary livestock feed for Location: Entire country; areas most sevemly sale was increased and cattle were moved to affected included Northeast District, some areas mas where reserve water supplies existed. Pri- of Central District, Ngamiland, Chobe, western ority was given to the repair, maintenance, and Kweneng, and southern Kgalagadi improvement of existing water points, and borehole drilling and equipping was accelerated No. Dead: Not reported on the planned trek route. The GOB also spon- No. Affected: 409,770 or 40 percent of total sored labor-based relief projects and provided population direct assistance in cash and in kind. Damage: Crops losses and mduced grazing land caused food shortages and increased incidences The GOB relief program remained in effect of malnutrition among humans and livestock throughout the year in response to the con- tinuing drought conditions. On April 20,1983, The Disaster President Masire announced that Botswana was experiencing its second straight year of drought Two years of below normal rainfall resulted in and again appealed to the international com- drought conditions throughout Botswana. The munity for assistance. hardest hit districts were Kgalagadi with 85% below normal rainfall, Chobe and Northeast at Assistance Provided by the United States 70% below normal, and Ngamiland, Central, Government (USG) and Southeast at 50%. The drought caused widespread crop losses, reduced available pas- In response to the GOB appeal for tureland, and dried up livestock watering holes. assistance, the U.S. Ambassador to Grain mpproduction was reduced not only Botswana determined on April 8,1982 because of the lack of rain, but also because that a disaster situation existed and farmers, expecting a drought, had planted less authorized $25,000 to be made avail- than 50% of their normal crop. Botswana's cereal able fmm the International Disaster consumption gap is normally met through com- Assistance Account (IDA). This mercial imports fmm neighboring countries; amount was provided to the GOB for however, the size of the gap combined with a local relief ...... $25,000 severe foreign exchange shortage prevented an The USAID Mission, through the Of- adequate supply. fice of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assist- ance (OFDA) in Washington, arranged Action Uenby the Government of Botswana for the leaselpurchase of a borehole (GOB) drill rig and related equipment. A As reports of the deteriorating situation in the total of $420,000 was provided to countryside began to reach the capital in early cover partial costs of renting a drill rig 1982, President Masire sent a six-person team to for six months ($240,000), outright assess the effects of the drought. Based on the purchase of drill rods, tools and oiU team's report, the President on April 2 declared a form ($100,000), and purchase of one national emergency and appealed to the interna- test pump and one mud pump tional community for assistance. ($80,000) ...... $420,000 Many government ministries were mobilized to Total FY 1982 IDA Assistance ...... $445,000 assist in the GOB relief effort with coordination provided by the Interministerial Drought Com- A bilateral grant of F!L. 480 Title I1 mittee. Supplementary food rations were dis- food was provided for distribution tributed from clinics, health posts, primary through an ongoing GOB institutional schools, and village authorities in the areas of feeding program. The USG assumed greatest need. Seeds for the next season's plant- all costs for the commodities (1,000 ing were made available at subsidized prices MT of non-fat dried milk and 1,000 through outlets of the Agricultural Marketing MT of vegoil valued at $891,000), Board, cooperatives, and extension services. To ocean freight, and inland transport reduce the number of cattle which could not be via rail from port of entry to the marketed, botulism vaccine and vitamin A were Botswana border. Transport costs to- BOTSWANA Africa taled $750,000. The GOB was respon- sible for implementing the program once the food was received at the border ...... $1,641,000

Total FY 1982 USG Assistance ...... $2,086,000 Because of the continuing drought situation, the U.S. Ambassador deter- mined on June 13,1983 that addi- tional USG assistance to Botswana was warranted. On June 23, the Am- bassador presented Vice President Pe- ter S. Mmusi with a $25,000 check to support priority projects within the GOB drought relief program ...... $25,000

Total FY 1983 IDA Assistance ...... $25,000

TOTAL $2,111,000

Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary Agencies None reported.

Assistance Provided by the International Community International Organizations European Economic Community -provided 500 MT of dried milk powder valued at $655,200 for a school food program involving 185,000 children. U. N. Development Program -contributed $120,000 for the purchase of food grains. World Food Program -pledged $150,000 to purchase maize meal in Zimbabwe; extended ongoing feeding and food transport programs; arranged inland transport for USG-donated commodities.

Governments Canada -contributed an unspecified amount for the purchase of food grains. Germany, Federal Republic of -provided trucks valued at $2,094,017 to transport food; contrib- uted funds to purchase 2-3,000 tons of grain from Zimbabwe. Great Britain -loaned four vehicles from an ongoing in-country project to the emergency food distribution program; contributed $704,000 for the purchase of food. Sweden- donated $1,724,137 to buy well drill- ing equipment and vehicles.

TOTAL $5,447,354 COMOROS Africa

Date: January 10-12,1983 (FY 83) Many small, traditional woodlthatch structures Location: Moheli, Anjouan, and Grande Comore were knocked over by the wind or otherwise Islands harmed, while damage to the more sturdy stone No. Dead: 33 (3 confirmed dead; 30 missing) or block houses, and to public buildings, was generally limited to loss of roof. Roads and No. Injured: 52 bridges were blocked by fallen trees in many No. Affected: 30,000 (20,000 on Moheli; 5,000 areas but were otherwise little affected. each on Anjouan and Grande Comore) Damage: Extensive damage to crops, dwellings, Anjouan: In contrast to Moheli, most damage on and public buildings occurred on Moheli; Anjouan resulted from the rain and high waves. damage to public buildings and public works Cyclone Elinah and the 18 successive days of rain (roads, dikes, bridges, etc.) occurred on Anjouan prior to the storm exacerbated an already severe and Grande Comore. Government estimates of erosion problem on Anjouan. Roads, bridges and damage were: 2,400 hectares of agricultural land settlements close to the sea were damaged when flooded or damaged (1,200 ha on Moheli; 600 ha sea restraining walls were breached in several each on Anjouan and Grande Comore); 2,120 places. Damage was most severe between Sima hectares of forest damaged (all on Moheli); 72 and Pomoni and around the main port of Mut- public buildings destroyed or damaged (29 on samudo where the tip of the jetty was broken off Moheli, 20 on Anjouan, and 23 on Grande and washed out to sea. The only deaths.reported Comore); and 4,285 private buildings destroyed in the storm occurred on Anjouan when a 12 or damaged (3,148 on Moheli, 785 on Anjouan, meter high wave swept 40 people off a pier. Three and 352 on Grande Comore). Total monetary people died and 30 were listed as missing. Crop damage was estimated at $23.1 million: $9.6 damage was less severe and more localized than million to agriculture, $9.7 million to public on Moheli, with some loss of food crops and works, and $3.8 million to public buildings and about 10-20% loss of the important clove crop. infrastmdure. There was scattered damage to dwellings and public buildings. Reconstruction and repair of The Disaster public works, ydeally in concert with an-erosion control program, was expected to place a heavy The Comoros archipelago, located some 482 krn financial burden on the Comoran government. northwest of the island of Madagascar, is Grande Comore: Damage to seawalls, roads, and periodically subject to devastating cyclonic public buildings, especially schools, was about as storms during the hot, humid northeast mon- extensive as on Anjouan. Crop loss was minimal, soon season from November through April. and damage to dwellings was not expected to Cyclone Elinah, one of the worst such storms in exceed five percent. recent years, pounded Comoros from the eve- ning of January 10 to the morning of January 12. Action liken by the Government of Comoros Accompanied by high winds and heavy rains, (GOC) the cyclone whipped up sea waves to a height of 12 meters. The island of Moheli was hardest hit. Government authorities, led by Prime Minister Damage was less extensive on Anjouan and Ali Mroudjae and accompained by represent- Grande Comore Islands. atives of U.N. agencies, the diplomatic corps, and local organizations, toured the most se- Moheli: The stom's strong winds accounted for riously affected areas on January 13. The GOC most of the damage on Moheli. About 90-95% of issued an appeal for international relief assist- the island's mature banana hes, source of ance the same day. A government commission, Mohelians' staple food, were destroyed. Small chaired by the Minister of Finance, was estab- and medium sized banana trees, capable of lished to assess cyclone damage and coordinate producing fruit in three to four months, generally donor assistance and reconstruction. survived, as did most coconut trees. Clove trees, grown on exposed slopes in the highlands, were Clearing and reconstruction activities were soon the hardest hit cash crop, with 50-70% de- underway. The Forces Armees de Comores stroyed. Since clove trees require eight to nine cleared roads in Moheli of fallen trees, and, years to mature, their loss represented a long- where it could be accomplished with the use of term economic hardship for producers. About indigenous materials, Comorans began to re- 20% of dwellings were destroyed or damaged. build their damaged homes. According to the COMOROS Africa

World Food Program's plan of operation, local Assistance Provided by the International village councils were to be responsible for the Community distribution of food for work provisions to heads of families. International Organizations Caritas Comoros provided relief supplies, but the UNDRO -contributed $10,000 in cash. type and value of assistance was not reported. UNICEF -gave $36,000 in cash for the purchase Assistance Provided by the United States of medicines and medical supplies. Government (USG) World Food Program -provided 2,160 tons of In response to the GOC appeal for rice and 162 tons of vegetable oil to assist 30,000 international assistance, the U. S. Am- people over a period of 180 days; total value bassador to Comoros, Fernando E. (inclusive of freight) was $1,597,850. Rondon (resident in Antananarivo), World Health Organization -donated medical announced his intention to contribute supplies valued at $28,000, including penicillin $25,000 based on his disaster assist- and other antibiotics, ointments, glucose, and ance authority Ambassador Rondon aspirin. visited the Comoros on January 19-20 to view affected areas and to talk with Governments Comoran officials. A check was pre- sented to the GOC on January 27. . . . . Egypt -contributed eight tons of food, medical supplies, and cloth, value not reported. At the request of the U.S. Embassy in An- France -provided 10 tons of wheat flour, value tananarivo, USAID'S Regional Economic Devel- not reported. opment and Senrice Office in Nairobi (REDS01 ESA) sent Nicholas Jenks to the Comoros to Germany, Federal Republic of -gave $20,920 in assess cyclone damage and explore the pos- cash for relief supplies sibilities for additional USG disaster assistance. Officer Jenks was accompanied on his tour of Switzerland -provided $15,000 in cash through Moheli, Anjouan, and Grande Comore by repre- UNDRO. sentatives of the three local governments. TOTAL $1,707,770 TOTAL $25,000

Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary Agencies CARE -The Nairobi CARE Director, Rudy Ramp, visited the stricken islands to assist in a needs assessment. ETHIOPIA Africa

Date: 1983 (FY 83) ongoing preliminary summary of the situation and mea- Location: Most severely affected areas are in sures undertaken by the international com- northern provinces of Eritrea, Gondar, Tigray, munity in FY 1983. and Wollo No. Dead: Not reported Action Taken by the Government of Ethiopia No. Affected: 2,000,000 (GOE) No. Homeless: Not reported Following the drought of 1972-73, the Ethiopian Damage: Although there are no reliable figures Government established the Relief and Reha- available on damages, the country has bilitation Commission (RRC) in 1974. The RRC is experienced extensive damage to both the responsible for identifying and responding to agricultural and husbandry sectors as a result of food shortages throughout the country and co- the drought. Substantial government revenues ordinating all international relief activities. The which would have gone to development RRC maintains food warehouses, distribution projects, were instead expended to respond to centers, and a fleet of trucks, and has also been drought victims' food, health, and shelter engaged in improving roads and building air- needs. strips to move commodities to remote areas. Anticipating the effects of reduced rainfall and The Disaster yields on rural communities, in September 1982 The present drastic food shortage in Ethiopia the GOE set up a committee to conduct a has been caused by several natural and man- nationwide impact survey of the drought. The made factors which have combined to create GOE report identified Tigray Gondar, Wollo, disaster conditions reminiscent of the devastat- and Eritrea as the most affected regions, and ing drought of 1972-73 which claimed over singled out children under six and pregnant and 200,000 lives. Low rainfall during the summer of lactating women as the most vulnerable group, 1982, following poor harvests in 1981-82, and a numbering between 500-650,000. rash of hailstorms, flashfloods, and insect in- In March 1983, the GOE, through the RRC, festations all took their toll on the 1983 harvest requested assistance from the international in the north. Population pressures on the par- community to meet the emergency needs of the ched land and continuing armed conflict in drought victims. In its appeal to UNDRO, the many areas further aggravated the situation. GOE requested assistance for one million of the The continuing civil strife in Tigray and Eritrea most seriously affected for an initial six month creates uncertainty and insecurity for the farm- period. GOE policy is to provide food relief as ers, and discourages cultivation of crops. close as possible to where the affected people Finally transportation bottlenecks result in in- live, thereby hoping to reduce spontaneous adequate supplies of food being moved from the settlements around distribution centers. ports out to the affected communities. Assistance Provided by the United States The drought has forced many people to leave Government (USG) their homes and travel long distances to feeding stations. As conditions worsen, cattle die or are In response to the prolonged and expanding sold, and as harvests fail, growing numbers of drought and famine conditions in northern people cease to return to their home villages Ethiopia, the U.S. Charge on May 5,1983, after trekking to the food distribution centers. declared that a disaster existed which warranted This has produced large concentrations of dis- U.S. assistance. As an immediate response, the placed people in need of water, shelter, and Charge authorized $25,000 from the Interna- medical care around the feeding stations. tional Disaster Assistance Account to be contributed to Catholic Relief Services (CRS), a The drought emergency in Ethiopia is a con- U.S. voluntary agency operating maternauchild tinuing problem which will not be resolved in health programs throughout Ethiopia. The dis- the immediate future. The Government of Ethi- aster funds were presented to CRS on May 20 to opia, United Nations organizations, and other cover the immediate start-up and admin- national governments and voluntary groups are istrative costs of an emergency feeding program working to address the needs of the drought- in Makelle, Tigray one of the most affected affected population. This report is therefore a areas in the country. ETHIOPIA Africa

Through the Office of U. S. Foreign Disaster Expansion of CRS program, Assistance (OFDA), the USG provided a grant additional 4,500 MT of of $698,991 to CRS to carry out a Famine Inter- food ...... $1,882,000 vention Program in Makelle month and was subsequently expanded to feed 70,750 people Transfer of 630 MT of ICSM from per month over a nine month period in Wukro CRSlEgypt to WFP ...... $180,000 and Latchi as well as Makelle. Increased donation of 145 MT to WFP To start up the Makelle program, CRS was program ...... $74,000 authorized to divert 26 MT of edible oil, valued Regular CRS feeding program in at $21,000 from its regular feeding program. Ethiopia in FY 1983, 6,422 MT $2,820,000 Through A.I.D.'s Office of Food For Peace (FFP) ...... the U.S. provided 838 MT of assorted P.L. 480 Total PL. 480 assistance ...... $5,374,000 Title I1 food commodities (496 MT of soy-for- tified sorghum grits (SFSG), 180 MT of nonfat Cash grant to an international dried milk (NFDM), and 162 MT of vegoil) organization for its drought and relief valued at $397,000 to feed 30,000 people over a programs in northern Ethiopia ...... $1,500,000 nine month period. An additional 4,500 MT of TOTAL $8,397,991 food valued at $1,882,000, was provided when the CRS program was expanded. Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary FFP also authorized the diversion of 630 MT Agencies of PL. 480 Title I1 high protein blended food Catholic Relief Services (CRS)- operated (ICSM) from a CRS program in Egypt to the an ongoing maternal child health program in emergency program in Ethiopia. The World Ethiopia and proposed and executed an Emer- Food Program (WFP) airlifted the ICSM, gency Famine Intervention program in Makelle, valued at $180,000 from Egypt to Ethiopia. Sub- Wukro, and Latchi for 70,750 people for nine sequently an additional 145 MT of food were months under a grant from the USG. Working donated to WFP with the relief agency consortium, Christian In addition to the emergency food program, the Relief and Development Association (CRD), USG funded the regular CRS program which, CRS purchased and airlifted 40 MT of seeds during 1983, distributed a total of 6,422 MT of valued at $75,000 to victims in Tigray. CRS also NFDM, SFSG, and vegoil, valued at $2,820,000, distributed $100,000 worth of medicine in including ocean freight. Tigray. In response to an UNDRO appeal for support of Lutheran World Federation (LWF) -provided emergency relief for droughtlfamine victims, the 1,000 blankets for distribution by Save the Chil- USG contributed $800,000 to be used to trans- dren Fund in Korem. LWF worked with CRDA port emergency food and relief supplies within to distribute 440 quintals of faffa (Ethiopian high Ethiopia. protein blend of grains), 2,000 blankets, and 50 boxes of soap in Makelle; 600 quintals of faffa Summary of USG Assistance and 1,000 blankets in Eritrea; and 220 quintals of faffa, 100 water containers, and tools in Gondar. Charge's disaster determination contributed to CRS ...... $25,000 World Vision Relief Organization -admin- istered an ongoing program in Gondar, main- Grant to CRS for feeding program in tained a close working relationship with the Makelle ...... $698,991 RCC, and worked with UNDRO in transporting OFDA grant to UNDRO to transport relief goods and food to isolated areas. emergency food ...... $800,000 TOTAL $175,000 Total OFDA assistance ...... $1,523,991 Assistance Provided by the International Diversion of 26 MT of edible oil from Community onging CRS programs to emergency feeding program ...... $21,000 Because of the continuing nature of the food shortage and other problems associated with Supplemental 838 MT of emergency the drought in Ethiopia, U.S. and international food to CRS for program in relief activities are ongoing. It is therefore diffi- Makelle ...... $397,000 cult to compile a complete list of assistance ETHIOPIA Africa

provided in response to this emergency. The Austria -made a cash contribution of $60,000 to following list is not comprehensive and repre- the RRC for the purchase and repair of heavy sents only a portion of the assistance directed to and light trucks. Ethiopia. Canada -contributed $243,900 in cash through International Organizations UNDRO; $325,200 in cash through UNICEF; Food and Agriculture Organization - $162,600 to WFP; $203,250 through LORCS; and undertook an emergency assistance project in $81,300 to the LWF. Gondar, Wollo, and Tigray in which 730 MT of Denmark -contributed $920,000 through seeds were distributed to 2,000 families for Danchurchaid; $57,471 to LORCS; and another planting. $57,471 to cover transportation costs of relief International Committee of the Red Cross supplies from Denmark to Ethiopia. (ICRC)- operates a major program in northern European Economic Community (EEC)- Ethiopia, working with the displaced com- contributed $547,885 to the RRC for spare parts; munity and returnees. $219,154 to UNICEF; $821,828 to the ICRC, and League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS)- $602,674 to Dutch Interchurchaid for food and launched a $2,400,000 appeal on behalf of the in-country transport costs. The EEC also pro- Ethiopian Red Cross for drought victims in vided 94 MT of butter-oil and 500 MT of cereals Wollo and Gondar. (See contributions below.) to CRS for the Makelle feeding project and contributed 2,000 MT of cereal to Diakonische UNDP-made a cash contribution of $30,000. Werk; 1,000 MT of cereals to Caritas Germany; UNDRO -issued an international appeal for and 1,500 MT of cereals to Dutch Interchurchaid. assistance for the relief of the drought-affected Finland-contributed two 4-wheel drive trucks people of Gondar, Wollo, Tigray and Eritrea. valued at $125,000, including transport. UNDRO served as liaison between international donors and the RRC in coordinating assess- France -contributed 3,500 MT of wheat valued ments, delivery, and transportation of at $840,000. emergency food. Germany, Federal Republic of -contributed UNICEF -allocated $310,000 from its $205,000 to the GOE for in-country transport; emergency reserve fund to assist mothers $340,000 to Caritas Germany; and 3,000 MT of and children among the drought victims. wheat, value not reported, to LORCS. Of this amount, $155,000 was to assist with Hungary- the national UNICEF committee transportation and $155,000 was used to pur- contributed $7,000 to a UNICEF appeal for field chase blankets, clothing, medicines, and medical supplies. supplementary food, and cooking utensils. UNICEF also issued an appeal for $3.5 million to Italy -contributed spare parts and tires, valued assist 250,000 young children and mothers. at $638,978, for Fiat vehicles (models 682 and 639); also provided tents, blankets, babyfood, WFP- launched an emergency food-aid pro- and agricultural tools, the total value of which, gram to supplement rations for 220,000 people including air and seafreight, was $4,000,000. and nutritional supplements for 50,000 mothers and children; contributed at least 15,120 MT of Netherlands -donated 5,000 MT of grain for food assistance, valued at approximately $4 mil- the Ethiopia National Food Reserve valued at lion, including freight; airlifted 630 MT of ICSM $862,069; contributed $172,414 to the ICRC; and from CRS stocks in Egypt to Ethiopia; airlifted $702,570 to the ICCO, a Dutch Protestant aid 120 MT of dried whole milk from Switzerland. society. World Health Organization -the Regional Norway -contributed $660,000 to Norwegian Office for Africa contributed $20,000 for Churchaid and the Norwegian Red Cross. medicaments. Governments Soviet Union -contributed 9,500 MT of rice, value not reported. Australia -contributed 93.4 tons of high pro- tein milk biscuits, valued at $611,564, to the WFP Sweden-contributed $256,410 in cash to sup- emergency operation; airlifted 20 tons of high port operations of the ICRC; provided a team of protein milk biscuits to Ethiopia for World Vi- five mechanics to work under UNDRO auspices sion International (WVI) to Ethiopia at a cost of assisting the RRC in the repair of 41 heavy duty $125,000; and shipped 5,000 tons of wheat to WI. trucks; the value of this assistance was $51,948. ETHIOPIA Africa

Switzerland -contributed 100 MT of dried further consignments for conversion into whole milk to WFP; 1,400 MT of wheat to the 660-1000 MT of faffa. ICRC; 40 MT of dairy products to Swiss volun- tary agencies; 20 MT of dairy products, 200 Japan Red Cross -contributed 84 MT of butter family tents, 700,000 water purification tablets, oil. and cash to Terre des Hommes; $225,000 in cash Oxfam (U.K.)-provided feeding kits and to the Swiss Red Cross for ICRC and UNICEF. plastic sheeting in Wollo and Gondar, value at Total value of Swiss assistance: $1,900,000. $75,000. United Kingdom -contributed $113,700 to Save the Children Fund, UK -worked with the UNDRO and $152,471 to British Save the Christian Relief and Development Association; Children Fund for feeding activities in Wollo. provided a doctor, two nutritionists, and a Voluntary Agencies number of nutritional field workers in Wollo. Finland Red Cross -contributed $75,000 in Switzerland Red Cross -contributed 10 MT of cash. wheat-soya-milk. Germany (F. R.) Red Cross -delivered grain to be converted into 330 MT of faffa, and pledged TOTAL $20,576,857

Date: October 6,1982 (FY 83) that day, the Head of State announced that the Location: Mano River, northern Grand Cape nation would observe two days of mourning; he Mount County, 100 miles north of Monrovia also named the Minister of Defense head of No. Dead: 46 confirmed, 50 others presumed relief efforts at the site. dead The GOL Army Air Reconnaissance Unit No. Affected: 200 was deployed to transport the severely injured Damage: Fifteen dwellings were crushed, to JFK Hospital in Monrovia, while the less household and personal effects of 200 miners seriously injured were treated at Mano River buried Hospital and the camp medical unit. Recovery operations were directed by the The Disaster National Iron Ore Company Administrative Following torrential rains in the northern part Manager, who organized a team of doctors, of Grand Cape Mount County about 100 miles local citizens, mine officials, and the military to north of Monrovia, a landslide buried large assess personnel and equipment needs and portions of the No Way Mining Camp of the design plans to shelter and care for the National Iron Ore Company. The landslide, con- displaced survivors. sisting of mud, talus, and debris, swept through The Liberian Red Cross dispatched a rescue the camp at three o'clock in the morning, en- team with clothing, hospital gowns, and first gulfing the barracks and other facilities which aid supplies to the mining camp. A Red Cross housed the 200 miners and family members nurse accompanied the injured during air tran- who worked in the camp. Forty-six bodies were sit to Monrovia. The Red Cross also donated recovered from the debris, 31 people were gauze, adhesive plaster, bandages, hospital seriously injured, and 50 people never found gowns, and clothing to the JFK Hospital in were presumed dead. Monrovia. In addition to the Red Cross. local Action menby the Government of Liberia civic associations conducted blood drives for the injured, and several private businesses contrib- (GOL) uted unspecified sums to the relief effort. The The GOL responded promptly to the situation Liberian Airline Association contributed $900; at the mining camp. Declaring the incident a the Indian Association of Liberia donated national disaster, the GOLHead of State imme- $5,000; the International Church in Monrovia diately dispatched military and police units to contributed $500; the Liberia Baptist Missionary the area to assist in rescue and clean-up opera- and Educational Convention donated $300; the tions. When he flew to the scene himself later Lebanese community of Bong Mines donated LIBERIA Africa

$500; the National Muslim Council donated France -contributed 1,095 tons of flour, value $500; the Rotary Club donated $500; and the not reported. Liberian Embassy in Kenya contributed $905. Ghana -contributed $2,000 in cash. Assistance Provided by the United States Japan-made a cash contribution of $10,000 Government (USG) through LORCS. The American Ambassador to Korea, Republic of -contributed $20,000 in Liberia, William L. Swing, upon cash. learning of the disaster at Mano ~.wembour~-madea cash contribution of River, sent a message of condolence to the Head of State and offered the $4,200 through LORCS. assistance of the USG. A two-mem- Netherlands -contributed $24,910 in cash ber team was dispatched from the through LORCS. U.S. Embassy to make an assessment and identify areas in which the USG New Zealand-donated $327 in cash through could provide assistance. Based on LORCS. information supplied by the Embassy Nigeria- made a cash contribution of $10,000. and GOL assessments, Ambassador Swing declared the Mano River min- Norway -contributed $31,500 in cash through ing camp landslide a disaster on LORCS. October 7 and utilized his disaster Soviet Union -contributed thirteen cases of authority to provide a cash grant of medicines, value not reported. $25,000 to assist the victims. The USG contribution, made to the GOL Sweden -made a cash donation of $30,765 National Disaster Relief Fund, was through LORCS. used to provide food, shelter, and Thailand -contributed $2,100 in cash through blankets ...... $25,000 LORCS. TOTAL $25,000 Voluntary Agencies Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary World Lebanese Cultural Union-made a cash Agencies contribution of $6,000. None reported. TOTAL $263,357 Assistance Provided by the International Community

International Organizations World Health Organization -provided drugs and intravenous fluids valued at $20,000.

Governments Austria -contributed in-kind assistance valued at $13,860 through the League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS). Cameroon-made cash contribution of $10,000. Canada -contributed $18,690 in cash through LORCS. China, Peoples Republic of -contributed $22,575 in cash through LORCS. Denmark- provided $15,430 in cash through LORCS. Finland -made a cash contribution of $21,000 through LORCS. SENEGAL Africa

Date: June18-19,1983 (FY 83) supplement GOS stocks for a total of 180 MT to Location: Departments of Matam and Bakel in feed 5,000 people for three months. A.I.D.'s northeast Senegal Office of Food For Peace shipped 100 MT of PL. No. Dead: None reported 480 Title I1 sorghum, valued at $13,900, to Sene- No. Affected: 5,000 gal in response to this request. The total value of the sorghum, including ocean freight, was esti- Damage: An estimated 5,000 victims lost mated to be $26,400. dwellings, cattle, and crops; damage to roads and bridges was estimated at $1,406,000. TOTAL $51,400

The Disaster Assistance Provided by U.S. Vbluntary Agencies During the night of June 18-19 an unprece- dented 150 mm of rain fell in the northern None reported. departments of Matam and Bakel. The sudden rains followed nine months of drought and the Assistance Provided by the International parched soils were unable to absorb the deluge. Community The resulting flooding destroyed homes, killed cattle, and washed out crops, bridges, and por- International Organizations tions of roads. An estimated 4,600 people in League of Red Cross Societies -transferred Matam Department and 280 in Bahel Depart- $10,000 from Emergency Relief Funds to the ment were affected. Senegalese Red Cross for local purchase of foodstuffs. Action Taken by the Govemment of Senegal (GOS) U.N. Development Program -contributed $13,270 in cash. In response to the flooding in Matam and Bakel the GOS was able to provide 80 MT of food World Food Program -approved a drought through the Commissariat &Assistance Alimen- relief program for the LougaNatam area, to tarie (CAA) and some other sources. The GOS include 2,700 MT of sorghum, 360 MT of non-fat army provided 15 tents to house flood victims, dried milk, and 270 MT of oil; the value of which while other homeless were temvorarilv shel- was not reported. tered in schools and cornmunit; buildings. The World Health Organization -contributed medi- Ministry of Public Works constructed laterite cines and medical supplies, the value of which detours around the washed out roads and was not reported. bridges to prevent further damage. The CAA transported of 100 MT of sorghum from Rosso, TOTAL $23,270 Mauritania to Dakar (see below). Governments The Senegalese Red Cross issued an appeal to the League of Red Cross Societies for assistance France-cOntributed 25 tents to meet the emergency needs of 2,000 victims victims, the value of which was not reported. for one month. Assistance Provided by the United States Govemment (USG) On July 7,1983, the U.S. Ambassador to Senegal determined that the flooding in Matam and Bakel Departments was a disaster situation warranting U.S. assistance. A contribution of $25,000 was made to the Senegal Disaster Committee to meet emergency needs of the flood victims, including medicines, seeds, and receptacles for potable water. In addition, USAIDlDakar requested 100 MT of sorghum for an emergency food program to SOUTH AFRICA Africa

Date: Late 1982 through 1983 (FY 83) about eight million people, were used to Location: Entire country; areas most severely provide short-term employment, emergency affected include Lebowa, Gazankulu, and food supplies for schools, and fresh drinking Kwazulu water for human consumption, and to subsidize No. Dead: Not reported cattle and sheep fodder. The debt relief program for farmers enabled them to obtain new credit No. Affected: Estimates number in the millions; and to consolidate and repay debts over a longer however, no official figures are available period of time. Damage: Severe losses to crops, primarily corn, sugarcane, and subsistence crops; reduced The South Africa Red Cross of the Natal region grazing lands resulted in serious food shortages was active in administering feeding programs and increased incidences of malnutrition in for affected persons, mostly in Kwazulu. In humans and livestock; loss of tens of thousands Natal the Red Cross supplied 12'/2 tons of mealie of cattle meal per week to 1,000 families of seven people per family. Between March and December 1983, The Disaster 540,000 people received assistance. The Red Cross also administered a major school feeding Failure of spring rains two years in a row project for 70,000 rural children, which was resulted in severe drought conditions largely financed by Operation Hunger. Nurses, throughout South Africa; most affected were doctors, church groups, social workers, and Kwazulu, Gazankulu, and Lebowa. As the others assisted in needs assessments and super- drought progressed, boreholes dried up and vised food distribution for the Red Cross. water levels in dams and rivers fell far below normal. Dam levels throughout South Africa Operation Hunger, under the auspices of the dropped as low as 14% of normal capacity, South African Institute for Race Relations, also forcing cutbacks in the supply of electricity and conducted feeding programs throughout the water for personal consumption as well as for country. By the fall of 1983 Operation Hunger irrigation, industry, mining, and commerce. was feeding between 500,000 -600,000 people, over half of whom were in Lebowa and Ciskei. The incidence of kwashiorkor and other nutri- tion-related diseases rose dramatically in many Assistance Provided by the United States areas due to drought-induced crop failures. The Government (USG) incidence of typhoid and cholera also increased as the lack of water resulted in a deterioration of On March 18,1983 the U.S. Ambas- sanitary conditions. sador to South Africa, Herman W. Nickel, determined that the nation- South Africa, normally an exporter of maize to wide drought situation warranted neighboring southern African countries, was USG assistance and exercised his dis- forced to import corn to offset lost commercial aster assistance authority. The sum of production. These imports did not, however, $25,000 was divided equally among compensate for the shortfall in subsistence out- three organizations carrying out local put, leaving as much as a third of the black relief efforts: the South Africa Red homeland population without an adequate sup- Cross; Operation Hunger, working ply of food. under the auspices of the South Af- rican Institute for Race Relations; and Action Taken by the South African Government World Vision. The Office of U.S. For- (SAG) the Red Cross and Operation Hunger eign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) In March 1983, as it became apparent that South later authorized an additional $30,000 Africa was experiencing a second consecutive to these organizations for their con- season of drought, the SAG announced an $18.4 tinuing drought rrelief efforts ...... $55,000 million drought relief plan for the non-indepen- Total USG Assistance (FY 83) $55,000 dent black homelands and a large aid plan to relieve debt-ridden white farmers. Drought re- In November 1983, at the request of lief funds for the homelands, primarily rural the U.S. Embassy in South Africa, black areas whose combined population totals OFDA obligated an additional SOUTH AFRICA Africa

$200,000. The South Africa Red Cross constructed sixty 5,000-liter and five 15,000-liter and Operation Hunger each received water tanks, and initiated other long-term water $75,000 to support their feeding pro- consewation measures. (See also Assistance grams. World Vision received $50,000 Provided by USG.) for a long term water consewation program ...... $200,000 Assistance Provided by the International Community Total USG Assistance (FY 84) $200,000 Germany Federal Republic of -donated TOTAL $255,000 $18,400 to Operation Hunger for drought relief and contributed $18,400 to the South Africa Red Assistance .hvidedby U.S. Voluntary Cross for drought relief in Kwazulu. Agencies Premier Group -gave $92,165 to Operation World Vision -with grants totaling about Hunger. $68,330 from the USG, World Vision admin- istered a feeding program for 6,000 children, TOTAL $128,965

Date: Apd1983 (FY 83) Assistance Provided by the United States Location: Maban area, Upper Nile Province Government (USG) No. Dead: None reported On May 15,1983, the U.S. Ambas- No. Affected: 30-45,000 farmers and 2-3,000 sador to the Sudan determined that a Ethiopian refugees disaster existed in Upper Nile Damage: Crop losses due to drought conditions Province and authorized $7,7l6 to- wards the costs of transporting 10,000 The Disaster sacks of dura provided by the WFP from central stores to Maban. A Two consecutive crop failures in Maban, Upper check for this amount was presented Nile Province, caused a shortage of dura, the to the Sudanaid Project Coordinator . . . . $7,7l6 main subsistence crop. Because the impending rainy season would make roads impassable for TOTAL $7,7l6 seven to eight months, it was necessary to obtain sufficient quantities of dura to meet basic Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary consumption requirements during this period. Agencies None reported. Action Taken by Local Authorities and Private Voluntary Organizations Assistance Provided by the International The local government made an assessment of Community needs and reported that an estimated 8,000 World Food Program -provided 10,000 sacks of sacks of dura were necessary to meet the popu- dura, value not reported. lation's minimal caloric requirements. Approximately 3,000 sacks of dura were brought in by local traders and sold to Maban residents. The Catholic Church and Sudanaid, a local private voluntary group, donated funds to pay part of the cost of transporting dura provided by the World Food Program (WFP). Village level distribution of the WFP-supplied dura was un- dertaken by the local government and village chiefs. SUDAN Africa

Date: August 15-16,1983 (FY 83) Action Taken by the Government of the Sudan Location: Kassala and environs (GOS) and the Sudanese Red Crescent No. Dead: None reported The regional government issued an appeal No. Affected: 100,000; 30,000 displaced from for funds to purchase emergency food, shelter, their homes clothing, and medicine. Distribution of the Damage: Approximately 3,000 houses destroyed supplies received and allocation of temporary or damaged housing were handled by the GOS. The Sudanese Red Crescent conducted a The Disaster damage assessment and subsequently re- Heavy rains during August 15-16,1983 caused quested that the League of Red Cross Societies the Gash River to overflow its banks inundating issue an appeal for international assistance. the regional capital city of Kassala. The floods destroyed or damaged up to 3,000 houses and Assistance Provided by the United States resulted in the displacement of approximately Government (USG) 30,000 people. A total of 100,000 people, both On August 24,1983, the Ambassador to the local residents and refugees from Ethiopia, were Sudan determined that a disaster situation ex- affected by the flooding. isted in Kassala. Accordingly, he authorized the expenditure of $7,7l6 for the local purchase of food, shelter materials, and clothing. TOTAL $7,n6 SUDAN Africa

Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary At the request of the Sudanese Red Crescent, Agencies LORCS issued a limited appeal to European national societies requesting 500 tents and None reported. $96,330 in cash for the purchase and transport of 10,000 blankets. LORCS proceeded to order the Assistance Provided by the International 10,000 blankets and 500 tents and transport Community them by charter aircraft from Geneva to Kassala. European Economic Community -contributed ' Total costs were estimated at $160,550. a cash grant, value not reported. UNHCR -donated a cash grant, value not Islamic African Relief Organization- made a reported. cash grant, value not reported. World Food Program-contributed food com- League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS)-a modities; type, amount, and value not reported. LORCS delegate accompanied local Red Cres- cent officials on the damage assessment survey. TOTAL $160,550

Date: October 28-31 and November 11-12,1982 rest of the country were cut. The airport closed (FY 83) and all rail lines and roads were impassable. The Location: Governorates of Sfax, Zaghouan, Sfax radio station ceased operation and all elec- Mahdia, Tunis, Sousse, Monastir, Cap-Bon, Ben trical services were disrupted. Arous The floods caused serious property damage in all No. Dead: 117 sectors. Roads and bridges were washed out in No. Affected: 30,000 dozens of areas. Potable water systems in the city Damage: An estimated 12,000 houses were of Sfax and other urban areas were damaged, damaged or destroyed; extensive damage to and thousands of cisterns and wells were silted roads, water and sewerage systems, bridges, and polluted. The sewerage system in Sfax was communications, and agriculture (fnrit and olive blocked with sand and debris, causing a break- trees) occurred. Damage to the governorate of down in four pumping stations. Approximately Sfax is estimated at $45.9 million; nationally, 10,000 houses were damaged by the floods, damages are estimated at $90 to $140 million. some filling with one to two meters of water and mud sediment. In addition, at least 2,000 houses The Disaster were completely destroyed. Nine of the twenty-one governorates of Tunisia In the agricultural sector, 30,000 olive and fruit were hit by unusually heavy rains on October trees were destroyed and large numbers of stock 28-31 and November 11-12, resulting in severe were killed. Tlurty thousand chickens were lost flooding. Sfax, the most seriously affected gover- from one poultry center alone in Sfax; hundreds norate, received 300 mm of rainfall in 32 hours, of tons of seed and food were destroyed; and or 181 perrent of the normal annual rainfall. thousands of hectares of land were damaged. Heaviest damage occurred in areas along several rivers whose banks had overflowed. The number Adion menby the Government of Tunisia of known dead and those missing and presumed (GOT) and the Tunisian Red Crescent dead was 117. Immediately following the first occurrence of During and immediately following the flooding, flooding, the GOT issued a list of needs to the thousands of families sought refuge. Many were United Nations, the U.S. Government, and crowded into the one-room homes of nearby other potential donor governments. This list friends and relatives or into mosques, schools, or included tents, blankets, sleeping bags, folding other public facilities. The remainder lived in cots, reservoir trucks, water pumps, food, and tents provided by the Tunisian Government and clothing. other donors. An estimated 45,000 people were made homeless by the disaster. Relief efforts by the GOT were somewhat haphazard in the first days of the disaster, due The hardest hit area was Sfax City, where on primarily to breakdowns in the communication October 31, all lines of communication with the and transportation systems. As these networks TUNISIA Africa were restored, more precise information on the Housing was the most important issue during flood situation and relief needs reached govem- and after the disaster, as 45.000' ~eovle11were ment officials, and consequently overall relief without shelter and had lost many or all of their efforts improved. The GOT responded to the possessions. The GOT responded by providing situation through three organizations: the Tuni- family-size tents, food, blankets, clothing, and sian Civil Defense (TCD), the National Commit- other supplies. High priority was given to repair- tee of Social Solidarity (NCSS), and the Tunisian ing salvageable houses and to replacing the 2,000 Red Crescent. homes destroved. The GOT made a number of limited cash &ants to help victims make emer- The TCD, organized under the National Guard1 gency repairs. The Tunisian Ministry of Housing Ministry of Interior, took responsibility for coor- also formulated three plans to aid the flood dinating shipments arriving from abroad and for victims: 1)to assist families in completing emer- assessing data provided by regional authorities. gency rehabilitation of their homes by providing The TCD was also charged with targeting and quick disbursement, low-interest loans; 2) to mobilizing resources such as National Army construct core housing to replace housing that helicopters and trucks for rescue missions. was completely destroyed; and 3) to expand municipalities' access to mdit for the repair of The NCSS, organized under the Ministry of urban infrastructure facilities. It is not known Social Affairs, is the GOT agency which works whether or not these plans were implemented. with voluntary agencies engaged in feeding programs in Tunisia. NCSS provided 650 Assistance Provided by the United States blankets from its stocks and purrhased an addi- Government (USG) tional 1,000, and provided 300 bales of used clothing, 20 tons of semolina, five tons of cou- Following the GOT'S public appeal for scous, five tons of sugar, and five tons of oil. international assistance, the U.S. Ambassador to These supplies were delivered to the governo- Tunisia, Walter L. Cutler, determined on rates of Sfax, Zaghouan, Mahdia, Sousse, November 3 that the emergency created by the Monastir, and Ben Arous in a fleet of thirty flooding was of a magnitude to warrant USG trucks owned and operated by NCSS. This aid. Accordingly he exercised his disaster relief organization also conducted an extensive survey authority and contributed $25,000 to the Tunisian of emergency food needs. Red Crescent for the local purchase of relief supplies. The Red Crescent sent its entire stock of tents, As the severity of the disaster became more blankets, clothing, and food to the disaster area. apparent, the USG responded to specific GOT On November 2, the Red Crescent appealed to requests for assistance. An additional $10,000 the League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS) for was contributed to the local relief program. The additional tents, blankets, clothing, milk U.S. Mission in Tunis agreed with the GOT that powder, and cheese, and for cash to purchase sewage and road problems presented risks to the food and other items. The Tunisian Navigation health, safety, and welfare of citizens in the Company and the national airline, Tunis Air, affected areas. The Mission therefore proposed apedto transport free of charge any supplies to the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance sent through them to the Red Crescent. (OFDA) that further assistance be provided in The GOT also mated a National Disaster Coor- the form of Bailey bridges, culvert pipes, jet dinating Committee, which was headed by the pumps for use in sewer cleaning, and sump Ministry of Public Health and charged with pumps for removing stagnant water. coordinating receipt and distribution of foreign The USAID Near East Regional Engineer was aid. Committee members included represen- sent to Tunisia to carry out an extensive assess- tatives of the Red Crescent, NCSS, TCD, ment of the situation and select sites for the Customs Office, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bailey bridges and culvert pipes. In addition, Office of Ports and Airports, and Tunis Air. The OFDA sent two Bailey bridge experts from the committee made site visits in affected areas, Department of Defense to assist in the on-site conducted meetings with regional and village assessment. A disaster relief officer from OFDA representatives, and surveyed the damaged was also sent to visit the affected area, oversee areas by helicopter. At the governorate level, the relief operation, and make recommendations coordinating committees organized and headed to OFDA regarding possible additional measures by governors and composed of local leaders, for U.S. assistance. The final assessment recom- representatives of ministries, TCD, and NCSS mended that the damaged bridges be replaced met daily during the flood disaster. or repaired using pony truss and I-beam type Africa bridging instead of the more costly Bailey Culvert pipes, including transporta- bridges. OFDA approved the shipment of three tion ...... $233,283 90 foot pony truss bridges, three 30 foot I-beam Additional support funds for local bridges, and one 60 foot I-beam bridge, all of relief program $10,000 which were used to repair bridges in Zaghouan, ...... Sousse, and Sfax. Culvert pipes, also purchased Travel of OFDA Senior Operations with OFDA funds, were used for bridge repairs Officer ...... $2,172 in Rohia. Two U.S. military engineering person- nel experienced in bridge erection assisted Costs incurred under the WASH USAID and the GOT to insure proper site contract ...... $65,062 preparation, oversee the installation, and TOTAL $911,717 train GOT personnel. Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary Agencies USAID's Regional Engineer confirmed that the Sfax City sewer system was malfunctioning and CRS -distributed 390 bales of clothing, valued that the Sfax Sanitary Engineering Department at $58,970, to the affected population in the Sfax, (ONAS) had only limited equipment available Mahdia, Zaghouan, and Tunis governorates. for restoration. A sanitation engineer from TOTAL $58,970 USAID's WASH Team (Water and Sanitation for Health) traveled to Tunisia to assist in the sewage Assistance Provided by the International cleanup operation and OFDA sent two water Community purification units from its stockpile in Leghorn, Italy. (Subsequently, it was determined that the International Organizations water purification units would not be needed, European Economic Community -cash and they were sent back to the Leghorn stock- contribution of $184,881 through LORCS. pile.) OFDA also authorized the purchase and shipment of jet pump sewer clearing equipment, LORCS -on November 2, in response to a water pumps, and hosing for use in restoring the request from the Tunisian Red Crescent, LORCS Sfax City sewer system. WASH engineers and issued an appeal to 25 member societies for technicians from the sewer equipment manufac- assistance in the form of tents, blankets, warm turing company trained local Tunisian personnel clothing, boots and shoes, milk powder, cheese, in the operation of the equipment. The cleanup and cash for local purchases of food, soap, and operation in Sfax City continued for 16 hours a cleaning materials. LORCS also sent a delegate day from December 1982 through September (see contributions below). 1983. United Nations Development Program (UNDP) In response to a GOT request to Catholic Relief -cash grant of $30,000. Services (CRS), a total of 145 MT of I?L. 480 Title UNDRO -at the request of the GOT, issued an I1 food commodities from existing stocks were international appeal on November 3 for relief authorized for distribution during the emer- assistance for the victims of the floods. UNDRO gency. The commodities, consisting of 114 MT of sent a relief officer to assist the UNDP resident wheat flour, 19 MT of oil, and 12 MT of non-fat representative and government authorities with dried milk, were adequate to feed 2,535 families, the coordination of international assistance, and or an estimated 12,675 persons, for 30 days. on November 5, the UNDRO Coordinator ar- rived in Tunis to survey the affected areas. Summary of USG Assistance LTNDRO also donated $30,000 from its disaster Ambassador's Authority donated to assistance account for the purchase of emer- the Tunisian Red Crescent relief pro- gency supplies. $25,000 gram...... World Food Program (WFP)- donated 1,575 Storage and transportation of water tons of wheat, 126 tons of dry skim milk, and purification units ...... $156,164 94.5 tons of edible oil, all for distribution to 35,000 beneficiaries for 90 days in the governo- DOD bridges (pony and I-beam) in- rates of Sfax, Mahdia, and Zaghouan. In addi- cluding transportation and TDY of tion, WFP provided 600 tons of wheat to farmers DOD Bailey bridge experts ...... $79,000 in affected areas. Total value of contribution, Sewer equipment and spare parts ..... $260,067 including transport, was $1,083,600. Six water pumps and hose ...... $80,969 World Health Organization -provided essential medicines valued at $5,500 (including transport). TUNISIA Africa

Governments Voluntary Agencies Belgium -Government and Red Cross: pro- Action dlUrgence Internationale (France)- pro- vided in-kind contribution valued at $103,510 vided the services of one doctor, one Red Cross through LORCS. promoter, one mason, and eight rescue workers. Canada -gave $46,197 in cash through LORCS. Algeria Red Cross-provided 100 tents, 2,700 blankets, ten tons of semolina, three tons of tea, France -provided 6,000 blankets and 100 tents, valued at $289,855 and one ton of protein tablets. and three tons of sugar, with a total value of The French Defense Ministry offered the use of $81,109, through LORCS. an underwater rescue vessel to the Tunisian Australia Red Cross -contributed $965 in cash Government. through LORCS. Germany, Federal Republic of -contributed Austria Red Cross- gave assistance valued at $39,370 in cash, 40 large tents, and 2,000 $29,165 through LORCS. blankets; value not reported. Bahrain Red Cross-contributed $18,665 in cash Hungary -gave blankets, tents, and medicines through LORCS. valued at $33,726. Belgium Red Cross- provided three tons of Italy -gave 600 blankets, 48 large tents, 144 clothing, 1,000 blankets, and eight tents, all camp beds, the services of three civil protection valued at $11,136, through LORCS. experts, and 100 masks for rescue teams; value not reported. Canada Red Cross -gave $7,933 in cash through LORCS. Japan -contributed $9,790 in cash through the Japanese Embassy in Tunis. CaritaslDiakonisches Werk (FRG) -provided 500 tents, 9,100 blankets, and 3.5 tons of food, ,Kuwait -airlifted medicines, food, tents, and with a total value of $106,299. blankets; value not reported. CaritasLucerne (Switzerland)-donated 600 Libya-provided 1,000 tents, three pumps blankets valued at $4,545, through LORCS. mounted on trucks, and three water pumps; value not reported. China (P.R.) Red dross-contributed $10,000 in cash to the Tunisian Red Crescent. Luxembourg -airlifted 810 blankets to Tunis, valued at $15,310. Denmark Red Cross-contributed $5,580 in cash through LORCS. Morocco -gave two tons of jam, six tons of rice, 12 tons of sugar, and 500 blankets; value not Entraide Protestante (Switzerland)- provided reported. in-kind contributions valued at $4,410 through LORCS. Netherlands -contributed $17,863 of in-kind assistance through LORCS. Finland Red Cross- donated 1,000 blankets valued at $8,352 through LORCS. Saudi Arabia-contributed $10,000,000 in cash for reconstruction. France Red Cross -provided one ton of protein tablets valued at $3,593 through LORCS. Switzerland -donated 400 tents and 2,000 blankets, and sent a disaster assessment team. German Democratic Republic Red Cross -gave Government and Red Cross: gave ten tons of children's clothing and blankets valued at whole milk powder, valued at $19,132, through $22,821 through LORCS. LORCS. Germany (F.R.) Red Cross-provided 201 family tents, 4 six-person tents, 9 eight-person tents, Syria -airlifted food, the quantity and value of which was not reported. and 15 tons of used clothing, with a total value of $71,423, through LORCS. United Kingdom -Government and Red Cross: gave 60 ground sheets, 2,000 blankets, 3,125 Hungary Red Cross -gave in-kind assistance knitted blankets, and 200 tents, all valued at valued at $29,482 through LORCS. $118,629. Islamic Conference Organization -gave $500,000 in cash. Jordan Red Crescent -contributed $560 in cash through LORCS. TUNISIA Africa

Korea Republic Red Cross -contributed $2,917 Soviet Union Red Cross-donated 1,000 in cash through LORCS. blankets, an unspecified quantity of medicines, and 3,000 cans of baby food, with a total value of Kuwait Red Crescent -gave in-kind assistance $45,730, through LORCS. valued at $19,631 through LORCS. Spain Red Cross -gave in-kind assistance Libya Red Crescent -provided 2,000 blankets, valued at $17,545 through LORCS. 50 large tents, 50 small tents, 400 tins of milk, and 11,000 pieces of clothing, with a total value Sweden Red Cross -provided 255 tents worth of $125,895, through LORCS. $15,495; 2,000 blankets and 25 tons of clothing and boots, valued at $85,989; and 15,230 kg of Luxembourg Red Cross -contributed $933 in clothing, first aid kits, and blankets, valued at cash though LORCS. $53,914, through LORCS. Monaco Red Cross -gave $2,734 in cash Switzerland Red Cross -gave 21 tons of used through LORCS. clothing valued at $22,889, and 47 folding beds, Netherlands Red Cross -provided 80 family value not reported, through LORCS. tents valued at $17,707 through LORCS. Turkey Red Crescent -provided 500 family tents New Zealand Red Cross -gave $467 in cash and 3,OOCI blankets valued at $137,751, through through LORCS. LORCS.

Norway Red Cross -gave $7,070 in cash Yugoslavia Red Cross -gave assistance valued through LORCS. at $2,207 through LORCS.

Secours Populaire Francais -collaborated with the team of relief experts from Action dlUrgence TOTAL $13,502,275 Internationale by providing blankets and medi- cines, value not reported. UGANDA Africa

Date: 1983 (FY 83) Location: Luwero, Mpigi, and Mubende The GOU promised to improve living conditions Districts in the camps and increase security, both for the No. Dead: Not reported camps and for the agencies delivering relief supplies. No. Affected: Approximately 150,000 Damage: Not reported At the request of the GOU, the Uganda Red Cross Society (URCS) acted as lead agency in The Disaster setting up the relief operation. The URCS was responsible for registering and tracing the dis- Widespread civil disorder continues in Uganda placed people and for their feeding and medical nearly five years after Idi Amin's ouster. The care. Despite food shortages and problems with goal of political and social stability is thwarted by security and logistics, some 70 volunteers dis- deep-seated regional and tribal animosities tributed 364 tons of maize meal (posho) and rice which often erupt in acts of terrorism. and 80 tons of beans to families in 27 camps in September alone. The URCS also distributed In one such demonstration of violence, an clothing and blankets in the camps and cared estimated 150,000 people were displaced during for the sick through the efforts of five mobile 1983 in the central districts of Luwero, Mpigi, medical teams consisting of ten volunteers each. and Mubende. According to the Ugandan gov- ernment's account of the disaster, the majority of Assistance Provided by the United States the displaced people had been held hostage by Government (USG) dissident groups, subjected to physical and men- tal suffering, and dispossessed of their property. The U.S. Ambassador, Allen C. Davis, determined on August 29 that The several widely scattered camps in which the the displaced persons situation in government housed the displaced people were Luwero and nearby districts of central generally comprised of makeshift structures, Uganda constituted a disaster of suffi- seriously overcrowded, and unsanitary. Insuffi- cient magnitude to warrant USG as- cient food resulted in widespread malnutrition sistance. He exercised his disaster among the camps' populations. relief authority to forward $25,000 to The unstable situation in the country and inade- the Uganda Red Cross. An Inter- quate transport facilities hampered relief opera- Agency Group considering the U.S. tions, which were expected to continue for an offer of assistance had already recom- extended period of time. An even longer term mended that part of the money be rehabilitation period would be required before used for the purchase of 46 tons of the displaced people could return to their beans and the balance be used to homes and regain self-sufficiency. transport maize flour from Jinja to Kampala and thence to the camps ...... $25,000 Action Taken by the Government of Uganda .At the request of the USAID Mission (GOU) and Non-Governmental Organizations 'in Kampala, A.I.D.'s Office of U.S. ~oreignDisaster Assistance (OFDA) The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the GOU provided an additional $25,000 for the appealed formally to the USG and other donor purchase of emergency foodstuffs, governments on September 19 for relief assist- soap, and medical supplies. Of that ance for the displaced persons in Luwero, Mpigi, sum, $16,000 was transferred to the and Mubende Districts. At that time, the GOU League of Red Cross Societies also stated its intention to have the national relief (LORCS) and $9,000 to UNICEF ...... program coordinated and administered by the Office of the Prime Minister under a Chief Relief In view of the acute logistics problem Administrator. The latter official would be re- and the difficulty and expense of sponsible for channeling all external and internal leasing mechanically sound trucks in assistance and would serve as chairman of a Uganda, OFDA agreed to the Mis- government relief coordinating committee com- sion's request for funds to purchase prising representatives of several ministries in- two trucks locally. The Mission pro- volved with relief and rehabilitation activities. posed using any funds left over from UGANDA Africa the grant to set up a maintenance Assistance Provided by the International contract with a local Ford dealer ...... $50,000 Community Total FY 83...... $100,000 A number of countries and international agen- FY cies have provided development assistance and Assistance to Uganda continues in food to Uganda since Amin's departure in order 1984 with OFDA's approval of a Mis- to speed the country's economic recovery. Except sion allotment to be used for the local for the following organizations, however, infor- purchase of hoes and pangos mation is unavailable as to the type of assistance (machetes) ...... $75,000 that may have been provided in response to this particular disaster. Total FY 84 ...... $75,000 LORCSlIntemational Committee of the Red TOTAL $175,000 Cross (ICRS)-carried out an integrated Red Cross operation, together with the URCS. LORCS issued an international appeal for Assistance Provided by U.S. Wluntary Agencies approximately $5.8 million and sent several CARE and Save the Children Federation (work- delegates to Uganda to work with the National Society. ICRS conducted a survey of the affected ing with Oxfam) -these U.S. -based voluntary agencies with ongoing programs in Uganda area at the GOU's request and agreed to perform provided vehicles to transport relief supplies to its traditional protective and tracing services in the camps. Information is unavailable as to other view of the country's security problems. assistance these and other groups may have UNICEF -engaged in an ongoing program, given. providing vehicles for the transport of relief supplies to the camps.

Date: January-February 1983 (FY 83) sands of West Africans began moving out of Location: West Africa -Nigeria, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria to return to their countries of origin. The Benin, Niger initial rush to leave Nigeria by the prescribed No. Dead: At least 10 deadline led to massive concentrations of people at border points in transit through Benin and No. Affected: Estimated 2,000,000 Togo. Border closures contributed to the bottle- Damage: It is impossible to calculate the damage neck. Given only two weeks to exit Nigeria, the caused by the massive dismption and relocation aliens werv ill prepared to finance their trips, and of approximately two million people throughout sold their household goods to gain passage. West Africa. The repercussions will be felt most acutely at the local and regional levels as the The affected people left Nigeria using all returnees face the problem of finding ways to available means by air, sea, and land. Thousands support themselves and their families in areas gathered at the port at Lagos awaiting ships to already suffering severe economic hardship. carry them home, while many more became part of the bumper to bumper overland exodus. Most The Disaster of those leaving passed through Benin. In addi- In mid-January 1983, the Government of Nigeria tion to 40-50,000 Ghanaians initially stranded (GON) announced that all undocumented aliens between the Benin and Togo borders (Hilla- (non-Nigerians living and working in Nigeria Condji), 20,000 travelers were backed up in without proper papers) would have to leave the Cotonou. Some 150-300,000 Beninese were also country by January 31. It was estimated that reported to have returned home from Nigeria; approximately two million people would be however, their needs did not appear to be as affected by the deportation order which the great as those of the people transiting Benin, GON issued in an effort to lessen domestic principally Ghanaians. unemployment. Approximately 87,000 Nigeriens were among As a result of the GON proclamation, those expelled. During the initial crush, the pandemonium erupted as hundreds of thou- Government of Niger set up large army tents at WEST AFRICA Africa various locations and committed trucks to trans- Planning, the Prime Minister's Office, and the port the returnees. These people were quickly UNDROILTNDP Resident Representative, who dispersed to their home villages and their im- was also a member of the U.N. Crisis Coordina- pact, both economic and political, appeared to be tion Committee. slight. Other pupstransiting Niger included Reception centers were set up at the Kotoka some 7,000 Malians, 2,000 Ghanaians, and 500 International Airport, the World Trade site, Tema Voltaics. port, and other areas in the Volta region near the Many Ghanaians were stranded in Togo, par- Togo border, and at Aflao, also near the border. ticularly in the "no-man's land between the The GOG asked the international community for Togo and Benin borders along the coast, until the short- and long-term emergency health supplies, Ghana-Togo border was opened on January 29. cots, tents, blankets, ambulances, 100,000 MT of Some 40-50,000 people were initially caught in food, technical experts, and agricultural this situation. By February 1, travelers transiting implements. Togo on the coastal road numbered about 7,000 daily, while those transiting further inland num- The Ghana Red Cross, Salvation Army, Christian bered several thousand daily. The flow dimin- Mothers Society Seventh-day Adventists, and ished to a trickle by February 6. Estimates of the Christian Council of Churches were among the number of people that passed through Togo groups that provided aid to the returnees. The ranged from as low as 30,000 to as high as Ghana Red Cross appealed to the LORCS for 350,000. 40,000 blankets, 1,000 tents, 10,000 buckets, medicines, and pre-cooked foods. Adequate Some 12-35,000 Togolese were among those supplies were received. The Christian Council of expelled from Nigeria. Local church pups, with Churches requested material aid, such as food funds from their international counterparts, were and medicines, from the World Council of able to handle the resettlement of these people. Churches (WCC).

Action Taken by the Government of the People's Action Taken by the Government of Niger (GON) Republic of Benin (GPRB) and Beninese Groups and Nigerien Groups The GPRB established an inter-ministerial coor- The GON set up 20 large army tents, which dinating committee which included represen- accommodated 20-30 people each, at various tatives of the Ministries of Health and Interior locations. Some 40 trucks transported the retur- and the Benin Red Cross. The Committee ex- nees to their home areas. The Niger Red Cross pended $256,000 to transport the expellees distributed food, medicines, blankets, and other through its territory and appealed to the interna- relief supplies. tional community for assistance in meeting the expellees' basic needs while in Benin. Medicines Action Taken by the Govenunent of Togo (GOT) originally donated to the GPRB following floods and Togolese Groups in 1980 were released for use in caring for those in transit. The GOT set up an inter-ministerialcoordinating committee to deal with the crisis and provided 63 The Benin Red Cross set up receptionlfirst aid MT of food -milk, gari (manioc), and sugar to centers at Hilla-Condji and Krake-Seme at the help feed people stranded in the country. The Nigerian border and appealed to the League of Togolese Red Cross opened first aid centers and Red Cross Societies (LORCS) for supplementary appealed to LORCS for supplementary assist- assistance in the form of blankets, tents, medi- ance in the form of tents, blankets, cots, medi- cines, and cash to purchase food. It also admin- cine, and cash. The Baptist Church, Caritas, istered a $28,200 grant from the European Cathwell, and the Togolese Women's Federation Economic Community (EEC). were among local voluntary pupsproviding The Benin Rotary contributed $11,396 worth of emergency aid to the travelers. bread and water for travelers at the Hilla-Condji border crossing. Assistance Provided by the United States Government (USG) Action Taken by the Government of Ghana (GOG) and Ghanaian Groups Benin The GOG established a coordinating committee On January 28,1983, Ambassador composed of representatives from the Ministries Twining determined that the emer- of Foreign Affairs and Finance and Economic gency situation constituted a disaster. WEST AFRICA Africa

He exercised his disaster assistance Assistance Provided by U.S. Wluntary Agencies authority to provide $20,000 to the Benin Beninese Red Cross for relief ...... $20,000 CRS -supplied medical personnel to work with Catholic Relief Services (CRS) was the Benin Red Cross, a water truck, and 6,000 authorized to divert up to 150 MT of loaves of bread daily at the Hilla-Condji border I?L. Title 11 480 food commodities; however, only 70 MT, valued at crossing, all valued at $20,000. $32,408, were actually used...... $32,408 Subtotal $20,000

Six U.S. Peace Corps volunteers, already work- Ghana ing in Benin, assisted with emergency food distribution. CRS -provided 5,000 cooked meals daily Subtotal $52,408 through church groups in Accra; supplied anti- biotics, antidiarrheals, dressings, and other med- Ghana icines valued at $5,000 during the initial influx to the Accra Trade Fair site, Tema harbor, and Aflao; On February 11,1983, Ambassador Smith deter- brought food to Tema, Aflao, and Hoi and mined that the emergency constituted a disaster conducted feeding operations in Kumasi. CRS and exercised his disaster assistance authority to subsequently provided an additional $5,000 provide $25,000. This sum was not, however, worth of medicines. actually utilized. Church World Service (CWS)-appealed to its Sixty MT of I?L. 480 food commodities (soy- member groups for $250,000 in response to the fortified sorghum grits and vegetable oil) held by WCCLutheran World Federation (LWF) appeal CRS were diverted for use at transit reception made on behalf of the Christian Council of centers. The estimated value of these com- Churches; and sent clothing and blankets. modities, including ocean freight, is $23,000. Seventh-day Adventist World Service (SAWS)- Subtotal $23,000 delivered 21,000 lbs. of medicines donated by Upjohn Co. Niger World Vision -contributed $55,000 for the On February 4,1983, Ambassador Casey deter- purchase and airlift of medicines; $72,000 to mined that a disaster situation existed in Niger. transport Ghanaian returnees back to their home Exercising his disaster assistance authority, he villages; $80,000 for supplementary feeding; provided $25,000 to purchase fuel to transport and $28,000 for medical assistance. the returnees. Subtotal $245,000 Subtotal $25,000 Niger CWS -contributed $5,000 in cash. On January 29,1983, Ambassador Subtotal $5,000 Walker determined that the emer- gency situation constituted a disaster. He exercised his disaster assistance Togo authority to provide $25,000 to the CRS-distributed 5 MT of milk, 5 MT of bulgur, Togo Red Cross to purchase gasoline, and 2 MT of oil from its own I?L. 480 stocks and cooking fuel, and food...... $25,000 $5,000 worth of medicines and infant clothing. CRS was authorized to divert 31 MT Subtotal $5,000 of PL. 480 food commodities to an emergency feeding program. This in- TOTAL $275,000 cluded 24 MT of bulgur, 3.5 MT of vegetable oil, and 3.5 MT of non-fat Assistance Provided by the International dried milk, with a total estimated Community to Benin value, including ocean freight, of $12,600...... $12,600 International Organizations Subtotal $37,600 European Economic Community (EEC)- see TOTAL $138,008 below, under Ghana; at least $120,000 of the total WEST AFRICA Africa

was allocated to Benin; airlifted food and a Assistance Provided by the International medical team from France. Community to Ghana LORCS -contributed $25,126 to the Beninese International Organizations Red Cross. UNDRO -contributed $30,000 as a cash grant. EEC -allocated $5,170,000 for relief operations in Ghana, Togo, and Benin ($122,200 of this UNHCR-sent two delegates from Dakar, medi- through the FRG Red Cross); authorized the use cal kits valued at $25,000, and $150,000 for food of 5,000 MT of cereals on a provisional basis; through the World Food Program (WFP). contributed 90 MT of fish from Norway and cash UNICEF -conducted an assessment of needs; to cover UNICEF's post emergency assistance program (see below). airlifted 9.6 MT of drugs with an estimated value of $55,899; and provided $73,846 in cash. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)- the World Food Program (WFP)- performed an Office of Special Relief assessed the need for assessment of food needs and supplied 864 MT seeds and farm tools for the retuinee labor force. of food (of which 720 MT were from USG- LORCS -provided the services of two delegates; donated stocks), including 480 MT of maize1 launched an appeal on behalf of the national Red sorghum, 240 MT of corn-soy mix, 72 MT of Cross societies of Ghana, Togo, and Benin; vegetable oil, and 72 MT of dried skim milk, all shipped 39 MT of tents and blankets valued at valued at $140,800, to feed 120,000 people for 20 $197,917 aboard the FRG Red Cross ship Flora; days. and provided $35,660 to the Ghana Red Cross for expenses of drivers, storekeepers, and tempo- Govemments rary helpers. Canada -contributed $4,065 in cash. UNDRO -provided the services of personnel France -provided an assessment official. to help coordinate assistance, planned a $11.64 Germany, Federal Republic of -contributed million program of relief for 500,000 returnees for $20,833 in cash. 45 days, and contributed $30,000 in cash. Netherlands -see below, under Ghana. UNICEF- performed an assessment of needs; airlifted 22.7 MT of drugs valued at $132,177; Norway -see below, under Ghana. planned post-emergency assistance to upgrade United Kingdom- see below, under Ghana. clinics, immunize children, train village health workers, and strengthen the government's plan- hluntaqAgencies ning, monitoring, and evaluation capacity; con- tributed $177,247 in cash. Caritas Austria -see below, under Ghana. WFP- performed an assessment of food needs; Caritas Germany (F.R.)-contributed $20,833 to supplied 900 MT of cereals, 120 MT of dried skim Caritas Benin. milk, 90 MT of edible oil, and 25 MT of dried Denmark Red Cross- airlifted 10 MT of relief soup, all valued at $1,012,300, to feed 120,000 commodities including blankets and medicines. people for 30 days; distributed soup donated by Italy and distributed 9 kg of rice plus milk and France Red Cross -provided 1MT of protein cooking oil to each returnee as helshe crossed the tablets. Togo-Ghana border; supplied additional provi- Germany (F.R.) Red Cross-supplied the serv- sions for 400,000 people for 90 days that included ices of two delegates and contributed food and 7,000 MT of bulgur, 900 MT of dried milk, and medicine; see below, under Togo. 800 MT of edible oil. German volunteers- trucked in water each day Govemments to the reception center at the Hitla-Condji border crossing. Australia -contributed $98,039 to LORCS for Ghana, Togo, and Benin. Total to Benin* $704,802 Canada -donated $8,130 in cash; gave $81,000 to LORCS for the national Red Cross societies of *Some contributions included under Ghana and Ghana, Togo, and Benin; airlifted skimmed milk Togo benefited Benin as well. powder valued at $73,171, including transport. WEST AFRICA Africa

Denmark-airlifted blankets for the Danish Red dried fish, 10 h4T of food, 3 MT of medicines, Cross; contributed $59,524 through the Danish various relief goods, and one 7-ton truck, all Red Cross and $59,524 through Danchurchaid for valued at $93,333, to Caritas Ghanq. the WCCILW appeal. Caritas lnternationalis-issued a~htemational France -donated 2,000 MT of cereais. appeal. Finland -donated $28,302 in cash. Danchurchaid -provided a 1iais.m officer to the Christian Council of Churches; see WCC, below. Germany Federal Republic of -transported contributions of medical supplies and equipment Denmark Red Cross -shipped $10,360 blankets valued at $83,334 and 500 MT of maize valued at to Ghana Red Cross and 215 sQdchers aboard $125,000 aboard the FRG Red Cross ship Flora. FRG Red Cross ship Flora. Ireland-contributed $13,720 through Catholic Finland Red Cross-contribufa 5,500 pairs of Church agencies and $20,580 through the Irish shoes. Red Cross. German (F.R.) Red Cross -pkkided partial Italy -contributed medicines, 25 MT of dried financing ($107,500) in conjunction with the EEC soup, 200 tents, medical and surgical equipment, and LORCS to airlift 500 family tents, 10 large and clothing, all valued at $1,961,140 including first aid tents, 5,000 buckets, 13 MT of protein transport; planned a vaccination campaign at a biscuits, and 10,000 blankets; organized ship- cost of $581,079; purchased six trucks for WFP for ments via its ship Flora; shipped 10.6 MT of food distribution valued at $581,079 and six 10- supplies including two vehicles, water tanks, ton trucks valued at $350,000 for the GOG; and water purification tablets, and equipment for pledged 2,000 MT of cereals. two medical teams, all valued at $183,333, aboard the F1ora;purchased sardines, cots, mattresses, Liberia -contributed $20,000 to the GOG. and medicine with EEC funds, all valued at Netherlands -donated $72,692 for food and $141,667; provided the services of a delegate; medicine for Ghana, Togo, and Benin; and and contributed 10 MT of dried fish. provided $19,231 in cash for Ghana, Togo, and German (D.R.) Red Cross-shipped 2,500 Benin. blankets, 25 tents, and 125 tent parcels aboard Norway -supplied 65 MT of dried fish and the FRG Red Cross ship Flora. contributed $985,915 in cash for Ghana, Togo, International Confederation of Free Trade Unions and Benin. -contributed $1,000 in cash to UNDRO. Spain -airlifted Red Cross supplies. Sweden- LW-conducted a joint assessment effort and see WCC, below. appealed with WCC on behalf of the Christian Switzerland -supplied an assessment team; Council of Churches; see WCC, below. donated $125,628 to the UNDRO program; pro- Medecins sans frontieres (Belgium)-provided a vided 100 tents, 2,000 blankets, and 3 MT of milk medical team with supplies. powder, all valued at $45,728, through the Swiss Red Cross; and contributed 200 bus and truck Medecins sans frontieres (France)- provided tksvalued at $62,814. two medical teams. United Kingdom -provided $7,600 in response Norwegian Church Aid-see WCC below. to the LORCS appeal on behalf of the Red Cross Norwegian Red Cross -shipped 5,000 blankets of Ghana, Togo, and Benin; airlifted medicines aboard the FRG Red Cross ship Flora. valued at $91,883; and contributed $229,709 in cash for emergency medical aid. Spain Red Cross -airlifted 8 h4T of clothing, 60 liter water tanks, and 2 MT of milk powder, Wuntary Agencies condensed milk, and baby food. Austria Red Cross-donated 18 MT of milk Sweden Red Cross -shipped 10,000 blankets, powder valued at $37,500. 300 tents, and 200 MT of rice valued at $137,500 aboard the Flora. Caritas Austria -contributed $57,438 in cash to the National Catholic Secretariat of Ghana, Car- Switzerland Red Cross-conducted a joint airlift itas Togo, Caritas Benin, and Caritas Niger. with the German (F.R.) Red Cross of 100 tents, 1,000 blankets, and 3 MT of milk powder, and a Caritas Germany (F.R.)-contributed $83,333 to joint fundraising effort to benefit Ghana and the National Catholic Secretariat, and 5 MT of Benin with church and private groups. The total WEST AFRICA Africa value of this assistance was $492,611. Assistance Provided by the International Gommunity to Togo WCC -appealed for $1 million on behalf of the Christian Council of Churches; dispatched an International Organizations emergency officer to Ghana, then Togo, Benin, and Nigeria; conducted a joint WCCLWF airlift EEC -see above, under Ghana; at least $47,000 of food, soap, and medical supplies, valued at of the total was allocated for Togo; airlifted food $146,975, from Norwegian Church Aid, LWF, and a medical team from France. Sweden, and Danchurchaid to Christian Council of Churches. International Committee of the Red Cross - provided the services of a regional delegate. Total to Ghana* $13,375,701 LORCS -provided the services of a delegate. *Some contributions benefited Togo and Benin as UNDRO -provided a $10,000 cash grant. well. UNHCR -contributed medical kits valued at Assistance Provided by the International $25,000, and $100,000 through WFP for Community to Niger foodstuffs.

International Organizations UNICEF -performed a needs assessment, air- lifted 7.2 MT of drugs valued at $41,924, and UNDRO -donated a $20,000 cash grant. provided $53,768 in cash.

Governments WFP -assessed food needs. Egypt -contributed $6,012 in cash.

France -airlifted 6 MT of medicines and 3 MT of blankets, and contributed 5.2 MT of maize and a vehicle to Niger Red Cross.

Voluntary Agencies Caritas Austria -see above, under Ghana. Caritas Germany (F. R. ) -contributed $12,500 to Caritas Niger. China (P.R.)Red Cross-made a cash contribu- tion of $18,519. Total to Niger $57,031 WEST AFRICA Africa

Governments Voluntary Agencies Canada -contributed $4,065 in cash. Caritas Austria -see above, under Ghana. France -contributed medicines, 500 MT of Caritas Belgium -donated $10,638 to Caritas maize and blankets, and made an emergency Togo. loan. Caritas Germany (F.R.)-contributed $5,000 in Germany Federal Republic of -donated $20,833 cash to Caritas Togo, as well as 11 MT of protein for medical and relief supplies; airlifted 40 of biscuits and 4 MT of medicines, all valued at food and medicine for Togo and Benin on behalf $58,333, which were airlifted to Caritas TO~Oby of the FRG Red Cross and Caritas Germany all the FRG. with a total value of $260,417 including Caritas Italy -contributed $36,317 in cash to transport. Caritas Togo.

Netherlands -see above, under Ghana. Caritas Switzerland -donated $10,000 in cash to Norway -see above, under Ghana. Caritas Togo. Switzerland -contributed 1.5 MT of milk France Red Cross -provided 1MT of protein powder valued at $7,035 through the Swiss Red tablets. Cross. German (F. R. ) Red Cross -provided 12.5 MT of United Kingdom -see above, under Ghana. medicines, 5 MT of liquid milk, 10 MT of protein biscuits, and 7.5 MT of dried fish, all valued at $132,273, which were airlifted by FRG to the Togolese and Beninese Red Cross Societies.

Oxfam -provided transportation assistance for the Togolese Red Cross. Total to Togo* $ 631,997

South

' Pacific Indian Ocean Ocean

AUSTRALIA Asia and the Pacific

Date: February 1983 (FY 83) Action Taken by the Government of Australia Location: Victoria and South Australia (GOA) Local Govenunents and Local Voluntary No. Dead: At least 69 Agencies No. Injured: Hundreds The premiers of South Australia and Victoria No. Affected: Approximately 11,000 people were declared states of emergency on February 16 and left homeless quickly implemented relief and disaster control Damage: A total of 2,200 homes and commercial measures. The State Commissioner of Police in buildings in six townships were completely Victoria, as Director of the Ofice of State Emer- destroyed and several other areas were heavily gency Services, coordinated the firefighting, damaged; Cleland National Park in South evacuation, and relief activities in that state. Australia and 25% of the forest land in Victoria Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser in- were burned; 13,500 sheep and 6,600 cattle spected the disaster area and ordered military perished. Estimates of property damage ranged personnel, planes, and helicopters into the re- between $200 and $400 million. gion to assist firefighting and relict efforts. All fires had been brought under csctrol and a major The Disaster relief and rehabilitation pmgram was underway by February 18. Devastating bush fires ravaged large areas of drought-stricken uctoria and South Australia in Public appeals for food, clothing, and bedding mid-February 1983. High winds and tem- were broadcast by the local media and met with peratures approaching 109°F fed firestorms that such a generous response that suitable storage spread rapidly along a 500 mile belt of tinder-dry became a problem. Several organizations estab- bushland between Melbourne and Adelaide. lished fund appeals, including the Australian Authorities believed that at least some of the Red Cross, which mounted a major relief opera- blazes had been set deliberately Several small tion supported by federal and state funds and towns and 25% of uctoria's forest land were private donations. The premiers of the two completely burned out. The townships of Mac- affectedstates set up special Eunds: "The State edon (30 miles northwest of Melbourne), Disaster Appeals Bush Fires 1983" in Victoria Framlingham, Fairhaven, and Airey's Inlet (on and "The Premier's Bush Fire Appeals Fund in the west coast of Melbourne), and Cockatoo and South Australia. Upper Beaconsfield (in the Dandenong Moun- Australian churches were active in relief efforts, tains) were totally destroyed as was the Cleland with many denominations appealing to their National Park, noted for its koala bear popula- memberships for financial support, emergency tion. Anglesea and Lome on the coast, areas near housing, food, and medicines. The Australian Mt. Gambia, and the Mt. Osmond and hill Council of Churches received $100,000 from a regions near Adelaide were all heavily damaged. private source, among other donations. The fires left at least 69 people dead (including two crews of firemen), hundreds injured, and several thousand homeless. Heavy livestock losses were also reported. Early estimates put material damage between $200 and $400 million. AUSTRALIA Asia and the Pacific

Assistance Pmvided by the United States U.S. Embassy notified the Canberra headquar- Government (USG) ters of the National Disasters Organization that the Embassy's pilots and plane were prepared to The U.S. Ambassador to Australia, lend assistance in any manner required. In Robert D. Nesen, determined on Feb- addition, the crew of the U.S.S. Hoe1 provided ruary 18 that the bush fire disaster monetary and physical support to the com- was of a magnitude to warrant USG munity of Macedon. assistance. On his disaster assistance authority, Ambassador Nesen com- Assistance Provided by U.S. kluntary Agencies mitted $10,000 to the State Disaster Appeal Bush Fires 1983 in Victoria and Church World Service -forwarded $5,000 from $10,000 to the Premier's Bush Fire the Executive Director's Fund to assist the Appeals Fund in South Australia. churches' relief work in Australia. Another $5,000 was to be held in reserve for a later donation as might TOTAL $5,000 be appropriate. The checks were pre- sented to representatives of the two Assistance Pmvided by the International state governments on March 21 and 23. . $25,000 Community TOTAL $25,000 None reported.

Date: March 1983 (FY 83) south of Viti Levu and the nearby islands of Cyclone Oscar -March 1-2,1983 Yasawa, Naviti, Ono, Vatulele, and Beqa. Nine Cyclone Sarah-March 25-27,1983 people were killed, hundreds were injured, and up to 50,000 people were left homeless in what Location: Cyclone Oscar -Islands of Kadavu, was described as the worst natural disaster to hit Western Viti Levu especially towns of Nadi, Fiji since a 1931 cyclone. Lautoka, Singatoka, and Nadroga; Yasawa; Naviti; Ono; Vatulele; and Beqa Cyclone Oscar caused widespread destruction of Cyclone Sarah-Islands of Cikobia; Northern crops and livestock, particularly fruit orchards Vanua Levu; Vunicoqi; Qamea; Naqelelevu; Kia; and pine plantations. Damage was heavy to Ono-i-Lau; and ktua communications systems, water and sanitation No. Dead: Nine systems, electrical systems, and road networks. No. Affected: Cyclone Oscar-200,000 A total of 301 classrooms, 177 school roofs, 241 teachers' quarters, and six school dormitories Cyclone Sarah -11,132 were destroyed nationwide. Most affected was 'Damage: Cyclone Oscar- Widespread damage the Western Division, where 4,257 houses were and destruction to crops and livestock, damaged and 3,903 destroyed. In the Central communications systems, water and sanitation Division, 269 houses were damaged and 467 systems, mads, houses, churches, schools, destroyed; 283 houses were destroyed in the hotels, and other public buildings occurred Eastern Division. Repairlreplacement costs for throughout the Western, Central, and Eastern various sectors were estimated as follows: food divisions. Total damage was estimated at -$3.6 million, housing-$16 million, schools - between $50 and $80 million. $3.6 million, pine plantations-$6.2 million, Cyclone Sarah- Heavy damage to trees, mot posts and telecommunications -$0.38 million, crops, houses, and schools from Vanua Levu roads and water supply-$0.73 million, elec- southwards to Ono-i-Lau occurred. tricity -$2.33 million, drainage and irrigation - $0.8 million, and mprehabilitation-$0.11 The Disaster million. Damage to businesses, hotels, ships and With winds as high as 185 krn per hour at its private yachts, and tourist facilities was esti- center, Cyclone Oscar slammed into the Fijian mated at $15 to $30 million. The Government of island group on March 1-2,1983. The winds and Fiji estimated total Cyclone Oscar damage at flooding due to heavy rainfall and storm surge between $50 and $80 million. caused widespread devastation in the west and Asia and the Pacific

On March 25,1!%3, a secand major storm Lautoka, Sigatoka, and Central Division areas, approached the Fijian island group. Cyclone provided blankets and clothing for 3,000 victims Sarah crashed into the island of Vanua Levu, and food for 8,000, in conjunction with the passing southwards to Ono-i-Lau. Wind speeds Seventh-day Adventists. Cooking and house- matched those of Cyclone Oscar and rainfall was hold utensils were also provided to the most again tomntial. Although no deaths or major affeded families. The FRC also isswd a local injuries wexe reported, damage to crops and appeal for cash ($2,075 was received) and buildings in the affected lpgions was heavy. Most clothmg, and asked the League of Red Cross seriously affected was ORo-i-Lau, whem 140 Societies for FJ $60,000 ($62,262) to purchase and homes and most kitchen buildings were de- transport relief supplies. Additionally the FRC stroyed and 14 classrooras and 11 teachers' announced plans to distribute soap and first aid quarters wexe damaged or destroyed. The Gov- kits to schools as part of an anticipated six- ernment of Fiji estimated repirkplacement month rehabilitation effort. food-W,000; costs as follows: housing- The Fiji Council of Churches (FCC) set up a six- $295,000, and schools-$114,000. month program to include local acquisition and distribution of food, seeds, cooking utensils, Action 'Bhza by fhe Government of Fii (GOm and Agencks carpentry tools, construction materials, and edu- Local Wamtq cational supplies. Transportation was to be pro- Immediately aker Cydone Oscar swept through vided by the Salvation Army and distribution by areas of the Fijjislands on Mmh 1, the GOF the GOF district superintendents in cooperation declared a national disaster atld requested assist- with arish ministers. The FCC appealed to the ance from the internatid community. Mobi- Wrl1 Council of Churches for FJ $75,000 lization of GOF civil servants, the Royal Fiji ($77,882)to finance the pmgram. The Salvation Mitary Forces, and local and international relief Army was also mobilized to provide emergency teams began immdakly under the -on of food and clothing. the Emergency Services Committee (EMSEC), The Fiji Council of Social Services, an organiza- Fiji's disaster relief organization. EMEC worked tion composed of groups such as the FRC, the alongside the Rime Minister's Hunicane Relief Salvation Army and YMCA, was very active in and Rehabilitation Committee, which is respon- the =lief effort. sible for long term xelief and =habilitation needs. Prime Minister Ratu Mara took an active role in Other local groups providing assistance organizing *lief efforts as well as conducting included: numerous site surveys to affected areas. Fiji Kusan Sangh -$5,188 EMSEC held its &st meeting on March 1, and Gujarat Samaj -$20,760 the operations room at GOF headquarters in Lioness Club of Fiji-$1,038 Suva was staffed on a 24-hour basis during the Methodist Church of Fiji-$1,038 early days of the crisis. As district and divisional Fiji Sixes -$25,950 damage assessment reports began to arrive, Fiji Bank Association -$12,500 EMSEC collated the information for general Shell Oil-$5,190 distribution and publieation. EMSEC also ar- Other individuals and businesses -$33,216 ranged a series of site visits to affected areas for in cash plus donations of flour, rice, timber, members of Parliament admembers of the roofing iron, and clothing. diplomatic corps. Assistance Provided by the United States Efforts to clean up major centers such as Nadi, Government (USG) Lautoka, Sigatoka, and Suva began shortly after the cyclone passed. The Sigatoka Town Council On Maxh 2,1983, Ambassador Fred J. Eckert initiated a spraying campaign to destroy mos- declared that the situation resulting from quitoes and counter an outbreak of disease. Cyclone Oscar warranted U.S. Government as- sistance. The Ambassador exercised his disaster Following extensive aerisll and ground surveys of assistance authority and $25,000 was donated to the areas damaged by Cyclone Sarah on March the Fiji Disaster Relief Fund. 25, EMSEC declaxed a second disaster emer- gency. Relief efforts were expanded to assist the Once the storm had passed, the GOF made islands affected by the second storm. several aerial surveys to assess the damage to the islands. As a result of the surveys, a list of needs Local voluntary o'gankations carried out relief was established and an appeal made to the efforts under the informal leadership of the Fiji international community. Responding to these Red Cross (FRC).The FRC, operational in specific requests, A.I.D.'s Office of U.S. Foreign Asia and the Pacific

Disaster Assistance (OFDA) approved an in- Summary of USG Assistance mase in the Ambassador's authority to provide for the local purchase of ten tons of rice and one Ambassador's authority donated to ton of wheat flour. Additionally, OFDA autho- the Fiji Disaster Relief Fund - rized four airlifts of 2,000 tents and tent flies, Cyclone Oscar ...... $25,000 1,480 five-gallon collapsible plastic water con- Ambassador's donation for local tainers, seven water trailers, and 244 rolls of purchase of food ...... $5,506 plastic sheeting from the Guam and Singapore stockpiles. Department of Defense communica- tions support team and Damage to the Fijian communications system equipment ...... $125,000 posed major problems following the disaster. A Department of Defense communications survey Tents, tent flies, water containers, team was sent to evaluate the extent of damage water trailers, and plastic sheeting, to this network and make recommendations for including transportation and intermediate and long-term repair. The team replacement ...... $1,324,224 brought satellite communications terminals to Grant to the Salvation Army World meet emergency needs. Service Organization ...... $52,780 Crew members from the U.S.S. Samuel Gom- Ambassador's authority donated to pers helped repair three schools and reinstate the Fiji Disaster Relief Fund - technical facilities in the Western Division. A Cyclone Sarah ...... $25,000 medical team from the ship provided care on Malolo Island and a number of the more serious Total International Disaster cases were treated on board. Peace Corps volun- Assistance Funds ...... $1,557,510 teers also participated in the relief efforts by Grant to the Foundation for the Peo- demonstrating and assisting in the erection of ples of the South Pacific from USAIDI USG-provided tents. Suva ...... $125,476 On April 8,1983, Ambassador Eckert deter- Grants to GOF Agriculture Depart- mined that further USG assistance was war- ment from USAIDlSuva ...... $37,160 ranted as a result of Cyclone Sarah and the sum of $25,000 was donated to the Fiji Disaster Relief Increase in ongoing grant program Fund. with the Fiji Council of Social Services from USAIDlSuva ...... $61,600 The USG also provided several grants to both voluntary organizations and the GOF. OFDA TOTAL $1,781,746 provided $52,780 to the Salvation Army World Service Organization for a housing repair pro- Assistance Provided by U.S. gram on Viti Levu. The Foundation for the Voluntary Agencies Peoples of the South Pacific received a grant of $125,476 from the USAID Mission in Suva for a American National Red Cross -contibuted Small Projects AssistancelDisaster Program to $5,000 in cash. assist in the rehabilitation of kitchens, water Asia Foundation-provided 4,000 school books supply systems, and vegetable crops in Fiji. An for the Nadi Library, value not reported. Accelerated Impact Program grant of $10,000 was made by USAIDlSuva to the GOF Ministry of Church World Service (CWS)- gave $23,000 in Agriculture and Fisheries to provide seeds, cut- cash to the Fiji Council of Churches for the local tings, and fertilizer for immediate use following purchase of canned fish and other food supplies Cyclone Oscar. An additional $27,160 in grants through EMSEClFiji Red Cross ($5,000 from the was provided under the Accelerated Impact CWS Executive Director's Emergency Fund and Program following Cyclone Sarah, again to pur- $18,000 collected in response to an appeal for chase planting materials and fertilizer for a quick $25,000). cash crop. An ongoing grant provided by Foundation for the Peoples of the South Pacific USAIDlSuva to the Fiji Council of Social Services (FSP)- resident nutition team conducted a was increased by $61,600 to provide post-Oscar disaster survey of stricken areas. A grant was assistance. awarded by USAIDlSuva for a Small Projects AssistancelDisaster Program to assist in the reha- bilitation of kitchens, water supply systems, and vegetable crops in Fiji. Asia and the Pacific

Salvation Army World Service Organization - Canada -contributed $40,650 in cash for local received a grant of $52,780 from OFDA to purchases. provide building materials, tools and equipment, technical assistance, and logistical support to China (Peoples Republic of) -gave $10,000 in assist reconstruction work in the Westem Divi- cash. sion. Germany, Federal Republic of -provided Seventh-day Adventist World Service - $33,350 in cash. contributed 40 tents valued at $4,000, and $5,830 India -provided $52,700 for medical supplies. in cash. Japan -contributed $70,000 in cash grants; TOTAL $37,830 provided medicines valued at $42,190. Assistance Provided by the International Korea, Republic of -gave $10,550 in cash and Community transformers valued at $105,500. Malaysia -contributed $10,550 in cash for International Organizations foodstuffs and building materials. European Economic Community -contributed Nauru-gave $15,800 in cash. $480,000 in cash for the local purchase of food, building materials, and agricultural materials New Zealand -provided two helicopters for and $2,708,265 in cash for local purchase of food. damage assessment and relief work, one Orion reconnaissance plane for an assessment mission, Food and Agriculhue Organization -gave and $12,973 in cash; and allocated $648,635 for $200,000 for emergency fish production, $100,000 rehabilitation. for pine tree rehabilitation, and $20,000 for crop rehabilitation in Sigatoka Valley and the islands Papua New Guinea -gave $27,400 in cash. of Kadavu, Vatulele, and Beqa. Tonga -gave $10,000 in cash. League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS)- Tuvalu-contributed $5,000 in cash. advanced $30,000 in cash to the Fiji Red Cross in response to an FRC appeal for $62,262. United Kingdom -provided a cash grant of $76,600 for local purchase of relief supplies, and South Pacific Economic Commission - contributed $15,565 in cash. gave medicines valued at $229,800. United Nations Development Program (UNDP) blunta~~Organizations -provided $200,000 for irrigation and drainage rehabilitation projects. Australian Council of Churches -gave 375 tents to EMSEC, valued at $144,230. UNDRO -gave $10,000 for crop rehabilitation; Australia Red Cross -contributed $4,808 UNDRO representative (UNDP Resident Repre- through LORCS. sentative in Suva) assisted in relief operations. UNICEF- contributed $60,000 for the repair of Bums Philp (Australia)-provided food, water and sanitation facilities in 50 schools. clothing, and household equipment valued at $42,200. World Council of Churches -issued an intema- tional appeal for relief aid and a second appeal Canada Red Cross -gave $4,065 in cash. for $75,000 to fund the Fiji Council of Churches Foundation for the Peoples of the South Pacific1 rehabilitationlreconstruction program. Australia- contributed one planeload of 125 kg World Food Program -provided 18 tons of of roofing nails, one chain saw, two chests of skimmed milk. clothing, and one kg of vegetable seeds; partially valued at $1,250. Governments Japan Red Cross -gave $12,500 in cash. Australia-provided 2,000 tents and tent flies, NestlelAustralia-contributed 24,000 tins of 300 inflatable water storage tanks, an unspecified condensed milk. quantity of medicines, vitamin tablets, vitamin biscuits, and agricultural tools, and cash grants New Zealand Red Cross- contributed $3,623 in to two voluntary organizations. Total value of the cash. contribution was estimated at $481,700, includ- New Zealand Voluntary Organizations- gave ing transportation. $4,348 in cash through the Red Cross. lw Asia and the Pacific

Oxfdnited Kingdom -provided a $7,650 Switzerland Red Cross- provided $9,622 in cash. cash grant to the Salvation Army World MsionlAustralia -contributed $17,000 in seventh-day ~dventistWorld Service (Australia) cash for the local pmhase of emergency relief -provided 300 bales of clothing and 200 items. blankets. TOTAL $5,958,524

Date: November 8,1982 (FY 83) hit by drought, were laid waste. Dikes and dams Location: Saurashtra @on of Gujarat State and used in irrigation systems were damaged and an interior districts of Ahmedabad, Baroda, Kaira, estimated 100,000 head of cattle were killed. The and Panch Mahals; Maharashtran coast less storm knocked out power and communications seriously affected lines and also cut rail and road links between No. Dead: About 500 Saurashtra's port cities and the rest of the state. Several villages were isolated by swollen rivers No. Injured: Not mported and fallen trees. Two vessels sank near Ghugna No. AfEected: An estimated 5,000,000 in Gujarat in Bhavnagar and three others were reported Damage: Heavy damage to mps and missing. Although the major commen5al city of mad and rail traffic and communications lines Bombay was spared the full fo~eof the storm, a disrupted; several vessels, including a 500-ton oil 500-ton oil tanker sank in its harbor and five mw tanker, lost. Estimated damages by sector members were lost. include: mps-$6b0 million; cattle -100,000 Action menby the Govemment of India (GOI), head; housedhuts -328,381 damaged or the Govemment of Gujarat (GOG), and Local collapsed; industry -$lo million; transmission bluntary Agencies and power lines-$10.3 million; dikes and dams -$5.12 million. A major relief and rescue operation was quickly mounted. Indian Air Fom helicopters flew relief The Disaster supplies to regions isolated by floods and as- A cyclonic storm from the Arabian Sea ripped sisted the Indian Navy in the search for miss- through coastal areas of India's western state of fishermen. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi made Gujarat on November 8. With winds gusting to an aerial survey of the region. 200 km per hour at landfall and heavy rains, the The state government of Gujarat mobilized a storm inflicted severe damage on crops and special committee chaired by the Home M- property in the peanut-growing Saurashtra re- to administer relief and rehabilitation program+, gion. The Arnreli, Bhavnagar, and Junagadh The GOG assisted evacuation efforts and dis- Districts of this region were hardest hit. Much of tributed emergency rations and drinking water the Amreli District remained inaccessible to res- to the cyclone victims. Health authorities began cue operations for some time after the storm. The an inoculation program to prevent an outbreak d interior districts of Ahmedabad, Baroda, Kaira, disease. The state government asked the GO1 to and Panch Mahals were lashed by tomntial assist in making a disaster assessment and, in rains. The northern coast of the state of Ma- the face of reports of heavy damage to infrastrw- harashtra was also affected by the storm, but tm, requested $20.5 million in central Advance less seriously than Gujarat. Man assistance. The Industrial Development Bank and government institutions extended soh More than 5,000,000 people were affected by the loans to affected industries to cover 50% of the cyclone, which claimed at least 500 lives and lossldamage due to the cyclone. flattened or damaged over 300,000 houses and huts. The timely evacuation of several thousand An Indian Red Cross (IRC) delegate was dis- coastal residents may have spared additional patched to the stricken area to survey damage, lives. Most of the 1,500 fishermen who were at but information is unavailable as to the extent of sea when the storm struck were eventually IRC assistance. Teams from the Chmhes Auxili- accounted for; however, 45 were still missing as ary for Social Action (CASA) provided relief of November 29. Heavy agricultural losses were supplies (sarees, dhotis, blankets, and utensils) reported as cotton and groundnut crops, already to 2,000 families in the affected districts. CASA INDIA Asia and the Pacific requested assistance from the World Council of Assistance Provided by U.S. hluntary Agencies Churches (WCC) to cover initial needs. None reported. Assistance Provided by the United States Government (USG) Assistance Provided by the International Community Although GO1 officials did not issue an appeal for international assistance, International Organizations the U.S. Ambassador to India, Harry G. Barnes, Jr., determined on UNICEF -provided $300,000 in cash for the November 12 that a disaster situation purchase of emergency supplies. warranting USG assistance existed in World Council of Churches (WCC) -forwarded Gujarat. He accordingly exercised his $30,000 in cash to CASA. disaster assistance authority to obli- gate up to $25,000 and pledged the Governments use of other U.S. resources available in India as might be needed. A check Germany Federal Republic of -contributed for that amount was forwarded to the $40,000 in cash. Prime Minister's National Relief Fund Norway- gave $402,777 in cash through on November 23...... $25,000 Caritas. TOTAL $25,000

Date: June 19- July, 1983 (FY 83) inaccessible to vehicular traffic more than a week Locations: ~aurashkaregion of Gujarat State, after the storm. Some areas of the port city of including the districts of Amreli, Bhavnagar, Porbandar, which has no central water outlet, Jamnagar, Junagadh, and Rajkot; Junagadh also remained under water as late as July 3 from a District was the most seriously affected combination of rainfall and high tides. The toll of No. Dead: 551 as of July 1983 kith many persons dead and missing mounted rapidly in the first still missing days of the floods, with the fate of thousands of inhabitants still unknown. Many of the missing No. Injured: Not reported were eventually accounted for, but at least 551 No. Affected: 800,000 people in 833 villages of 24 lives were lost. The highest toll was in the -1 districts Vanthali sub-district. Damage: Approximately 62,000 houses and huts were destroyed; 54,000 head of cattle perished; Material damage was also extensive. An and 89,000 hectares of cultivable land were estimated 62,000 houses and huts were affected. According to a preliminary survey, total destroyed in the flooding. Thousands of head of losses were estimated at $56 million. cattle perished, stored foodgrains were de- stroyed, and the mango cmp, for which the Vanthali region is well known, was a total loss. The Disaster All major roads in Junagadh District were A cyclonic storm on June 19 was followed by four breached and several bridges were washed away. days of continuous tomntial rainfall in Gujarat's An 8 km stretch of road on the Junagadh-Veraval Saurashtra region. Junagadh District received mute "just disappeared", according to one ac- between 750 rnm and 1250 rnm of rain during the count. Authorities predicted it would take a year period June 1 to 24, surpassing all records since and a half to fully repair the damaged roads. 1894. Normal annual rainfall for the region is about 1,000 mm. As a result of the heavy rains, Communications with Junagadh Distrid were 30 dams overflowed causing widespread flood- completely cut off and more than 600 villages ing in the Amreli, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, and and major towns were without a power supply Rajkot Districts. This third flooding disaster in less than three Several villages in the Vanthali area of Junagadh years seriously weakened the urban infrastruc- District and in the low-lying Ghed area were still ture and agricultural economy of the region. INDIA Asia and the Pacific

Action Taken by the Government of India (GO11 lease $10 million to the state to meet relief and and the Government of Gujarat (GOG) rehabilitation needs pending an assessment of the damage by a team due to visit the disaster The Gujarat state government quickly mobilized site. resources to carry out relief measures, with the Minister of Agriculture in charge of operations. As of July 3, GOG had dispensed about $400,000 The chief minister and other state officials made to the disaster victims and another $9,000 to the an aerial survey of the stricken area and later next of kin of the dead. Household kits valued at visited some of the most affected towns. $7,000 and food packets worth over $27,000 had also been distributed. Heavy machinery was The Indian defense services were called upon to moved into the area to begin road clearing assist civil authorities in relief and rescue efforts. operations and 50 large electric pumpsets were Air force and navy helicopters airdropped food sent to Porbandar to carry out drainage opera- packets and other essential items to the mar- tions. The Gujarat cabinet assigned one minister ooned villagers. Relief teams, assisted by armed to each area of Junagadh District to supervise forces personnel, were parachuted in to assess and coordinate relief efforts. damages. The army airlifted motor boats to Porbandar and other inundated areas to facilitate Assistance Provided by the United States movement of people and relief supplies. Government (USG) Fifteen health teams covered 318 villages, U. S. Ambassador Harry G. Barnes, Jr. vaccinating the inhabitants against cholera and determined on June 27 that the natu- taking other measures in an effort to reduce the ral calamity affecting Gujarat war- danger of epidemics. Voluntary organizations ranted USG assistance. He exercised helped the police dispose of animal carcasses. his disaster assistance authority to Foodgrains and milk powder were rushed to the utilize USG resources in India and affected districts and tankers were used to de- announced his attention to make liver drinking water until normal sources could available $25,000 to the Prime Minis- be restored. Sixty-four relief kitchens were ter's National Relief Fund for relief opened to supply cooked food to be airdropped efforts in the Saurashtra region ...... $25,000 or sent by vehicle. While other communication systems remained disrupted, the Indian Space TOTAL $25,000 Research Organization (ISRO) established com- munications between Gandhinagar, the state's Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary Agencies capital, and Junagadh through the Ariane Pas- None reported. senger Payload Experiment (APPLE) satellite. After touring the stricken area by helicopter and Assistance Provided by the International jeep on June 27, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi Community called for a national effort to assist the flood None reported. victims. The central government agreed to re- INDONESIA Asia and the Pacific

Date: July-September 1983 (F'Y 83) The Volcanological Survey of Indonesia followed Location: Mt. Colo volcano on the island of Una the events of the Mt. Colo eruption from nearby Una, Central Sulawesi Province Wakai Island. Seismographs were placed on Una No. Dead: None reported Una and had to be replaced several times due to damage by continuing fires. The Department of No. Affected: 7,100 Communications Meteorological and Geo- Damage: All eight villages on Una Una were physical Agency concluded that the eruption of completely destroyed by fires and smoke; 90°/o of Mt. Colo was probably caused by intense seismic the island was covered with lava; and the island's activity in the area, which began about the.time 700,000 coconut trees &d 5,000 goats and cattle of the first eruption. were destroyed. The nearby island of Palu was covered with a layer of heavy volcanic ash. Total Action Taken by the Government of Indonesia property damage was estimated at $25.5 million. (GOI), Local Governments, and Private Organizations The Disaster Shortly after the first eruption on July 14, the On July 14,1983, Mt. Colo, one of three GO1 ordered the evacuation of the 7,100 inhabi- craters on the volcanic island of Una Una in the tants of Una Una Island. Of these, 6,500 were Indonesian province of Central Sulawesi, evacuated by the Indonesian Navy to a center in erupted for the first time since 1889. The erup- Ampana on the Sulawesi mainland, while the tion continued sporadically, and often violently, other 600 traveled to Togian Island to live with through most of September and was accom- friends and relatives. panied by earthquakes of light to moderate intensity. The volcano spewed out towers of On August 3, the GO1 convened a meeting of thick, black smoke which reached up to 15,000 foreign governments at UNDP headquarters in meters above the crater and which were visible Jakarta. Although the GO1 did not make a formal hundreds of kilometers away. international appeal, it did indicate that any assistance from the international community Una Una is a small island comprised of eight would be welcome. UNDP was put in charge villages having a total of 7,100 inhabitants. of coordination. Immediately following the initial eruptions, the entire population was evacuated by the The GOI, through the Department of Social Indonesian Navy. Assistance (DEPSOS), distributed food and relief By July 17, a total of 208 weak tremors had been supplies to evacuees at the Ampana Center. The recorded. A major earthquake, registering 5.5 on evacuees were housed in government and com- the Richter scale, occurred on July 17, causing mercial buildings and in 150 tents which were fires and landslides throughout the island. Mt. shipped by DEPSOS from Mt. Galunggung in Colo continued erupting through September 14, West Java. Also sent from Mt. Galunggung accompanied by thunderous explosions, thick were walkie-talkie sets, megaphones, and smoke, hot steam with temperatures as high as spirometers. DEPSOS also provided $30,927 in 200T, and widespread fires. By early August, all cash, 125 tons of rice, 4,000 pieces of clothing, eight villages on Una Una had been destroyed and seven crates of medicines. A mass feeding along with the island's 700,000 coconut trees and program undertaken by the GO1 at Ampana 5,000 goats and cattle. Ninety percent of the allocated 300 grams of rice per day to adults and island was covered with lava. Indonesian gov- 250 grams to children. ernment officials decided to resettle the former residents of Una Una on nearby Batudaka and The health situation at the Ampana Center proved to be a major problem, as 2,000 evacuees Togian Islands. The capital of the Una Una were reported to be ill, most with diarrhea and subdistrict was moved to Togian Island. malaria. Local health authorities conducted a Volcanic ash was carried as far as 350 km by vaccination program and the GO1 Department of winds. Thick layers of ash fell on the provincial Health dispatched a medical team of 20 doctors capital of Palu, 200 km southwest of Una Una. to Ampana. A total of 28 deaths at the evacuation Rains turned the ash to mud, forcing the closing center were attributed to diarrhea, malaria, and of the Palu airport on several occasions. other diseases. INDONESIA Asia and the Pacific

Continued eruptions through July, which Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary Agencies destroyed the entire island of Una Una, con- vinced GO1 officials that the evacuees would not Church World Service (CWS)- donated 30 bales be able to return to their homes on the island. of used clothing valued at $4,929. In a joint effort Plans were formulated by DEPSOS and the with the Council of Churches and the Christian Departn;ent of Transmigration for the perma- Church of Central Sulawesi, CWS distributed nent resettlement of the evacuees on the islands 8,573 kg of PL. 480 nonfat dry milk to children under five and nursing mothers at the Ampana of Batudaka (27 krn southeast of Una Una) and Evacuation Center. DEPSOS arranged for the Togian (30 km southeast). At the main resettle- ment site on Batudaka Island, the GO1 con- milk to be airlifted from Central Java to Ampana. structed barracks, which were ready for TOTAL $4,929 occupancy by September 1983. As part of the resettlement program, the GO1 donated $10,000 Assistance Provided by the International to purchase fislding equipment for fishermen's Community families. A number of other GO1 organizationsand International Organizations private groups provided assistance to the victims United Nations Development Program (UNDP) of the Mt. Colo eruption disaster: --UNDP was designated by the GO1 as the North Sulawesi Province -gave $14,297 in cash coordinator for all contributions by foreign gov- and 15 tons of rice. ernments, voluntary agencies, and non-govern- mental organizations. GO1 Department of Transmigration -donated $10,309 in cash, 10 tons of rice, 5,000 packages of UNICEF -contributed 100 tents, formerly used dried noodles, 21 cases of medicines, and 12 by victims of the Mt. Galunggung volcanic bales of clothing. eruption disaster. World Food Program -provided 770 tons of rice Members of Parliament -contributed $3,814 in cash. for nine months to the evacuees during the rehabilitation period. BULOG (GO1 State Procurement Agency) - provided $15,259 in cash. Governments Local Community in Palu- donated five tons of Canada -contributed $40,650 to construct water rice, 15,000 packages of dried noodles, canned supply systems at Togian and Batudaka Islands, goods, sugar, and used clothing. where the Una Una evacuees were resettled.

Government Women's Association Dharma Japan- donated $10,000 in cash. Pertiwi -gave $1,525 in cash, four crates of medicines, nine bales of sarongs and towels, Netherlands -provided $12,068 in cash for and 95 bales of clothing. emergency assistance. Assistance Provided by the United States TOTAL $62,718 Government (USG) On August 9,1983, the U.S. Ambas- sador to Indonesia, John H. Hold- ridge, determined that the Mt. Colo eruption disaster warranted USG as- sistance and exercised his disaster relief authority. The USG donated $25,000 which was used by the USAID Mission in Jakarta to purchase locally 7,000 blankets, 1,400 machetes, 1,400 hoes, and 1,400 kerosene lanterns ...... $25,000 The USG made available 8,573 kg of EL. 480 non-fat dry milk, which was distributed by Church World Service at the Ampana Evacuation Center ...... $2,803 TOTAL $27,803

SRI LANKA Asia and the Pacific

Date: July 24-30,1983 (FY 83) Kandy : 93 shops and 15 houses Location: Capital city of Colombo and environs damaged or destroyed and the provinces of GaUe, Kandy, Trincomalee, Gampola: 40 shops (60%) damaged or Matale, and Nawalapitiya destroyed No. Dead: 371 Nawalapitiya: 93 shops damaged or No. Affected: 200,000 destroyed; Bamagala Estate - 16 line rooms burned (14 Damage: Extent of damage ranged from 10 to families);Monti Christo Estate- 90% in towns and cities throughout Sri Lanka, -24 line rooms damaged with average destruction 40 to 50% in nearly Matale: 280 shops and 428 houses every town. Damage ocamed primarily to small damaged or destroyed businesses and some residential areas. Eighty Masagala: three sets of line rooms com- percent of retail outlets in Colombo were pletely destroyed (40 families) destroyed. Total damage was estimated at $165 Kotmale: nine shops destroyed; 50 million. people homeless Kandapola: entire town destroyed The Disaster On July 24,1983, violence sparked by ethnic Action menby the Government of Sri Lanka rivalry between the Sinhalese and Tamils broke (GSL) and the Sri Lanka Red Cross (SLRC) out in the capital city of Sri Lanka following the Immediately after the violence broke out on ambush and killing of 13 Sinhalese army person- July 24, the GSL imposed a nationwide 24-hour nel in the Jaffna peninsula on July 23. In the days curfew which remained in effect for several days. that followed, widespread rioting, looting, bum- The curfew was later lifted during daylight hours ing, and physical attacks on Tamils and Tamil- but remained in effect during evening hours in owned properties occurred. many provinces throughout most of August. Vially no city or town escaped damage to its Units of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces, including business district, and many residential areas reserve units of volunteers, were called into were affected as well. Entire blocks of business action, primarily in Colombo, establishments were destroyed by arson in a in an attempt to contain the rioting, looting, number of communities. Clinics and temples burning, and physical attacks on Tamils and were attacked, as were residences of Sinhalese Tamil-owned properties. individuals suspected of protecting Tamil neigh- The GSL established anEmergency Relief bors or co-workers. Motor vehicles registered to Committee which was responsible for providing Tamil owners were set on fire. Although damage emergency shelter, food, and public services to tea and rubber plantations was less extensive, to an estimated 50,000 displaced Tamils in the many workers were terrorized and a number of greater Colombo area. These persons were quar- their residences were damaged or destroyed. At tered in 14 centers in Colombo, with another four the height of the crisis, more than 127,000 established at Kalutara, Kandy Elpitiya, and persons, almost all Tamils, had lost their homes Matara. The GSL offered to evacuate any Tamils or abandoned them in fear. who wished to leave Colombo and resettle in An estimated 80% of retail outlets for food and Jaffna. An estimated 20,000 people were trans- other goods in Colombo were destroyed. How- ported by boat and train to Jaffna, Batticaloa, and ever, by rnid-August, the situation in the capital Badulla in northem Sri Lanka. Another 8,000 city was gradually returning to normal. Retail people took asylum in India. business activity was reestablished as sidewalk Soon after the violence began, the GSL Ministry stalls were set up in front of burned-out of Plan Implementation met with representatives properties. of several voluntary agencies and international Total damages were estimated at approximately organizations active in Sri Lanka to discuss the $165 million. The following is a summary of loss need for emergency food, medicines, and to several towns and cities: clothing. On the whole, adequate supplies of food and fuel were available in the country; Kegalle: 43 shops and 15 houses however, distribution of these supplies was a damaged or destroyed serious problem. Poor sanitation and inadequate SRI LANKA Asia and the Pacific supplies of potable water in the displaced person temporary shelter, sanitation facilities, cooking camps led to numerous cases of diarrhea. As a utensils, and other supplies for the displaced result, medicines, drugs, and medical supplies persons. These funds were channeled through were identified as a major relief need. U. S. private voluntary agencies, indigenous The GSL set up an island-wide administrative NGOs, and international organizations engaged network to coordinate relief, rehabilitation, and in providing relief. The additional $50,000 was the provision of emergency supplies. For each contributed to the GSL for the continued relief effort. of eleven areas of the country, an officer was designated to coordinate his district's military Two disaster consultants were sent by OFDA to and civil resources to provide essential services assist the USAID Mission in assessing needs and distribute food and water. Overseeing the and coordinating USG relief activities. receipt and disbursement of relief supplies (pri- marily food) at the national level was the The USAID Mission, in conjunction with Commission for Essential Services, headed by OFDA, offered additional relief assistance to the the Secretary to the Prime Minister. GSL. Subsequently 1,000 tents and flies, 500 rolls of plastic sheeting, 2,010 five-gallon water When the civil violence ended in late July Sri containers, and 10,000 cotton blankets were air- Lanka was faced with reconstruction of its busi- lifted from OFDA's stockpile in Singapore to Sri nesses and industries. Over 100 industrial Lanka on five flights from August 8 to 12. The establishments had been destroyed, 30 of which value of these commodities was estimated at were textile and garment plants. To deal with $523,440. However, only the transport costs of the economic damage caused by the communal the commodities were paid from FY 1983 ac- strife, the GSL created a new ministerial body counts. Replacement costs of 1,000 tents and which reported directly to the President. The flies were paid from FY 1984 accounts. Rehabilitation of Property and Industries Au- thority was responsible for rebuilding all homes OFDA also provided $11,000 to Medical Assist- and businesses damaged or destroyed-during ance Programs International to defray the costs the violence. In addition, nearly all GSL officials of airlifting4,000 lbs. of medicines and medical and agencies worked to restore security, resettle supplies. (See also Assistance Provided by U. S. displaced persons, provide sector assessments, Voluntary Agencies.) revitalize the tourist industry, and restore for- eign and local investor confidence. Summary of USG Assistance From the start, the Sri Lanka Red Cross (SLRC) Ambassador's authority used to worked in the displaced persons camps to provide temporary shelter, sanitation provide first aid, medicines, clothing, supple- facilities, cooking utensils, and .other mentary food, and other necessities. Twelve supplies to displaced persons ...... $25,000 SLRC doctors worked four hours per day in 17 Increase in Ambassador's authority .... $50,000 of the camps, treating serious medical cases. The SLRC also set up a 30-bed hospital in Airlift of 1,000 tents and flies, 500 Colombo with the cooperation of the GSL and rolls of plastic sheeting, 2,010 water provided daily milk distribution to 44,000 peo- containers, and 10,000 blankets ...... $229,7l0 ple. Later, the SLRC operated fully equipped Travel costs of two disaster consul- dispensaries with medical and paramedical staff tants ...... $13,552 in all camps. With the help of a Philippines Red Cross delegate, the SLRC established a tracing Transportation costs of Medical As- service in Colombo and Jaha. sistance Programs International airlift ...... $11,000 by Assistance Pmvided the United States Total USG Assistance (FY 83) ..... $323,838 Government (USG) Replacement of 1,000 tents and flies On July 30,1983, the U.S. Charge d'Affaires, in Singapore Stockpile (FY 84) ...... $234,820 Herbert G. Hagerty, determined that the civil violence in Sri Lanka warranted USG disaster Total USG Assistance (FY 84) ..... $234,820 assistance. He exercised his authority to provide TOTAL $564,082 $25,000 for disaster relief and requested an additional $50,000, which was authorized by the Assistance Pmvided by U.S. hluntary Agencies Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA). The initial $25,000 was given to the CARE -diverted all available PL. 480 Title I1 Ministry of Finance and Planning.-. to provide food stocks to displaced persons camps, includ- SRI LANKA Asia and the Pacific ing 93,160 lbs. of biscuits, 154,441 lbs. of UNICEF-made a cash grant of $20,000; pro- thriposha (a fortified milk and grain blend), vided medicines, tents, sewage water pumps, 30,000 lbs. of milk powder, and 32,810 yards of and children's clothing, valued at $120,000. cloth; all valued at $57,000. CARE represen- tatives in Sri Lanka visited the camps and World Council of Churches (WCC)- as of assisted in the distribution of these items to the August 19, contributions through the WCC camp sites. totaled $40,000. Church World Service (CWS)-contributed World Food Program (WFP) -provided 290 tons $25,000 to the Sri Lanka National Council of wheat flour, 19 tons of pulses, and 13 tons of of Churches for a rehabilitation program. dried skimmed milk for distribution to 65,000 CWS representatives also conducted a field persons residing outside camps on a one-time- assessment. only basis and for a 42-day feeding program for 15,000 persons residing in displaced person International Human Assistance Program camps. Total cost of the food, including transpor- (MAP)-donated medical supplies valued at tation, was $155,000. $5,000; hardware, disinfectants, and other sup- plies; and contributed $500 to the GSL Ministry World Health Organization -provided medi- of Plan Implementation for relief activities in the cines not available locally; and gave $80,000 for displaced persons camps. In addition, IHAP was emergency health needs including disposable responsible for collecting donated commodities, syringes, water purification tablets, and iodine organizing volunteers, and coordinating trans- tablets. portation and mail service for three camps. Governments Medical Assistance Programs International (MAP) -donated 4,000 lbs. of medicines and Australia -contributed $88,000 to the GSL for medical supplies, valued at $248,600. Eansporta- bread, rice, clothing, sanitary equipment, disin- tion costs were funded by OFDA. fectants, and drugs. Saw the Children Federation -contributed Germany, Federal Republic of -contributed Q0,000 in cash and in kind for the construction of $19,231 through the German Embassy in sanitary facilities and for the provision of medi- Colombo and $34,615 through the German cines, hardware and equipment, dry Red Cross. rations, speakers and amplifiers, plastic ware, towels, and linens. India- provided 2.4 MT of medicines, 4.9 MT of bread, 32 MT of flour, 24.5 MT of sugar, 23.4 MT World Relief Corporation -provided $31,000 of vegetable oil, 3.4 MT of other food items, 2.5 for medical supplies, a housing project, and MT of soap, and 4.9 MT of clothing; daily charter relief expenses. flights canied the supplies to Sri Lanka. The Government of India (GOI) also provided a World Vision International -gave $5,000 in cash for emergency relief. small feny for the evacuation of displaced per- sons to Jaffna. The GO1 set up a Sri Lanka Relief TOTAL $382,100 Committee and Relief Fund with initial contribu- tions totaling $1,005,025. Assistance Provided by the International Community Netherlands -gave $206,898 in cash. New Zealand -contributed $16,340 in cash International Organizations through LORCS and provided cash through Save the Children and World Vision Interna- European Economic Community -contributed $172,980 through LORCS. tional. League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS)-on Norway -gave $26,846 through the Norway August 3, LORCS issued an appeal for assistance Red Cross. on behalf of the Sri Lanka Red Cross. The appeal Switzerland-at the request of the GSL Relief of asked for $1,143,641 for 10 dispensaries, clothing, Properties and Industries Authority, the Swiss utensils, rice, milk powder, four Landrovers, and Disaster Relief Unit dispatched a representative two ambulances. A delegate was also sent to to assess rehabilitation needs. conduct an assessment. Air Lanka provided two free airlifts from Switzerland and India in sup- United Kingdom -contributed $74,627 in port of the LORCS operation. (See contributions cash to the GSL and donated $44,776 through below. ) Oxfam. SRI LANKA Asia and the Pacific

-1untaq Agencies New Zealand Red Cross -contributed $2,000 in cash through LORCS. Australia Red Cross -gave cash and 10,000 dozen gauze bandages, all valued at $42,887. Norway Red Cross -gave $19,796 in cash through LORCS. Canada Red Cross-contributed $51,292 in cash. Oxfam- contributions through Oxfam totaled China (P.R.) Red Cross -donated clothing and $94,801 to local governments, churches, and blankets valued at $26,000, including transport local relief organizations. costs, through LORCS. Salvation Army (UK) -provided $15,000 for Denmark Red Cross -gave $10,256 in cash food and cooking utensils to supplement the through LORCS. local Salvation Army relief effort. Finland Red Cross -gave $17,269 in cash Save the Children (Australia)- gave $22,000 in through LORCS. cash for emergency relief. Germany (F.R.) Red Cross- provided two Save the Children (UK) -provided 500 collapsi- ambulances and five dispensaries, valued at ble water containers, 10,000 plastic cups and $43,001. plates, and medicines; all valued at $4,000. India Red Cross-donated 1,500 tons of rice and Singapore Red Cross -donated two tons of dispensaries, valued at $365,965; and provided milk powder and clothing, value not reported, cloth and transportation. through LORCS. Japan Red Cross-contributed cash, clothing, Sweden Red Cross-gave $37,740 in cash and tableware, and cloth, all valued at $148,948. 250 tons of wheat flour through LORCS. Korea (Republic)Red Cross -donated $3,000 in Switzerland Red Cross -donated 20 tons of cash. milk powder, valued at $77,768, through Nepal Red Cross -gave $1,500 in cash. LORCS. TOTAL $3,087,561

Date: January 31-February 9,1983 (FY 83) on or near the adjacent Thai villages of Khok Location: The villages of Khok Sung, Ban Non Sung, Ban Non Mak Mun, and Nong Chan in Mak Mun, and Nong Chan in Taphraya District the Taphraya District of Prachinburi Province. of Prachinburi Province Civilian residents of the affected villages were No. Dead: One villager evacuated; however, the Royal Thai Govern- ment reported that one villager was killed and No. Injured: One villager; at least 100 camp another wounded, and several houses were residents destroyed as a result of the attack. No. Affected: 20,000-30,000 camp residents; an unreported number of Thai villagers Action Taken by the Royal Thai Government Damage: Several houses destroyed (RTG) The Disaster The RTG's emergency evacuation plan for the During the early months of 1983, Vietnamese civilian population was utilized, and most of the forces (PAVN) based in Kampuchea launched an women and children of the three affected vil- offensive against Khmer resistance groups con- lages were removed to safer areas. Two camps centrated near the Thai-Kampuchean border. were established at Ang Sila and Nong Samet to An attack against the border camp of Nong house and feed the refugees from Nong Chan Chan (190 km east of Bangkok) on January 31 until they could return to Kampuchea. In early drove some 20,000 to 30,000 of the camp's March, officers of the Thai Supreme Command residents into Thailand. Heavy Vietnamese ar- accompanied the U.S. and Swiss ambassadors tillery fire during the fighting (through February on a tour of the border area affected by the 9) occasionally overshot the border and landed shelling. THAILAND Asia and the Pacific

Assistance Provided by the United States Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary Government (USG) Agencies U.S. Ambassador John G. Dean de- Assistance Provided by the International termined on February 24 that an Community emergency situation warranting USG assistance existed in Thailand as a Voluntary agencies with ongoing programs in result of the Vietnamese military at- the border area worked with the RTG to coordi- tack against Nong Chan. He nate relief activities during this emergency exercised his disaster assistance au- Information is unavailable as to the type and thority and committed $5,000 to the value of assistance. The United Nations High RTG for the care of the affected Thai Commissioner for Refugees continues to villagers. While on a tour of the provide assistance to Khmer refugees in holding border area on March 2, Ambassador centers, while the United Nations Border Relief Dean presented a check to the village Organization delivers relief to refugees along of Khok Sung to be used for rehabili- the boundary. For a more detailed description of tation projects as decided by village conditions along the Thai-Kampuchean border, committees ...... $5,000 the reader is referred to the OFDA case report, THAILAND -Displaced Persons1 Refugees (FY 79 TOTAL $5,000 and FY 80).

ARGENTINA Latin America and the Caribbean

Date: May-August 1983 (FY 83) disaster area with eighty percent of the ma Location: Six northeastern provinces of (7,500,000 hectares) under water. In addition to Argentina: Formosa, Chaco, Misiones, approximately 200,000 displaced persons from Comentes, Santa Fe, and Entre Rios these provinces, over 10,000 victims from neigh- Deaths: None reported boring Paraguay crossed over into Argentina seeking shelter. No. Affected: 5,580,000 No. Homeless: 250,000 (4.5%of total By late June, the flood crest reached the population) provinces of Santa Fe and Entre Rios. In Damage: Total area affected by flooding was a Santa Fe, Argentina's second most populous 1,290 km stretch between the Paraguay border province, two million hectares of farmland were and Buenos Aires. Extensive damage occurred to submerged and the area's cotton, sugar cane, the road and railway network, including at least sorghum, corn, and soybean crops were com- 13 bridges destroyed. Much of northeastern pletely destroyed. The streets of the city of Santa Argentina's fertile cropland Fe were covered with several centimeters of was destroyed, affecting especially the rice, water, bringing all business and industrial ac- sorghum, cotton, sugar cane, soybean, tivity to a standstill. Entre Rios Province was sunflower, tobacco, tea and vegetable crops. completely cut off from Buenos Aires when a As of late May 1983, one source estimated that bridge near Ceibes collapsed and most roadways economic losses might reach one billion dollars. were rendered impassable. The capital city of It has been predicted that some farmland will be Buenos Aires was spared any serious flooding, unusable for two years and livestock production as the Uruguay and Parana rivers empty into the will be affected for the next three to four years. Atlantic Ocean just north of the city. By October, the flood waters in the northern provinces began The Disaster to recede, allowing evacuees to &turn to their- homes and repair and restoration work to begin. During the winter months (May-August) of 1983, the northeastern provinces of Argentina suffered Action Taken by the Government of Argentina from heavy rainfall and serious flooding. Some (GOA) and Local bluntary Agencies meteorologists have blamed this unusually se- vere weather on "El Nino", a climatic anomaly At the national level, both the GOA Air Force characterized by the presence of warmer than and Coast Guard dispatched helicopters and normal water currents off the coast of Peru. boats to evacuate flood victims and deliver Steady and heavy amounts of precipitation fell supplies to evacuee centers. The national gov- on Paraguay southeastern Brazil and north- ernment also announced plans to implement eastern Argentina, causing the Parana, Paraguay several economic emergency measures for the and Uruguay rivers to overflow population of the affected provinces, including their banks. tax exemptions, reduction of interest rates, budgetary allocations for foodstuffs and The most affected province was Formosa, which clothing, and appropriation of special funds received 600 mm rain in a 24 hour period. The for the construction of 5,000 houses. city of Formosa, on the Paraguay River, was entirely engulfed by flood waters causing 78,200 Most of the provincal or local governments people to be displaced from their homes. In organized emergency operations committees and Resistencia, the capital of Chaco Province, runoff volunteer groups to coordinate preparedness from the Parana river opened a three meter wide measures and relief operations. Civil defense gap in the city's embankment, forcing 80% of the groups had to race against time to population to abandon their homes and belong- build earthen defenses before the oncoming ings. Approximately 6,000 residents of Posadas, flood waters flowed downstream. When the dike the capital of the province of Misiones, had to be broke at the city of Resistencia, hundreds of evacuated to temporary shelters. Overflow from volunteers worked nonstop to plug the gap with the Uruguay River completely submerged the sandbags. Farther downstream in Santa Fe, civil ports of Conception de la Sierra and San Javiar defense groups, private construction companies, and cut National Highway 12 in five places. The and volunteers worked together to construct entire province of Comentes, bounded by the flood bamers, some as high as ten meters. In Parana and Uruguay rivers, was declared a Posadas, the emergency operations committee ARGENTINA Latin America and the Caribbean

developed mass evaucation plans and resettle- Summary of USG Assistance ment sites for its displaced population. Ambassador's authority divided Local voluntary agencies were also active in the among Argentine Red Cross, Caritas evacuation and relief operations. The Argentine Argentinas, and the Argentine Salva- Red Cross used outboard motorboats to rescue tion Army ...... $25,000 flood victims and distribute relief supplies do- Heliport light sets and generators nated from other governments and private (two each) plus air transport ...... $12,988 voluntary agencies. Caritas Argentinas, the Federation of Evangelical Churches of Argen- Transport (air) of blankets, cots, plas- tina, and the Argentine Salvation Army were tic and instruction manuals ...... $105,135 also involved in furnishing relief supplies, such as foodstuffs, blankets, mattresses, and con- Value of 51 rolls of plastic, including $14,288 struction materials. U.S. freight ...... Disaster specialist TDY ...... $8,140 Assistance Provided by the United States Government (USG) TOTAL $165,551 On June 7,1983, U.S. Ambassador Harry W. Shlaudeman determined that the widespread Assistance Provided by U.S. Wluntary flooding in six provinces of Argentina war- Agencies ranted USG assistance. The Ambassador's $25,000 disaster assistance authority was di- Catholic Relief Services -gave $5,000 in cash. vided among the Argentine Red Cross, Caritas Lutheran World Federation -contributed Argentinas, and the Argentine Salvation Army $21,500 in cash donations. The Argentine Red Cross reported that the USG donation of $10,000 was used to purchase three TOTAL $26,500 VI-IF portable radios and radio equipment for three high frequency base stations. Caritas di- Assistance Provided by the International vided its $10,000 USG contribution equally Community among seven affiliated offices in the flooded provinces for purchasing medical supplies, International Organizations foodstuffs, and repair materials. The Salvation Army used its $5,000 USG donation to purchase European Economic Community -gave blankets, rice, and powdered milk which were $212,500 to the League of Red Cross Societies distributed to flood victims at evacuee centers. (LORCS) and $250,000 for a resettlement pro- In response to a request from Ambassador gram. Shlaudeman, the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster LORCS -launched an appeal for $1.06 million Assistance (OFDA) sent two portable visual and channeled relief funds from other interna- approach slope indicators (heliport light sets) to tional organizations. enable GOA helicopters to fly relief and supply missions at night. In addition, OFDA sent 5,000 United Nations Staff -donated $3,000 for local wool blankets, 1,004 aluminum frame field cots, purchase of relief supplies. and 284 rolls of plastic sheeting (plus instruction manuals), which were turned over to the Ar- UNCHS (Habitat)- sent a two week explora- gentine Red Cross. These commodities had an tory mission to advise on mitigation of damage estimated value of $167,734. However, only the and flood protection for human settlements. replacement cost of 51 rolls of plastic and the cost of transporting the supplies from Panama UNDRO -delegate was briefed by government to Argentina were paid from FY 1983 accounts. officials and visited affected areas. A disaster specialist was also sent to Formosa, UNESCO -provided assistance in reopening Chaco, and Santa Fe to assess the flood situa- schools damaged by the floods. tion and relief operations. UNICEF-contributed a cash grant of $25,000. World Council of Churches-gave a cash contri- bution of $20,000 and reported that a total of $42,000 was contributed to its relief program. ARGENTINA Latin America and the Caribbean

Governments Germany (F. R.) Red Cross -provided 67 boxes of medical supplies, two water purification Canada -provided $65,420 in cash through units, and a technical assistance team, valued LORCS and $56,074 to the Canadian Organiza- at $115,385. tion for Development and Peace. HEKS (Switzerland)- contributed $9,640 in Germany Federal Republic of -provided two cash. fork lift trucks for delivering supplies, valued at $42,307. Italy Red Cross -gave $130,000 in cash through LORCS. Spain -sent boats for rescue operations valued at $10,577. Japan Red Cross-donated $16,314 in cash. Soviet Union -provided medicines and Korea (Republic of) Red Cross -gave $1,000 in blankets, value not reported. cash. Vatican -gave a cash donation of $20,000. Netherlands Red Cross -contributed a cash grant of $9,433. Through the Argentine Red Cross: cash contri- butions totaling $174,050 were reported from the New Zealand Red Cross -gave a cash grant following governments -Australia, Canada, of $493. China (PIR.), Denmark, Finland, Federal Re- public of Germany Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Norway Red Cross -donated a cash grant of New Zealand, Norway Sweden, Switzerland, $42,252. Thailand, and United Kingdom. Paraguay Red Cross -provided the services of one PRC delegate, value not reported. kluntary Agencies Soviet Union Red Cross -donated 2,000 A.D.B. (Netherlands)-contributed $5,000 blankets and other relief supplies, valued at in cash. $49,475. Australia Red Cross -gave a cash grant of $1,784. Spain Red Cross -provided a SRC delegate, and Brazil Red Cross -provided 3,000 water two inflatable motorboats, value not purification tablets and 50 doses of antivenom reported. serum, valued at $87l. Sweden Red Cross -furnished 34 tons of Canada Red Cross-donated $9,731 in cash. blankets, clothing, and shoes, valued at $25,675, and a cash grant of $12,162. Canadian Catholic Organization for Develop- ment and Peace-gave $3,985 in cash. Switzerland Red Cross -gave a cash grant of $19,230. Caritas (Belgium)-gave a cash grant of $2,120. Thailand Red Cross-gave $75 in cash through Caritas (Germany F.R.) -contributed $20,000 LORCS. in cash. United Kingdom Red Cross -gave a cash caritas (Italy)- donated $14,000 in cash. contribution of $3,062. Caritas (Netherlands)-donated $19,000 to TOTAL $1,550,139 relief effort. Caritas (Spain)- gave a cash grant of $5,000. Caritas (Switzerland)- contributed $25,000 in cash. Chile Red Cross -provided a cash contribution of $240. China (PR.) Red Cross-contributed $10,000. Das Kiakonisches Werk (Germany F.R.) -gave a cash contribution of $19,650. Denmark Red Cross -gave cash grant of $17,441. Finland Red Cross -gave $28,193 in cash through LORCS. BOLIVIA Latin America and the Caribbean

Date: Mid-February- June, 1983 (FY 83) The heavy rains continued intermittently Location: City of Santa Cruz and the department throughout June and extended north into the of Beni department of Beni, where flooding occurred in No. Dead: 250 in Santa Cruz; none reported in major river systems and in the San Julian colo- Beni nization project located between the Rio Grande and the Rio San Julian. Several villages in the No. Injured: Not reported latter area, with a total population of 500, were No. Affected: 50,000 in Santa Cruz; no estimate reported under water as the two rivers crested for Beni in late May. The flooding caused the loss of the Damage: Total damage was approximately $48.4 winter crop and considerable damage to schools million, including crop losses estimated at $13.2 and health posts in Beni. million and damage to infrastructure totaling $35.2 million: housing-$11.8 million (10,000 Action Taken by the Government of Bolivia units destmyedldamaged);bridges 42.4 (GOB) and Non-Govenunental Organizations million; roads-$20.5 million; schools-$62,500; other-$400,000. [Please note: Figures are based On March 21, the GOB declared seven of its on a conversion rate from local currency to U.S. nine departments to be in a state of disaster as a dollars of 400:l. Lf the official rate of exchange result of flooding, drought, and hailstorms. On (about 200:l) were used, reported damage would the same date, the GOB formally requested the be about double the above.] Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRO) to launch an appeal to The Disaster the international community for disaster assist- ance. To initiate the relief effort, the GOB The rural and urban areas of Santa Cruz allocated the Bolivian equivalent of U.S. (Bolivia's second largest population center), $125,000 in disaster assistance to the city of which were damaged by flood waters from the Santa Cruz. rain-swollen Pirai River in mid-February, were even more seriously affected the following The National Committee on Civil Defense, month. Torrential rainfall on March 17 and 18 headed by the Ministry of Defense, acted as the resulted in severe flash flooding as the Pirai coordinating agency for disaster relief at the River crested six meters above its normal level. central level. The local relief effort was coordi- The city of Santa Cruz was inundated by the nated by the Civil Defense Departmental deluge as were the nearby regional centers of Committee headed by the Departmental Prefect Warnes, Obispo Santiesteban Sara, and Ibanez. and comprised of central and local government officials, military authorities, and Red Cross An estimated 50,000 people were affected by the representatives. Distribution of relief supplies disaster which left 250 dead and thousands was carried out by the Red Cross and the Civil homeless. Highways connecting Santa Cruz Defense staff. with Cochabamba and other population centers became impassable as 85 km of road were In Santa Cruz the municipal government washed away and major bridges (at Taruma and expanded a resettlement camp on the outskirts La Beligca) were destroyed. City streets were of the city. Some 3,000 families were housed turned into rivers of mud. At least 14 rural initially in tents and makeshift shelters until a communities were partially destroyed by land- permanent settlement could be established. slides, while many others were isolated for Local authorities donated land to each family several days after the flooding. and provided roofing materials for all 3,000 homes. Construction of the homes was to be Agricultural losses were extensive, with the loss accomplished by individual families in a food for in production further aggravating a severe food work program. The Ministry of Health estab- shortage in Bolivia caused by drought in the lished a health post in the camp. Altiplano and other regions. Nearly 86,400 hec- tares under cultivation were submerged during The Santa Cruz branch of the Bolivian Red the critical harvest period, destroying fields of Cross (BRC) was active in relief and rescue rice, corn, soy and sugar cane. Thousands of operations from the beginning of the emer- animals perished in the flood waters, including gency providing food, clothing, first aid, and 75,000 head of cattle, 150,000 chickens, and temporary shelter to the flood victims. It was 23,000 goats. assisted by the central headquarters of the BRC BOLIVIA Latin America and the Caribbean which provided funds and personnel. The na- Julian colonization project. OFDA approved his tional Red Cross also played a major role in the request for an increase of $20,000 in disaster government's resettlement program. In addi- assistance for the purchase and transport of tion to distributing food (from government- and medicines, tools, shelter and agricultural sup- Caritas-sponsored programs), cooking utensils, plies for that area. blankets, and other necessities in the camps, the BRC planned to purchase and distribute over a The USG was also the largest food donor to the million mud bricks for the reconstruction of victims of flood, drought, and hailstorms in Bolivia. Catholic Relief Services (CRS)ICaritas homes. distributed EL. 480 Title I1 commodities in emer- Assistance Provided by the United States gency and food for work programs in Santa Cruz Government (USG) and in the flood-affected areas to the north. For a detailed account of U. S. food Following the GOB'S disaster declaration and and other disaster assistance to Bolivia, see the appeal to the international community, the U.S. Bolivian Drought, 1983, case report. Ambassador to Bolivia, Edwin G. Con, deter- mined on March 24 that a disaster situation Summary of USG Assistance warranting USG assistance existed in Santa Ambassador's authority used for local Cruz. The $25,000 obligated from the Ambas- relief ...... $21,500 sador's disaster assistance authority was used in part for the local purchase of tools and Increase in Ambassador's housewares for "Plan 3,000 families and for the authority ...... $20,000 purchase and transport of plastic bags and plastic Value of 50 rolls of plastic sheeting sheeting. With the concurrence of A.I.D.'s Office (includes transport costs) ...... $19,240 of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), $3,500 of this amount was later transferred to the Value of eleven 3,000 gallon water Potosi drought assistance account and $500 was tanks (includes transport used to assist flood victims in the department of costs) ...... $23,184 Beni. Accompanied by GOB Civil Defense au- thorities, U.S. EmbassyiUSAID personnel con- Administrative expenses of a disaster ducted an on-site inspection of the disaster area. management specialist ...... $5,200 In response to a request from the USAID Administrative expenses of A.I.D. re- gional engineer. $1,605 Mission, OFDA sent 50 rolls of plastic sheeting ...... from its stockpile in Panama to be used for Administrative expenses of WASH emergency shelter. Also, to assist the mission in engineer ...... $14,988 assessing damage and recommending appro- priate USG action, a three-person technical as- sistance team, consisting of a disaster management specialist, a water service engineer from the Water and Sanitation for Health Project Assistance Provided by U.S. kluntary Agencies (WASH), and the chief engineer of A.I.D.'s Latin CRSlCaritas -distributed EL. 480 Title II America Bureau, conducted an on-site assess- commodities in emergency and food for work ment of the flood-affected area and the resettle- programs WASH; donated $15,000 in cash. ment camp. Based on its observation that the water problem in the camp was due to an Seventh day Adventist World Service (SAWS)- inefficient distribution process rather than to a distributed Title I1 commodities and other relief lack of potable water, the assessment team supplies; provided water containers, value not requested that OFDA arrange to airlift from reported; and made trucks available to transport Ecuador several inflatable water storage tanks. the USG-donated water tanks from the airport Six 3,000 gallon storage tanks and two pumps to the resettlement camp. arrived in Santa Cruz on March 29 and were Utah Partners of Santa Cruz- donated one roll placed at strategic locations throughout the camp of plastic sheeting, value not reported. to permit easy access. When this number proved to be insufficient, an additional five storage tanks World Vision International -carried out a relief were brought in from Ecuador. project with a total value of $16,000: foodlmedi- cines ($10,500), roofing materials ($5,175), and On June 17, Charge William G. Walker declared transport ($825). that the flood disaster had expanded to the area north of the city of Santa Cruz, including the San TOTAL $31,500 BOLIVIA Latin America and the Caribbean

Assistance Provided by the International Governments Community Argentina -donated medicines, 500 blankets, International Organizations 500 flysheets, 400 mattresses, two water pumps, two generators, and two tons of foodstuffs; value European Economic Community -donated not reported. $106,450 in cash through LORCS. Brazil -donated medicines valued at $3,047. Food and Agriculture OrganizationWorld Food Program -developed an emergency program Canada -provided $60,605 in cash, of which for Santa Cruz and assisted the GOB in assess- $40,200 was donated to the Pan American Health ing damage, losses, and needs in the drought- Organization (PAH0)WHO for the affected areas. purchase of medicines and medical supplies.

League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS)- Cuba -contributed 230 boxes of canned food, issued an appeal to national societies on March 90 boxes of condensed milk, and 12 tons of 31 for approximately $260,000 to support the medicines; value not reported. BRC's role in the GOB's resettlement project; France -provided $20,000 in cash and the provided $40,000 in cash for the local purchase following assistance, value not reported: medi- of relief supplies. cines, 3,000 tons of wheat flour, and 300 meters UNDRO -launched an international appeal on of Bailey bridges. March 22 at the request of the GOB and donated Germany, Federal Republic of -donated $20,000 in cash for immediate relief needs. The $90,909 in cash and medicines valued at $41,068; UNDROLJNDP resident representative visited airlifted 15 portable water cisterns (1,500 liter the disaster site to assess needs following the capacity), value not reported. GOB's disaster declaration, and, in late May, an UNDRO delegate began a month-long mission Hungary -gave medicines valued at $30,000. to La Paz to assist the Bolivian Civil Defense Italy -airlifted 32.5 tons of food and medicines in the development of its relieflpreparedness with a total value (including transport) of capacity. $604,166. United Nations Industrial Development Organi- Japan -gave $100,000 in cash. zation (UNIDO)- provided technical assistance in the rehabilitation of agrobusinesses at a cost of Korea, Republic of -donated $100,000 worth of $140,000. plastic bandages, gauze, and medicines.

World Health Organization -provided medical Nicaragua- gave $1,000 in cash. supplies and three boats, all valued at $50,000. Norway -provided $30,000 in cash through the Norwegian Red Cross. Spain -provided 5,000 tons of wheat, value not reported. United Kingdom -contributed $8,065 in cash for the purchase of medicines, vitamins, and dried skim milk; and 90 meters of Bailey bridges at a total cost, including transport, of $240,000.

Voluntary Agencies Spain Red Cross -donated medicines valued at $30,000. BOLIVIA Latin America and the Caribbean

Date: 1983 (FY 83) sheep, and llamas further depleted the meager Location: Seven departments: La Paz, Omm, resources of the rural population. Cochabamba, Potosi, Chuquisaca, Tarija, and Although small, isolated droughts are not un- Santa Cruz common in the Altiplano, this drought was No. Dead: Not reported considered a major disaster because of the large No. Affected: 1,583,049 persons were seriously geographical area involved, because the tradi- affected; the total by department is as follows: tional alternative source of foodstuffs, the east- ern lowlands. had been flooded. and because the La Paz 304,572 transportation structure had been seriously Orun, 132,040 damaged. (See BOLIVIA -Floods.) Cochabamba 403,086 Potosi 450,112 The consequences of the drought, for both the Chuquisaca 205,139 people and the economy were expected to be Tarija 73,100 far-reaching. Migration to urban areas, a com- Santa Cruz 15,000 mon response to drought in the Altiplano, accelerated noticeably in 1983, increasing de- Damage: Total agricultural losses were estimated mands for goods and services on already over- at $417.2 million: $277.7 million in crop losses burdened municipalities and adding to the large and $139.5 million in livestock losses. [Please number of urban unemployed. The shutdown of note: Figures are based on a conversion rate from several industries dependent on agricultural pro- local currency to U.S. dollars of 400:l. If the duction further aggravated the unemployment official rate of exchange (about 200:l) were used, situation and added to Bolivia's economic prob- reported damage would be about double the lems. The country's GDP growth rate for 1983, above.] Lost food crop production (mainly from earlier projected at four percent, was expected to drought but also including flood losses) be less than one percent, or possibly even exceeded 1,000,000 metric tons, estimated by negative, as a result of the drought and flood major crop category as follows: cereals-209,796 disasters. To prevent famine and stimulate MT; tubers and roots-721,968 MT (includes 597,378 MT of potatoes, the major staple crop); recovery, considerable external assistance would be required. vegetables-116,223 MT; and fruits-33,975 M? (This total does not include the lost Action Taken by the Government of Bolivia production in forage and soybeans.) Livestock (GOB) losses included over 200,000 cattle, 3,000,000 sheep, and 660,000 llamas and alpacas. On April 8, the Minister of Defense (head of the GOB entity charged with disaster relief respon- The Disaster sibilities through the Civil Defense Committee) convened officials of several embassies and rep- As a result of a severe and prolonged drought resentatives of major international organizations affecting large areas of seven of Bolivia's nine to inform them of the severity of the drought and departments, an estimated 80% of the normal to appeal for disaster assistance. GOB agencies fall harvest of staple crops was lost. Approxi- lent vehicles and well-drilling equipment to help mately 35% of Bolivia's total land area, or 380,000 alleviate the water problems in Potosi. square kilometers, was directly affected; 90% of A multi-ministry disaster coordinating commit- the Altiplano, 70% of the valleys, and 10% of the tee, established within the Ministry of Defense, lowlands. The drought deprived nearly 1.6 mil- developed a National Emergency 131an which lion campesinos of their source of income and summarized the problems resulting from the food supply the majority (62%) of these people drought and flood disasters and outlined a live in the departments of Cochabamba, Oruro, program of response. The five components of the and Potosi. The city of Potosi, with 104,000 National Emergency Plan dealt with agricultural inhabitants, was totally without normal sources and livestock recovery, water supply food sup- of water. ply transportation, and infrastructure. Closely A reported food crop deficit of over 1,000,000 coordinated with the activities of the Defense MT, half of which was potatoes, was largely Ministry were those of the Ministry of Agri- attributed to the drought. Severe livestock losses culture, which administered a National Agri- of as much as 30-40% of some herds of cattle, cultural Emergency Plan. Extensive field surveys BOLIVIA Latin America and the Caribbean to assess damages and losses and compile disas- itas, 17,465 MT; SNDA (GOB agency), 1,210 MT; ter data were carried out by the Departmental and Seventh-day Adventist World Service1 Development Corporations, also in collaboration OFASA, 952 MT. An additional l,7l0 MT of with the Ministry of Agriculture. foodstuffs, valued at $861,194 and obligated for In August, the GOB established OFINAL disaster assistance only was distributed by CRSl (Oficina Nacional de Asistencia Alimentaria) to Caritas. coordinate food distribution. Emergency supplies for food for work projects The National Community Development Service were also authorized. A total of 28,820 MT of (NCDS) implemented a USG Food for Peace PL. 480 Title I1 commodities, valued at assistance program. NCDS distributed 10,000 $15,172,180, were distributed by the following MT of PL. 480 Title I1 commodities in rural agencies: CRS, 8,820 MT in an urban emergency emergency food for work projects, benefiting program; and National Community Develop- over 166,000 people. Activities included the con- ment Services (NCDS) and Food for the Hungry struction of irrigation canals, farm to market International (FHI), 10,000 MT each in rural roads, and flood control dams, as well as self- emergency programs. help housing improvement and other com- In addition, 15,000 MT of Title I1 rice, valued at munity-oriented projects. $8,694,000 (including transport) and 29,000 MT of Title I11 rice, valued at $8,800,000 (commodity Assistance Provided by the United.States value only), were provided by the Office of Food Govenunent (USG) for Peace for commercialization. The GOB Min- Following the GOB's official declaration of a istry of Industry and Commerce was the national disaster, the U.S. Ambassador, Edwin sponsoring institution. It was expected that the G. Con; determined on April 20 that a drought funds generated from the sale of this rice would warranting USG assistance existed in the de- cover the operating expenses of NCDS and the partments of La Paz, Oruro, Potosi, Tarija, voluntary agencies in food distribution and Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz. He provide support to the GOB's proposed agri- exercised his disaster assistance authority to cultural rehabilitation program. obligate $25,000 to the people of Bolivia for their Food assistance to Bolivia continued in FY recovery efforts. This fund was later increased 1984, with 10,000 MT of commodities valued at by $3,500 when that amount was transferred $3,130,600 (commodity value only) approved as from the Bolivia floods account. Disbursements of 11115 for distribution by FHI. were put toward a potable water project for Potosi, the support of soup kitchens in La Paz The USG also assisted agricultural rehabilitation serving ruial migrants, partial payment of trans- and reconstruction efforts. OFDA provided a port costs of water tanks shipped from the total of $78,370 ($46,670 in FY 1983 and $31,700 in United States, and partial remuneration of a FY 1984) to CRS to fund disaster rehabilitation disaster coordinator working with the USAID projects. Emergency agricultural commodities Mission. and supplies benefiting over 35,000 families in the flood- and drought-affected aRas, were In response to a request from the Mission, diverted from regular A.I.D. development A.I.D.'s Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assist- program assistance. ance (OFDA) approved the release of the following items from USG stocks: ten rolls of An A. I.D. -funded disaster recovery project plastic sheeting to be used as emergency above- provided an $8 million loan and a $9 million ground water tanks (arrived in Bolivia April 29); grant to 1) help reconstruct flood-damaged roads and twelve 3,000-gallon water tanks (arrived in and bridges; 2) install water supply and irrigation Bolivia May 7). systems in the Altiplano; and 3) assist in the importation of fertilizers and medicines. In response to the food shortage created by the drought and flood disasters, the USG provided The USAID Mission engaged two specialists over 94,000 MT of l?L. 480 foodstuffsin FY 1983, (one in food logistics and one in disaster coordi- with a total value of $43,846,832. The types of nation) to provide technical assistance. programs and participating agencies are de- scribed below. Summary of USG Assistance A total of 19,627 MT of PL. 480 Title I1 foods, valued at $10,319,458, was used in regular pro- Ambassador's authority used for grams in disaster-affected areas and distributed water equipment and other local as follows: Catholic Relief Services (CRS)ICar- relief ...... $28,500 Latin America and the Caribbean

Value of ten rolls of plastic sheeting its regular programs and donated one roll of (includes transport costs) ...... $5,067 plastic sheeting, value not reported. Value of twelve 3,000 gallon water TOTAL $25,000 tanks (includes transport costs) ...... $25,464 OFDA grant to CRS (FY 1983) ...... $46,670 Assistance Provided by the International Community Total OFDA Assistance (FY 1983) ...... $105,701 European Economic Community -gave OFDA grant to CRS (FY 1984) ...... $J1,700 $299,145 in cash through Comite Catholique Contre la Faim et Pour le Developpement, for Total OFDA Assistance (FY 1984) ...... $31,700 the local purchase and transport of food and Total (FY 1983 and FY 1984) ...... $137,401 medicines; also provided 7,300 MT of foodstuffs, value not reported. Value of 94,157 MT of PL. 480 Title I1 and Title I11 commodities Food and Agriculture OrganizationMi'orld Food (FY 1983) ...... $43,846,832 Program (WFP)- sent logistics consultants to assist the Bolivian government. The WFP pro- Value of 10,000 MT of PL. 480 Title I1 vided 9,620 MT of wheat flour and vegetable oil, commodities (FY 1984) ...... $3,130,600 value not reported. Value of emergency agricultural as- The United Nations Development Program sistance diverted from regular A.I.D. (UNDP) Assistant Administrator-conducted development programs (based on the an assessment in July of the relief, rehabilita- official exchange rate of about 200 tion, and reconstruction requirements in Bolivian pesos to U. S. $1) ...... $2,658,379 Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. Subsequently on A.I.D. disaster recovery project August 10, the U.N. Secretary General issued (grant funds only) ...... $9,000,000 an appeal to the international community for emergency assistance to all three countries. UN- Technical assistance to the USAID DRO organized the U.N. relief effort in Bolivia. Mission (two specialists) ...... $23,600 Governments Total USG Assistance (FY 1983) $55,634,512 Argentina -provided food assistance, value Total USG Assistance (FY 1984) . $3,162,300 not reported, and lent six railroad tank cars to transport water from nearby rivers to the city TOTAL $58,7%,812 of Potosi. Assistance Provided by U.S. Nluntary Belgium -gave $192,307 in cash. Agencies Canada -contributed 12,000 MT of foodstuffs, valued at $8,130,081, through the WFP; $699,186 Catholic Relief Services (CRS)- donated $25,000 in cash through the Canadian Catholic Organiza- in cash for seeds and tools for Chuquisaca, one tion for Development and Peace; and cash grants of several disaster rehabilitation projects spon- totaling $760,162 through the Pan sored by CRS. The projects, which received American Health OrganizationMi'orld Health partial funding from the USG, provided nearly Organization, the League of Red Cross 20,000 families with emergency seed grants, Societies, and other non-governmental tools, and technical assistance. CRSlCaritas dis- organizations. tributed PL. 480 Title I1 foods from its regular programs in the drought-affected areas and 8,820 Chile- provided $12,000 in cash. MT of l?L. 480 commodities to 140,000 benefici- Denmark-gave $53,1!9l in cash through Danish aries in an urban emergency food for work Church Aid in cooperation with the World program. The latter program was assisted by the Council of Churches. GOB Mitry of Planning and the Departmental Development Corporations. France -donated 8,000 MT of wheat (3,000 MT bilaterally and 5,000 MT through the WFP), Food for the Hungry International (FHI)- value not reported. distributed 10,000 MT of l?L. 480 Title I1 com- modities to over 166,000 beneficiaries in a rural Germany Federal Republic of -donated emergency food for work program. $150,943 in cash for water pumps. Seventh-day Adventist World ServicelOFASA Korea, Republic of -provided jeeps valued at -distributed l?L. 480 Title I1 commodities from $174,000. BOLIVIA Latin America and the Caribbean

Netherlands -gave food, seeds, and medicines $148,311 through Free Church Aid and Eriksh- valued at $141,379 and $25,689 in cash to the jaelpen. Fundacion Ecumenica Para el Desarrollo. Switzerland -gave 1,000 MT of maize meal, Norway -donated $235,374 in cash. valued at $393,000 including transport, through Spain -contributed one metric ton of seeds Caritas Switzerland; also water pumpslequip- through the Compania de Jesus, value not re- ment and cash for potato seeds and dried skim ported, and additional seeds, water tanks, and milk, all valued at $360,576. tents, all valued at $67,114. Rluntary Agencies Sweden -provided food aid through the WFP, value not reported; $7l4,285 for an emergency China (P.R.) Red Cross -gave $20,000 in cash. water project, involving drilling equipment, Danish Church Aid -gave $10,638 in cash. water pumps, and the services for two months of a hydrologist, a hydrogeologist, a civil engi- Denmark Red Cross -provided $5,319 in cash. neer, and a driller; and cash grants totaling TOTAL $12,592,700

Date: Januq1983 (FY 83) Action men by the Govenunent of Brazil Location: State of Mihas Gerais (GOB) No. Dead: 68 The Civil Defense of Minas Gerais, the fire No. Affected: 3,000,000 department, military police, and municipal Damage: A large number of municipalities in government agencies we= mobilized to provide the state of Minas Gerais were affected by the relief to the flood victims. Community volun- flooding 244 houses were destroyed and 781 teers assisted the government in these efforts. were heavily damaged; 59 bridges were Having dealt with similar flooding in 1978 and dedmyed or damaged; and drainage and sewer 1979, the GOB was able to cope effectively with systems, mads, and electrical power lines the current crisis. sPstained heavy damage. Ehtimated total property damage was $lo-= million. Assistance Provided by the U.S. Government (USG) On January 6,1983, the U.S. Ambassador During the earfy part of January 1983, to Brazil determined that the flood disaster ~tialrairrsJashedthenorthemareaof~ warranted USG assistance and exercised his Gerais The Arrudas, W, and #&as rivers disaster relief authority. The USG contributed ovdiuwed their banks and musecl wide- $7,813 to the Civil Defense of Minas Gerais. ~fIoodingwhichafkted86rn~ties TOTAL $7,813 ind* the state capital, Beio Horironte. Thedrainztgeandsftvelage~inBelo Assist;mce provided by U.S. WlmItary 7' - &dnotcantainthespeedand ~dwaierpouringinbitandburstapart inmarrypia#s.Whenthishappenred,&laads -None mported. ~thepipescmnrbled--the!- ~horseswae~orheavily Prmriaea by the InteLnahd cbmagd~tfrseddlemban~ ~bridgesdmqpreiectdralp&uer~ -* Welealso~Iniiialrrportsputtbedeadr bollat68, with3QOinjmdandupt~8,oOO pgscnts~-~~wasdis Npbed,~thedistributiondgsential =4@= tothe POP-

BRAZIL Latin America and the Caribbean

Date: March-September 1983 (FY83) Action Taken by the Government of Brazil Location: Northeast Sertao (semi-arid)region, (GOB) and Non-Governmental Organizations especially the states of Ceara and Pernambuco No. Dead: Not reported In response to the chronic drought problem in No. Affected: Over 20,000,000 the northeast, the GOB has created federal agencies to deal with the immediate issue of Damage: Since 1979 a critical lack of water has approaching famine as well as the accompany- caused livestock to perish and entire crops to ing economic and social problems of fail each year. The resulting malnutrition is overpopulation, unemployment, and poverty. pervasive, causing physical and mental deficiencies among the affected population. The The Ministry of the Interior, specifically increase in urban population due to mass SUDENE (Superintendency for the Develop migration from the drought area into northeast ment of the Northeast), is the major national coastal cities has almost depleted some urban funding source for drought relief, which is water reservoirs and threatens to overdraw channeIed through the Department of Agri- private wells. In 1983, corn, bean, and sorghum cul~,Military Police, and Civil Defense. crops were almost completely lost. Infant SUDENE is also responsible for cmrdinating all mortality in Ceara increased from 108 to 250 per existing relief programs throughout the region thousand from 1980 to 1982 and is predicted to and trucking water to rural areas. In the current reach 400 per thousand by the end of 1983. drought disaster, most GOB funds have gone to SUDENE for an emergency public works pro- gram that pays about 25% of the minimum The Disaster wage and offers subsidized food (black beans and rice) instead of pay as an option. SUDENE The Sertao, the northeastern interior region of reported 1.7 million on its work rolls as of Brazil, has a historv of drought that dates back September 1983. to 1614. condition; since thgearly 1970s have been rapidly deteriorating as the low level of A national campaign to draw attention to the rainfall has brought the area's population (ap- northeast was led by one of Brazil's major proximately 23 million in the five states most television networks, Rede Globo T.V. Its fund affected) to the brink of famine. In a "good" raising appeal resulted in a great number of year, annual rainfall averages 700 mm and as financial contributions and food donations from little as 250 mm in the driest regions. From around the country. The Brazilian Assistance November 1982 to June 1983 the Sertao received League, a private voluntary agency, was respon- only 50% of normal rainfall. On the coast the sible for distributing a large portion of these dry spell began in March and continues. funds. Other local voluntary agencies also dis- tributed food baskets, attempting to reach each In Ceara, the state most affected by the drought, affected municipality~atleasion&. it was estimated that 1983 agricultural produc- tion would drop 8.5% below the 1978 level and Based on the findings of a survey conducted by livestock herds would be depleted by 50-70%. the League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS), the The number of agriculture-based industries has Brazilian Red Cross planned to contribute ap- therefore greatly decreased, and the resulting proximately $2,446,177 to purchase and unemployment and poverty have pushed the distribute food boxes to 103,000 people from rural population to the urban centers. Officials January through April, 1984. LORCS will con- estimated that 400,000 people would migrate to tribute a similar amount to the joint program. Fortaleza in 1983, placing a heavy burden on the state capital's water supply. As the situation Assistance Provided by the United States became more desperate, local newspapers were Government (USG) reporting frequent looting of food stores. In response to numerous requests for Geologic surveys of the drought area have assistance and in view of the deterio- shown that the northeast is composed of rating situation in the northeast, the pre-cambrian granite, which makes the chance U.S. declared on September 15 that of finding water unlikely and well-driUing the disaster warranted USG assist- unproductive. ance. During a televised ceremony, a BRAZIL Latin America and the Caribbean check for $25,000 was presented to Assistance Provided by the International the Brazilian Assistance League to Community assist in disaster relief efforts ...... $25,000 League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS)-sent a The Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster team of three delegates to survey the drought Assistance (OFDA) provided a area and write a detailed evaluation. In coopera- hydrogeologist from the U. S. tion with the Brazilian Red Cross, LORCS Geological Survey to evaluate designed a relief program to provide food boxes ground water development in the to 103,000 people for four months at a total cost drought area in order to explore of $2,446,177. mitigation possibilities ...... $7,222 ...... World Food Program -agreed to begin an TOTAL $32,222 emergency food program and to extend its ongoing school feeding programs at an estimated Assistance Provided by U.S. Vbluntary cost of $7,000,000. Agencies TOTAL $9,446,177 None reported.

Date: May-August 1983 (FY 83) mm. In some areas the rain continued unabated Location: Southern states of Santa Catarina, Rio for 60 days. Grande do Sul, and Parana No. Dead: 75 Santa Catarina was the most affected, with severe flooding in the northern highlands and No. Affected: 330,000 were reported homeless; the Peixe, Uruguai, and Itajai river valleys. The thousands more out of work and without basic Itajai River rose 15 meters above normal, over- services flowed its banks, and flooded the valley, Damage: Santa Catarina: The entire state was including the city of Blumenau. The entire state declared a "public calamity" area; many towns was declared a "public calamity", as were six were under water, without phones, water, or municipalities in Parana. electricity; 7,000 of the state's 11,000 industrial establishments were damaged and out of In Rio Grande do Sul, the cities of Sao Norja production; 80-90% of agricultural land was and Itaqui suffered the most damage and were affected. declared a "public calamity", and almost half of Rio Grande do Sul: Of the state's 244 cities, the state's cities were designated a state of 102 were declared in a state of emergency; emergency. Two other major problem areas in roads were impassable in the Urugai River the state were the Dos Patos Lagoon and the area and towns were almost completely Uruguai River. Unable to contain the volume of covered with water. water flowing into it from five different rivers, the lagoon subsequently overflowed; the Uru- Parana: Agricultural production was guai river also overflowed its banks, nearly extensively damaged, with 78,000 tons of covering towns on the banks and washing out wheat crop at risk of loss; six municipalities roads in the area. were declared "public calamity" areas. By the middle of July, thousands had been forced to leave their damaged or destroyed The Disaster homes. Many municipalities were isolated and could be reached only by air. Efforts to supply Torrential rains beginning in May combined these areas by boat were hampered by very fast with a stationary cold front to cause widespread river currents, leaving those stranded by flood flooding in the southern Brazilian states of Rio waters without food or potable water for as long Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Parana, as three days. especially along the banks of the Uruguai and Itajai rivers. The weather service recorded 440 Sunshine, warmer weather, and generally sub- mm of rainfall in only 11 days, whereas normal siding river levels in most areas allowed relief precipitation for the entire month of June is 90 efforts to begin around July 14. Many displaced BRAZIL Latin America and the Caribbean persons returned home to begin the cleanup, Assistance Provided by the United States but many more remained homeless. After a Government (USG) brief break in the bad weather, a resumption of rain in Parana caused the Iguacu River to rise 10 On July 13, the U.S. Deputy Chief of m above normal. Passage by road remained Mission, Harry Kopp, determined difficult, but by July 18 it appeared that supplies that the flood disaster warranted were reaching all affected areas. USG assistance and obligated $25,000 for the local purchase of In municipalities phones, water, and electricity food, medicine, and clothing. Of were out and homes and personal property this, $20,000 went to Santa Catarina destroyed; industrial plants were damaged, and through the Liga de Apoio ao Desen- resulting unemployment was feared. In agri- volvimento do Estado de Santa cultural areas, future problems were also Caterina, a private voluntary organi- expected, not only because of crop loss (1.1 zation; 1and $2,500 each went to million tons of grains were estimated lost in Parana and Rio Grande do Sul ...... $25,000 Santa Catarina alone), but because flood waters stripped much good topsoil from farmland. In the state capitals of Florianapolis and Porto Alegre, GOB military and Action Taken by the Government of Brazil state civil defense authorities gave (GOB) and Non-Governmental Organizations U.S. Embassy and Consulate officials The Brazilian Civil Defense, military forces and complete briefings on the disaster the Brazilian Red Cross (BRC) were well situation, and they jointly assessed organized and had enough food and clothing on the needs of the displaced persons. hand to begin distributing supplies when the The Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster flooding began. The BRC forwarded water pu- Assistance (OFDA) allotted funds for rification tablets, clothing, and financial the local purchase of 19,000 blankets, assistance to its local chapters, which worked totalling $141,608. Consulate officials with local civil defense units to distribute the accompanied the delivery of 2,000 of supplies. Army trucks, air force helicopters, and these blankets to Uruguay River navy and civilian aircraft delivered food and towns ...... $141,608 other supplies to the affected areas. Under an existing contract with the On July 18, the Brazilian Air Force provided Office of Emergency Services of the transportation for U.S. Embassy and Consulate State of Virginia, OFDA paid travel officials to Florianapolis, the capital of Rio expenses for Dr. David D. Shields to Grande do Sul, to meet with air force and civil initiate an oral rehydration therapy defense authorities to assess damage and relief program in Santa Catarina ...... 3,420 needs. They determined that local warehouses were well stocked for the short term, and more TOTAL $170,028 supplies were available from Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo if necessary. Local relief efforts and Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary the outpouring of help from neighboring states Agencies and Other Non-Governmental were impressive, leaving the military police Organizations gymnasium and airport hangars overflowing with donations in Santa Catarina. By July 19, Church World Service (CWS)-donated 1,000 15,000 tons of food had been donated from the blankets, 40,000 water purification tablets, 20 Sao Paulo region; airlines ran round-the-clock bales of children's clothing, and 10 bales of "air bridge" services, supplemented by truck layettes; value not reported. The Executive Di- deliveries; and civilian volunteers joined the rector of CWS sent $5,000 from the Emergency civil defense and military forces in loading, Fund and issued an appeal for $100,000. transporting, and distributing supplies. Salvation Army- sent assessment teams to By the last week of July many of the displaced Parana and Santa Catarina. had returned to their homes, but civil defense authorities estimated that they were still feed- The Commonwealth of Virginia's Office of ing over 100,000 displaced persons in Santa Emergency Services -sent two doctors to Santa Catarina alone. The National Security Council Catarina to establish an oral rehydration was given responsibility for planning and coordi- therapy program, partially funded under a con- nating longer term reconstruction and federal tract with OFDA (see assistance provided by assistance. USG). BRAZIL Latin America and the Caribbean

World Vision International -gave $5,000 in cash Assistance Provided by the International for food, clothes, and medicine through a local Community committee of churches. Germany, Federal Republic of -donated 20,000 TOTAL $10,000 blankets, value not reported. World Food Program-gave 200 MT of non-fat dry milk from its inventories in Belem, value not reported.

Date: March 31,1983 (FY 83) About 2,000-2,500 families from the smunding Location: The town of Popayan in the area moved into Popayan looking for shelter and department of Cauca relief supplies. Cold nights, with temperatures No. Dead: 250 as low as 6"C, and heavy rains further aggra- vated the situation of the homeless. No. Injured: 1,000-1,500 reported No. Affected: 30,000 left homeless in Popayan; Communication to Popayan and surrounding about 5,000 in the surrounding area; total villages was cut off, except for radio. The airport population of affected area over 140,000 continued to function during daylight hours Damage: Popayan sdfered 8040 damage; 1,030 although runways were partially destroyed and homes were destroyed in smunding villages; the control tower was inoperative. A shortage of estimates for Popayan and environs: jet fuel and small aircraft severely inhibited delivery of relief supplies initially Roads to Cali service infrashydurp US $12.3 million and Bogota remained serviceable, however. land use activities 283.5 million social and community services 95.6million madsltransportation 4.5 million Action Taken by the Govenunent of Colombia nual sector 15.0 million (GOC)and Non-Governmental Organizations TOTAL US $410.9 million On the day of the earthquake, President The Disaster Betancur visited Popayan to survey the damage On Marrh 31,1983, at 8:14 a.m., an earthquake and confer with the Minister of Defense and the registering 5.5 on the Richter scale struck a 40 sq. commanders of the Army and National Police. Colombian authorities mobilized quickly and km area in the department of Cauca, 300 km southwest of Bogota. diverted airplanes to transport supplies: medi- cine and plasma were brought in from Cali; two Popayan, a cultural and historic center and the field hospitals were moved to Popayan from Cali departmental capital, was 80-85% destroyed. and Neiva; sheets, blankets, medical supplies, Schools, hospitals, churches, public buildings, and a generator were air-lifted from Bogota. and approximately 9,000 private dwellings were Small aircraft evacuated a few of the most destroyed or badly damaged. The older historic seriously injured victims, and the homeless neighborhoods and poorer sections suffered con- moved to open areas. The military assumed siderable damage, as did numerous housing ~sponsibilityfor the relief effort, heading the units which were built in the last 30 years but not GOC on-site coordinating group; they placed the engineered to seismic standards. The shocks put city under martial law and imposed a curfew to the power plant and two of the three water prevent looting. plants temporarily out of service. Although pota- The Colombian Red Cross (CRC) and the ble water supplies, electrical power, and sanita- tion were seriously disrupted, 30 of the electricity Minister of Health met with U.S. embassy offi- and 20% of the water supply had been restored cials and requested tents and some medical by April 6. supplies. Their major concern was to provide shelter for the homeless as soon as possible. The In the outlying districts damage was extensive, CRC set up seven emergency housing and food especially in the village of Cabillal, which was distribution centers in Popayan, and the armed totally devastated. Among other viUages hit were forces established thirteen camps around the city Cajibio, Cajete, Julumito, Zaryal, and Tocajibio. for the homeless. COLOMBIA Latin America and the Caribbean

The GOC acted quickly to assess the damage and the tents. A week later, in response to a GOC provide emergency relief. Municipal and depart- request for more supplies, 500 tents and flies and mental emergency committees met daily at- 45 rolls of plastic sheeting were airlifted directly tended by the city mayor, departmental to Popayan. governor, military authorities, CRC, and the On April 7, an OFDA senior operations officer Archbishop of Popayan. Although there were visited the disaster site to assist with assessment press reports of mismanagement and diversion and relief activities. It was determined that of relief supplies during the days immediately shelter remained a priority, and instructional following the earthquake, the GOC issued a manuals and three emergency housing con- strong denial; and the CRC, the American struction consultants were dispatched to assist Embassy and UNDRO all concurred that the in the use of the plastic sheeting for temporary rumors were unfounded. shelter. A nationwide outpouring of assistance brought As engineers continued to conduct housing in medicine and food for the victims. The CRC assessments, they identified a need for irn- collected US $54,000 in Bogota alone, and many provement of local construction skills and communities donated their church collections. techniques so that structures could be rebuilt or An Emergency Committee of Architects and repaired to withstand future earthquakes. With Engineers formed to plan for the shelter needs this goal in mind, SENA began a "Self-Help of the homeless. Avianca, the national airline, Reconstruction Project" which organized low- worked closely with relief agencies to deliver income earthquake victims into modules of 15 supplies. families each and trained them in earthquake- The President made a formal request to the resistant designs. OFDA funded Intertect, a Secretary General of the U.N. for international company specializing in earthquake-resistant assistance on April 6. shelter, to work with SENA on this project and SENA, the Colombian National Learning In- design and conduct a program to introduce stitute, supported and participated in a U.S.- appropriate technology in housing repair. The funded project to upgrade building techniques proposed goal was to reach 1,500 families in 100 and prepare and disseminate educational mate- communities, reconstruct 1,500 homes, and rials on earthquake-resistant construction. It train 1,500 apprentices in construction. Among contributed $13,000 for staff salaries, in-country Intertect's accomplishments was the develop- transportatation of consultants, organizational ment of written and pictorial training materials, costs, and construction materials (see Assist- including an instructor's manual; construction ance Provided by the United States demonstrations for four model houses; and Government). courses in earthquake-resistant construction technology attended by SENA instructors (who Assistance Provided by the United States also taught subsequent courses) and represen- Government (USG) tatives from the building industry and financial institutions. U.S. Embassy and military personnel flew to Popayan the afternoon of March 31 to assess OFDA also funded a joint project with Catholic the situation and confer with Colombian au- Relief Services (CRS) to provide emergency as- thorities. At the same time, the U.S. Ambas- sistance to the rural poor in the Popayan area, sador, Thomas D. Boyatt, and the Mission specifically 200 families in the Puelenje Zone, a Disaster Relief Officer met with the Colombian farming community southwest of Popayan. The Minister of Health and the head of the CRC, who grant provided materials and technical supervi- made a preliminary request for tents and medical sion for repairing housing or improving supplies. On the same day the Ambassador temporary shelter; subsidized loans were avail- determined that a serious disaster existed. Exer- able to each family for purchase of materials. cising his disaster assistance authority he con- tributed $25,000 for the local purchase of relief Summary of USG Assistance supplies. The Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Ambassador's disaster relief au- Assistance (OFDA) arranged the immediate air- thority used to purchase local relief lift of 1,000 tents and flies, 175 rolls of plastic supplies (amount utilized of original sheeting, two floodlight sets provided on a loan $25,000 obligation) ...... $22,238 basis, 12 fuel cans, and medical supplies from the OFDA stockpiles in Panama to Popayan and Reimbursement to DOD for airlift of Cali, about 160 krn from Popayan. Two'military OFDA stockpile supplies to Colom- personnel were provided to assist in setting up bia ($164,102); purchase of medical COLOMBIA Latin America and the Caribbean supplies from DOD ($3,7lO);TDY for nated $20,000 for the local purchase of building two military instructors ($688) ...... $168,500 materials. Replacement of OFDA stockpile sup- UNESCO- provided the services of two plies to Panama (220 rolls of plastic seismologists, value not reported. sheeting and 1,500 tents and flies), including ocean freight ...... $748,284 UNICEF -donated $100,000 for the reconstruc- tion of Popayan. Travel expenses for OFDA senior operations officer ...... $1,703 Govenunents Argentina -gave 500 mattresses, 200 blankets, TDY for three emergency shelter and medicine; value not reported. consultants ...... $11,497 Australia -contributed $17,391 through OFDA construction manuals for UNDRO. emergency shelters ...... $68 Brazil- sent 15 MT of food, valued at $11,160. 20 wheelchairs requested by CRC ...... $4,344 Canada -airlifted 500 family-size tents to CRC, Grant to CRS ...... $56,733 valued at $175,000. IntertectlSENA project ...... $58,175 Chile -sent 50 tents and 500 blankets; value not TOTAL $1,071,542 reported. U.S. Cuba -donated canned food and dry milk; Assistance Provided by bluntary Agencies value not reported. American Red Cross -provided a cash grant of Ecuador- donated 60 tents to CRC, value not $lO,ooO. reported; sent 240 bottles of plasma, 300 blankets, and clothing; all valued at $3,150. Catholic Relief Services (CRS)- contributed $68,000 to joint OFDAICRS project to provide Finland -gave a cash grant of $138,880 for housing materials and technical supervision; reconstruction of a health center. donated $10,000 for food, shelter materials, and France -gave a cash grant of $27,585 to CRC. medicine. Honduras -donated medicine, value not Save the Children Federation (SCF)- donated reported. building materials, value not reported, and food and medical supplies valued at $18,000. Italy -sent 175 tents, 250 blankets, and 10 MT of milk valued at $277,778; contributed $347,225 World Vision- contributed $100,000 for hous- through UNDRO. ing, food, and transport. Japan -contributed $400,000 in cash. TOTAL $206,000 Mexico -sent two airshipments of blankets, food, and housing structures, and a medical Assistance Provided by the International team of 25 persons; value not reported. Community Netherlands -sent 300 tents, value $75,926. International Organizations Norway -cash grant of $27,778 to Adop- jonsforum (Norwegian NGO) for relief work in European Economic Community (EEC) - orphanages. contributed $184,000 to the German Red Cross (F.R.) for tents, equipment for food centers, and Panama- gave five generators, value not re- local purchase of food. ported. League of Red Cross Societies (L0RCS)-gave Peru -gave medicine, value not reported. ten 2 KW generators, valued at $10,000. Spain-donated 14 generators, 30 family tents, United Nations Development Program (UNDP) 30,000 doses of vaccines; valued at $100,000. -contributed $60,000 in cash. United Kingdom -gave 300,000 water purifica- United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator tion tablets to CRC, lanterns, and generators (UNDRO)- launched an international appeal valued at $51,095. for assistance and sent an official to Bogota to Venezuela -donated medicine and medical coordinate an emergency relief operation; do- supplies; value not reported. COLOMBIA Latin America and the Caribbean

hluntaq Agencies Germany (F.R.) Red Cross- provided tents, dry milk, and communal cooking equipment; valued Brazil Red Cross -provided 25 kilos of water at $300,000. purification tablets, value not reported. Guatemala Red Cross -gave 10 generators, Canada Red Cross -contributed $8,130 in cash. value not reported. China (PR.) Red Cross -contributed $40,000 in Japan Red Cross -contributed $4,800 through cash. LORCS. Denmark Red Cross-contributed $5,814 in cash Norway Red Cross- donated $13,880 in cash. to CRC. Sweden Red Cross -gave 4,000 blankets, value Finland Red Cross -donated $4,800 in cash. not reported, and a cash grant of $13,330. Germany (F.R.) Caritas and German Diakonisches Werk- gave a cash grant of $83,333 to CRC. TOTAL $2,487,175

Date: April 2,1983 and July 3,1983 (FY 83) power and telephone outages in many areas. Location: April 2 earthquake -14 km northeast The Costa Rican press reported that several of the banana port of Golfito and 175 km small houses were severely damaged or de- southeast of the capital city of San Jose stroyed. There were no reports of serious July 3 earthquake -epicenter located in the structural damage in San Jose. A local car deal- Division River Valley, 10 km north of San Isidro ership suffered extensive damage when the del General in San Jose Province and 60 km water tank on the building's roof collapsed and southwest of San Jose fell into the building. Several churches were reported damaged and closed temporarily. No. Dead: Two No. Affected: April 2 earthquake-200 persons There was slight displacement of many minor injured, 30 hospitalized, and 95 families bridges on the Pan American Highway and homeless serious damage to one major bridge. Extensive July 3 earthquake -5,000 persons evacuated damage occurred to concrete public buildings, from mountain villages in the earthquake zone movie theaters, and schools in the affected area. Damage: April 2 earthquake -Numerous On July 3, a second major earthquake, measur- reports of property damage; brief power and ing 5.5 on the Richter scale, struck the Division telephone outages in many areas; several small River Valley, 10 km to the north of San Isidro del houses severely damaged or destroyed; slight General, San Jose Province, and 60 km south- displacement of numerous bridges on the Pan west of San Jose. One person was killed and American Highway; extensive damage to hundreds of injuries were reported. Between 30 concrete public buildings, movie theaters, and and 50 houses were demolished in the San schools July 3 earthquake -30 to 50 houses Isidro area. San Isidro General Hospital was destroyed in the San Isidro area; the San Isidro evacuated and several patients were flown to General Hospital damaged; towns of Quepos, hospitals in San Jose. The towns of Quepos, Golfito, and Pacayas damaged; numerous Golfito, and Pacayas also suffered structural landslides along the Pan American Highway damage. Major landslides trapped 300 to 400 people along a 100 km stretch of the Pan Amer- The Disaster ican Highway connecting San Isidro and San Jose. One landslide covered 100 m of highway On the evening of April 2,1983, an earthquake with debris piled 25 m high. In other areas the measuring 7.1 on the Richter scale struck Costa krn highway collapsed, leaving impassable crevices. Rica in an area 14 northeast of the banana Road traffic to San Isidro and south to Panama port of Golfito and 175 km southeast of San was halted as a result. Jose. The earthquake resulted in one death, 200 injuries, and 30 people hospitalized; 95 families were made homeless. Reports of property damage were numerous, and there were brief COSTA RICA Latin America and the Caribbean

Action Taken by the Government of Costa Rica Assistance Provided by the United States (GOCR) and Local Voluntary Groups Government (USG) The GOCR responded to the disasters through On April 6,1983, the U.S. Ambassador to Costa the Instituto Mixto de Ayuda Social (Joint Social Rica, Francis J. McNeil, determined that the Aid Institute) with tents, mattresses and cots, earthquake disaster warranted USG assistance. blankets, kitchen utensils, clothing, and con- Accordingly, he exercised his disaster assistance struction materials (roofing and nails). The authority, requesting the release of 40 tents and GOCR also made several aerial surveys to assess tent flies from the Office of U.S. Foreign Disas- the damage. The Ministry of Public Works and ter Assistance (OFDA) stockpile in Panama. The Transport worked to clear dirt and debris from value of this contribution, including transporta- the Pan American Highway, as well as to make tion and replacement costs, totaled $18,358. repairs. The Government also provided 5,000 These tents, granted to the Costa Rica Red gallons of fuel by tanker truck at San Isidro for Cross, were used to provide shelter for home- the refueling of the helicopters less families in the affected areas of Golfito, provided by the United States. Puerto Cortez, and the canton of Osa. When the emergency phase passed and the tents were no The Costa Rica Red Cross worked alongside longer needed, the Red Cross placed them in the GOCR to provide food, shelter, and other warehouses for use in future disasters. aid. The Red Cross set up a 12-tent camp and arranged other temporary living quarters near La In response to the occurrence of the second Georgina and San Isidro to care for 216 persons. earthquake on July 3, Ambassador McNeil again An additional 358 people were housed in a Red exercised his disaster assistance authority. On Cross-operated camp at Villamils. The National request of the GOCR, the USG, through OFDA, Food Program, with help from Caritas, authorized the dispatch of two U.S. military distributed food valued at $2,685 to affected helicopters to assist in the evacuation of persons families. Several Costa Rican communities trapped on the Pan American Highway. The collected food locally for distribution. crews of the two helicopters flew a total of 37 COSTA RICA Latin America and the Caribbean missions during the two-day operation and tent flies to the Costa Rica Red Cross brought 326 people to safety. The helicopters for the victims of the April 2 landed in six small mountain villages located earthquake ...... $18,358 within an 80 sq. km area around the epicenter of U. S. Ambassador's authority used to the earthquake, evacuating only those people provide two helicopters and crew for who could not walk or be carried out. The evacuation mission $25,000 helicopters also carried basic food supplies to ...... victims who had not eaten in more than two Provision of 14 military tents and days and flew several reconnaissance missions personnel for 100-bed temporary to assess damages to the Pan American High- hospital ...... $36,500 way and to power lines in the area. Total costs of the evacua;tion operation were $25,000. TOTAL $79,858 The second quake also resulted in severe struc- Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary tural damage to the hospital in San Isidro, Agencies rendering it nonfunctional. OFDA authorized the loan of 14 medium size military tents from CARE -donated the following PL. 480 food DOD stocks to the GOCR for the purpose of commodities from existing stocks in Costa Rica: erecting a 100-bed temporary hospital. In addi- 1,966 kg of vitaleche, 1,035 kg of masarina, 828 tion, temporary personnel were provided to kg of fresco-orchata, and 365 gallons of vegeta- help erect the tents, and three medical cor- ble oil. The food, which constituted a two-week psmen were detailed to the hospital for four supply for 3,450 people, was donated to the months. The total cost of the tents and person- GOCR family assistance agency. nel assistance was $36,500, including transportation and retrograde costs. Assistance Provided by the International Community

Summary of USG Assistance Caritas -with the GOCR National Food Pro- gram, distributed food to affected families. U. S. Ambassador's authority used to Caritas also donated medicines and clothing purchase and transport 40 tents and received from Switzerland. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Latin America and the Caribbean

Date: February 2-17,1983 (FY 83) Disaster Assistance (OFDA), authorized $25,000 Location: Cordillera Central, near Valle Nuevo for technical support and firefighting equip- and Constanza; 145 km northwest of the capital ment. No. Dead: None reported OFDA contacted the U.S. Forest Service, which No. Affected: None reported identified George Roby as an experienced fire Damage: Approximately 2,500-3,000 hectares manager who had previously worked in Span- were affected; 40-50 percent were heavily ish-speaking countries. Mr. Roby traveled damaged. immediately to the Dominican Republic and arrived at the affected area on February 14. He The Disaster evaluated the fire-fighting strategy and pre- pared a contingency plan to protect the On the twelfth of February, a fire was acciden- country's major electronic and communications tally started in the Cordillera Central near Valle center, which was located two to three kilo- Nuevo which burned valuable timber and meters from the wildfire perimeter. At the threatened the country's major electronic and request of the President of the Dominican Re- communications site. Strong gusty south winds public, Mr. Roby prepared a follow-up report blew the flames across 2,500-3,000 hectares of evaluating the fire management and firefighting very dry pine and brush in a sparsely populated techniques. region. Fortunately not all of this area burned, although 40-50% of the affected area's soil and As a result of this disaster, OFDA and the timber sustained heavy damage. The fire was USDAlForest Service organized a Wildfire Sup- rapidly contained and, by the 16th of February, pression Training Course, which was conducted the combined efforts of the Dominican civilian in Spanish for Latin American forest firefighters and military authorities brought the blaze under (October 24 -November 20,1983). control. The USG also provided 150 fire retardant suits, 432 pairs of leather gloves, 400 pairs of field Action menby the Government of the boots, 400 hard hats, and 10 chain saws with oil Dominican Republic (GODR) and spare chains. Both civilian and military personnel responded to the fire. Under the direction of the Armed Summary of USG Assistance Forces, special military rangers familiar with the Ambassador's authority for technical terrain fought the fire alongside civilian person- support and local purchase of boots nel of Foresta, the Dominican Republic Forest and hard hats ...... $25,000 Service. On February 12, at the peak of the fire suppression effort, 700-800 men were fighting United States Forest Service technical the fire. By mid-afternoon of the same day the assistance and fire retardant clothing, flames in approximately 75% of the affected area including transportation ...... $10,000 had been contained. Due to favorable weather Leather work gloves $987 conditions, the crews had the fire entirely con- ...... tained by February 16. Only three major injuries Chain saws and spares ...... $3,049 were reported despite the fact that many of the fire-fighters used primitive hand tools and wore TOTAL $39,036 inappropriate clothing. Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary Assistance Provided by the United States Agencies Government (USG) None reported.

On February 13,1983, the Foreign Secretary of ~ssist&ceProvided by the International the Dominican Republic contacted the U.S. Community Charge d'Affaires in Santo Domingo to request technical assistance in combating the forest fire. None reported. The U.S. Ambassador determined that the dis- aster warranted USG assistance and, following consultations with the Office of U.S. Foreign ECUADOR Latin America and the Caribbean

Date: November 1982 -June 1983 (FY 83) ment of the equatorial current, known as El Location: Coastal and Sierra regions of Ecuador Nino, results in a rainy season of exceptional encompassing the provinces of Guayas, Los duration and intensity. Rios, El Om, Manabi, Esmeraldas, Canar, The rain which fell in Ecuador during 1982183 Azuay, Loja, and Pichincha caused widespread flooding in coastal regions No. Dead: 307 and landslides in the Sierra. In mid-December, No. Affected: Four million (48% of total reports of extensive flooding along major rivers, population); 700,000 (8% of total) severely particularly the Guayas River Basin and the affected (loss of home or livelihood) Esmeraldas River, began to reach the capital. By Damage: Agricultural losses including livestock January, approximately 75% of the farmland in totaled $U1.5 million; crop losses were Guayas and Los Rios Provinces was under estimated at 1.35 million metric tons. Damage to water and the remaining land was saturated. Many rural villages were inundated as were the infrastructure including housing, utilities, port city of Guayaquil and Babahoyo, the transportation, and irrigation systems totaled provincial capital of Los Rios. Rural flooding $60.0 million. Industrial losses in the isolated many small communities and rendered commercial fisheries and petroleum production thousands homeless. The transportation system sectors totaled $60.6 million. Total economic sustained heavy damage, causing serious com- losses due to flooding and flood-induced modity distribution problems. Roads in many landslides were estimated at $232.1 million as of urban areas and those connecting population June 30,1983. Massive social disruption was centers were submerged, 25 bridges were caused by the involuntary unemployment of washed out, and landslides halted virtually all thousands of individuals who depend on railroad traffic. As the rains continued into the agriculture and related activities for their spring, a total of nine provinces were declared livelihood. Contamination of community water disaster areas. A summary of damages by sector systems and damage to sewerage systems is presented below. aggravated health problems. Agriculture: Crop losses included 816,332 MT of The Disaster bananas valued at $39.0 million, 108,463 MT of rice valued at $12.6 million, 288,000 MT of sugar Normally the rainy season in the coastal region at 0.7 million, 58,375 MT of corn at $5.6 million, of Ecuador runs from January to May with 30,907 MT of cocoa at $30.0 million, 21,140 MT of precipitation for the four months totaling 796.8 coffee at $16.8 million, 19,200 MT of soybeans at mm (Guayaquil station). The rainy season of $3.3 million, and 14,760 MT of cotton at $3.5 1982183 started in November, two months early million. Approximately 500 head of cattle were and lasted through June 1983. Total rainfall for lost and 32,500 hectares of pastureland were the eight month period was 3,962.4 mm. In inundated. March alone, 779.6 mm of rain fell in Guayaquil, an amount nearly equal to that which normally Infrastructure: Approximately 2,750 houses falls in an entire rainy season. were destroyed and 11,000 damaged for a total of $2.45 million in repair or replacement costs. This unusually heavy and prolonged period of Schools and health facilities sustained damage rainfall has been attributed to El Nino, a climatic totaling $2.8 million. Damage to the transporta- phenomenon which affected not only Ecuador, tion system totaled over $54 million. Of this, but also Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and damage to 1,400 km of roads accounted for $40.7 Argentina. Annual rainfall variations along the million, 25 bridges were washed out for a re- Pacific coast of South America are a function of placement cost of $9.75 million, and the railroad the relative positions of the cold northward- sustained landslide damage estimated at $3.7 flowing Humboldt current and the warmer million. Damage to irrigation systems totaled equatorial current brought about by a shift in air $600,000. masses. The moisture-laden winds that accom- pany the equatorial current prevail during the Industry: Lost production value of oil and gas rainy season whereas the winds of the Hum- totaled $25.9 million. In commercial fishing, a boldt current are dominant during drier total of $34.7 million was lost in fishmeal and months. At irregular intervals -about every six fishoil production due to a substantially dimin- to eight years -a particularly strong encroach- ished catch. ECUADOR Latin America and the Caribbean

In addition to the direct material losses which provide assistance to flood victims. From its own resulted from the flooding, the disaster caused resources, the Red Cross distributed blankets, large-scale social disruption in the form of lost medicines, and food through its local branches. earning power and increased health problems This agency was especially active in rural food due to water contamination. distribution. Red Cross operations in all provinces were conducted by the Guayas chap- Action Taken by the Government of Ecuador ter under the direction of a League of Red Cross (GOE) and the Local Red Cross Society Societies delegate. The Government of Ecuador took an active role Assistance Provided by the United States in providing relief to the flood victims and Government (USG) coordinating outside assistance. Overall coordi- nation of the relief effort-both national and In late December 1982, the Government of Ecuador notified the U.S. Mission in Quito of the international -was the responsibility of the Ministry of Social Welfare; however, other GOE severe flooding in Guayas and Los Rios agencies had responsibility for implementing provinces and requested United States assistance specific programs within their sectors. in providing relief to the disaster victims. On December 30,1982, U.S. Ambassador Samuel F. During the initial emergency phase of the relief Hart determined that U.S. disaster relief assist- o~eration.the GOE Civil Defense airlifted and ance was warranted and authorized $25,000 to be ciordinated the distribution of relief supplies. contributed to the immediate relief effort. Civil Defense also participated in a multi-donor food program by providing emergency food As the extent of the flooding became known, the aid to 50,000 persons. In response to fears of a Ecuadorean Government requested additional major epidemic from contaminated water, the USG assistance in providing potable water to the Ministry of Health initiated a surveillance city of Babahoyo, a community of 40,000 which program to monitor the incidence of disease. had been without safe drinking water for three Transportation links were restored by the weeks. This request was transmitted by the U.S. Ministry of Public Works, and the Ministry of Mission to the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Agriculture sponsored food and agricultural Assistance (OFDA) in Washington where imrne- rehabilitation projects. Coordination of these diate action was taken to transport four water activities and those of voluntary agencies and purification units to Ecuador. Within 24 hours, the international communitv was conducted the four water units, 20 inflatable water tanks, through a series of interminkterial meetings eight 100 lb. drums of HTH (chlorine), and 2,000 held in Quito. wool blankets had arrived in Guayaquil by charter aircraft. Four technicians from the A.I.D. As additional provinces were declared to be in a Water and Sanitation for Health (WASH) project state of emergency by the President, the GOE accompanied the water purification units. increased its commitment to the relief effort. To offset agricultural deficits caused by the flooding, On January 1,1983, two water purification units the GOE authorized the importation of 20,000 were delivered to Babahoyo where they were tons of rice and 20,000 tons of corn. In addition, deployed at a site adjacent to the Babahoyo $10 million was made available in the form of River. By the next day the units were producing credits to farmers and rural workers. 3,600 gallons of clean water each hour for the residents of Babahoyo. To ensure continuous and On the local level, a number of provincial and proper operation of the water purification units, municipal agencies were involved in providing teams of Ecuadoreans from the local water support services to flood victims and giving authority and the Civil Defense were trained in technical assistance to various disaster relief their operation and maintenance. The blankets projects. For example, the local water authority and other relief supplies shipped to Ecuador in Babahoyo provided personnel and facilities in with the water units were turned over to the support of an A.1.D.-sponsored water purifica- Civil Defense and Red Cross for distribution. tion program in the town. Another A.I.D. project located in the Guasmo section of Guayaquil was The water purification program eventually in- conducted under the technical coordination of cluded three units operating in Babahoyo. One the Em~resaMunici~al de Alcantarillado de of these units was later moved to the nearby ~ua~a&il(municipk sewerage utility) and the community of Baba. The fourth unit, along with Ecuador Corps of Engineers. two additional units which had been shipped from an OFDA stockpile in Panama, were kept in The national Red Cross society worked closely a Guayaquil warehouse in the event that new with the GOE, particularly Civil Defense, to water contamination emergencies developed. ECUADOR Latin America and the Caribbean

Additional technical personnel, including an pographers to survey the land, equipment environmental engineer on loan from the Pan rental, purchase of culverts, piping and tools, American Health Organization, arrived to sup- and management and administration costs, was plement the original support team and complete shared by the USG and the GOE. In addition, a the training of the Ecuadorean technicians. local voluntary agency in the Guasmo, Plan de Padrinos (Foster Parents), contributed some of The water purification units remained in opera- the conmte pipes. tion until mid-April at which time four units A.I.D. capitalized on the community spirit that were shipped back to the manufacturer in Bal- had developed in response to the drainage timore, MD, for overhaul and two were returned project when, in cooperation with Plan de to the stockpile in Panama. Padrinos and Norwegian Churrh Aid, it offered It soon became apparent that the disaster to provide concrete pipes, tools, and technical was of such a magnitude that additional tech- assistance to any neighborhood cooperative nical assistance was required to supplement U.S. willing to construct tertiary canals. Coordina- Mission resources. On January 3, an OFDA tion and management for this part of the officer arrived in Ecuador to advise the Mission drainage project was provided by Plan de and provide guidance in responding to GOE Padrinos. By mid-April, when the program was requests, deploying USG resources, and coordi- phased out, 15 neighborhood or tertiary canals nating USG relief with other international which connected into the primary system had donors. Shortly thereafter, two additional disas- been dug. ter specialists under personal services contracts Another project undertaken by the A.1.D.- with A.I.D. arrived to assist in the relief sponsored disaster team was a series of rural operation. surveys to assess damage and identify flood Because the most serious flooding was occurring victims' needs. The survey results were also in the Guayas River Basin and areas southeast helpful in confirming or denying media and and northwest of Guayaquil, the U. S. Mission local politicians' reports regarding the severity established the disaster coordinating center at of the situation. A total of three surveys, con- the Consulate General in Guayaquil. From there ducted by a Peace Corps volunteer and a series of aerial surveys were conducted to members of the disaster team, covered 30 com- pinpoint the areas most in need of assistance. In munities in four rovinces (Guayas, Los Rios, El addition to confirming the extent of the rural Oro, and Manab$. One finding of the survey flooding, the aerial surveys identified a severe was the urgent need for bridge repair, an area in disaster situation in the Guasmo, a large squatter which the USG was already providing technical settlement on the outskirts of Guayaquil. Water assistance. up to one meter deep had covered the area, At the request of the GOE Ministry of Public flooding residents' wood and bamboo houses; Works, a team of A.I.D. engineers had been sent semi-elevated dirt roads, acting as dams, blocked to assess the bridges threatened or destroyed by any flow of water out of the area. Health risks to the flooding and to make recommendations the population increased and all transportation, concerning their replacement or reconstruction. except by canoe, had come to a standstill. Subsequently one of the engineers also con- ducted an evaluation of landslide damage to the The U.S. disaster team headquartered in railroad network. The engineers' reports were Guayaquil, in cooperation with the GOE presented to the Ministry of Public Works and Ministry of Social Welfare, Civil Defense, and the the railroad authorities respectively. In connec- Army Corps of Engineers, determined that a tion with the assessment, A.I.D. provided 100 permanent solution to the problem could be cable clam s to temporarily secure damaged achieved only by the construction of drainage sections o the bridges. canals. Such a project would not only remove the P accumulated water, thereby solving the immedi- As the rains continued into the spring, further ate crisis, but would also provide a long-term saturating the ground, the danger of landslides improvement to the community. The project increased. In April the A.I.D. Mission arranged design provided for 10 krn of principal drainage for a landslide expert from the United States to canals to be dug by the Ecuadorean Corps of inspect vulnerable areas around Guayaquil and Engineers. This was accomplished using 15 present a briefing on the subject to the local pieces of heavy equipment and 30 engineers and Society of Engineers. Landslide areas in Chirn- machine operators who worked up to 16 hours a borazo Province and the capital city of Quito day to complete the job. Funding for the project, (particularly Pichincha volcano) were also in- which included the services of Ecuadorean to- spected and recommendations made to the ECUADOR Latin America and the Caribbean

GOE on ways to reduce the landslide threat to Purchase costs for 100 cable clamps populated areas. totaled ...... $545 To mitigate the severity of future flooding along Costs for the landslide assessment the Babahoyo River, A.I.D. agreed to purchase (fee, transportation and per diem for spare parts needed to rehabilitate a river dredge the landslide expert) amounted located in Babahoyo. The reconditioned dredge to ...... $7,782 will be used to maintain the river free of mud and debris. Title to the spare parts was given to Purchase and transportation costs for the Civil Defense of Los Rios Province. river dredge replacement parts totaled ...... $22,338 The USG, through Catholic Relief Services, also provided partial funding for three agriculture OFDA funding for the three CRS and infrastructure rehabilitation projects. The rehabilitation projects amounted to projects encompassed approximately 13,500 $177,560; of this amount, $80,000 was families in Manabi, Guayas, and El Oro provided in FY 1983 with the balance to be paid in FY 1984 $177,560 Provinces and were designed to provide the ...... financial and technical resources required to TOTAL $671,803 restore community infrastructure and agri- cultural production. (See also the listing for Assistance Provided by U.S. hluntary Catholic Relief Services under Assistance Pro- Agencies vided by U.S. Voluntary Agencies.) CARE -provided $50,000 in agricultural credit Summary of USG Assistance to assist small farmers; supplied 1,000 sheets of zinc for rebuilding homes in Azuay Province, Ambassador's authority for the value reported at $2,500. provision of immediate relief supplies ...... $25,000 Catholic Relief Services (CRS)-contributed $75,000 in cash to purchase food on the local Water Purification Project - market, transport donated foods, and purchase including transport of four water antibiotics, seeds, agricultural tools, and ani- purification units, 20 inflatable water mals; made a cash donation of $178,000. CRS tanks, eight 100 lb. drums of HTH, also sponsored three long-term rehabilitation 2,000 wool blankets, and four techni- projects funded jointly by OFDA and CRS in cians to Guayaquil by charter aircraft conjunction with local dioceses: 1)in Manabi ($63,000); transport of two water Province 1,200 families were provided with re- units, 20 rolls of plastic sheeting, two sources for infrastructure reconstruction and chainsaws, and two felling saws from agriculture and livestock rehabilitation; 2) in Panama ($2,900); return shipping Guayas Province over 13,000 people were as- costs (to Baltimore and Panama) for sisted in restoring flooded fields to production six water units ($5,681); and technical through tool banks, revolving loans, credit, and services provided under the WASH technical support; and 3) in El Oro Province, contract ($74,543). 10,000 families were given technical and finan- Total cost...... $146,124 cial assistance to rebuild roads, village Replacement costs for the 2,000 wool infrastructure, stores, medicine chests, and tool blankets and the 20 rolls of plastic banks. The total cost for these projects was $267,835, of which CRS and local dioceses paid sheeting totaled ...... $22,450 $90,275. Funding for the Guasmo drainage project, the rural assessment sur- Church World Service (CWS)- sent a cash veys, the A.I.D. disaster team, and donation of $22,000 to Fundaciones Bretheran y local administrative costs amounted Unidas. to $262,500. Because monies for these Direct Relief International -supplied 122 lbs. of projects were distributed in block pharmaceuticals valued at $8,128. amounts, it is virtually impossible to itemize the costs ...... $262,500 World Vision-donated $50,000 for the pur- chase and transport of food and medicines. TDY for the OFDA disaster officer, two A.I.D. engineers, and a repre- TOTAL $475,903 sentative from the manufacturer of the water purification units totaled ..... $7,504 ECUADOR Latin America and the Caribbean

Assistance Provided by the International World Food Program (WFP) -provided 2,700 Community MT of rice, 360 MT of non-fat dried milk, and 270 MT of vegoil, value not reported; in con- International Organizations junction with PAHO, conducted a damage1 needs assessment. European Economic Community (EEC) - supplied 1,000 tons of vegoil($487,723), 1,000 Governments tons of sugar ($265,957), and 5,000 tons of cereal ($1,063,830); contributed $200,000 to the volun- Argentina -airlifted 40 tons of medicines, food, tary agency Deutsche Welthungerhilfe; and and tents to Guayaquil, total value of $58,000; donated $97,600 through CESA, an Ecuadorean donated $2,083 for food and medicine through agrarian organization, for the local pulrhase of the Argentina and Ecuador Chamber of Com- supplies. melre and Industry; provided the services of a Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) - hydrologist, value not reported. supplied emergency food aid consisting of 2,700 tons of ricelwheatlwheat flour, 360 tons of Austria- contributed $60,000 in cash. powdered milk and 270 tons of vegoil to feed Belgium -donated $21,777 in cash through the 20,000 families in rural areas for three months Belgium Red Cross. (total value $1,791,700); and contributed $250,000 in cash for the pulrhase of 1,580 tons of Brazil -supplied 1,200 kg of medicines valued fertilizer. at $3,355 and $5,000 in cash. Canada -contributed $56,910 in cash through ' Inter-American Development Bank- organized an evaluation team to assess infrastructure re- the Canadian Catholic Organization for Devel- quirements, value unknown. opment and Peace; $40;200 through the World Council of Churches; $112,186 through LORCS; League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS) - $8,130 through PAHO and $32,000 through the contributed $100,502 in cash from the Relief Canadian International Development Agency to Emergency Fund and maintained two delegates PAHO; $50,000 through CARE; and a direct cash in Ecuador to coordinate LORCS relief activities. donation of $20,325. Organization of American States-made a cash Chile -donated $15,000 through the Organiza- contribution of $15,000. tion of American States; made a cash grant of $9,000; and airlifted 13 tons of food, blankets, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)- funded a damage and needs assessment survey and bedding; value not reported. value not reported; sent a sanitary engineer to China, Peoples Republic-contributed $50,000 assist the USG water purification program. in cash. United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Colombia-airlifted nine tons of food and -made a cash donation of $20,000 and funded medicine, value not reported. a UNDP representative to survey the disaster areas. Cuba- provided a camp hospital and medical brigade, value not reported. United Nations Disaster Relief Organization (UNDRO) -served as coordinator for the inter- Czechoslovakia-airlifted an unspecified quan- national relief effort; funded an UNDRO tity of skim milk powder and tents, value not representative to assess the flood-stricken re- reported. Air transportation was provided by gions; and made a cash contribution of $20,000. the Soviet airline, Aeroflot. UNESCO -contributed $40,000 in cash to re- Dominican Republic-made a cash grant of habilitate schools. $25,000. France -contributed $15,038 in cash. UNICEF -contributed $50,000 from the Ex- ecutive Director's Emergency Fund to provide Germany, Federal Republic of -contributed medical supplies and cooking and houseware $37,735 for the purchase of anti-malaria drugs sets for the homeless; also contributed $20,000 and microscopes for vector control campaigns; in cash for medicines and health care needs. donated $41,666 to the German (F.R.) Red Cross for the purchase of medicines. World Council of Churches -issued an emer- gency appeal; as of April 28,1983, $155,458 in Hungary -supplied 1,685 kg of medicines val- pledges and contributions had been received. ued at $30,330 to the Ecuador Red Cross. ECUADOR Latin America and the Caribbean

Israel -provided 350 kg of medicines to the donated nine tons of food. Air transport was Ecuador Red Cross, value not reported. provided by Ecuadoriana de Aviacion; total value placed at $60,000. Italy-contributed $140,000 in cash through UNDRO for the purchase of water pumps and Australia Red Cross -contributed a cash grant equipment; provided a cash contribution of $870. through UNDRO of $170,648 and a direct cash contribution of $175,535; supplied 6,000 tons of Australian Catholic Relief -contributed $9,900 rice (bilaterally and through WFP) valued at $3 in cash. million; and provided technical assistance to Belgium Red Cross -supplied 96 doses of anti- repair road and railway networks, value not venom vaccine valued at $3,125. reported. ~ulgariaRed Cross -provided blankets, tents, Japan -contributed $610,000 in cash. and medicines valued at $51,900. Korea- supplied six ambulances and two fire Canada Red Cross-contributed $8,291 in cash engines to the municipality of Guayaquil, value through LORCS. not reported; made a cash donation of $30,000. Canadian Catholic Organization for Develop- Netherlands-contributed $57,692 to the can- ment and Peace-contributed $12,195 in cash. tons of Baba and Vinces for the purchase of CaritaslAustralia -contributed $68,413 in cash. food, medicines, and tools; provided the serv- ices of a water engineer, value not reported; CaritaslBelgium-donated $2,000 in cash. contributed $26,624 to Plan de Padrinos Interna- tional for food, $2,346 for agricultural CaritaslGermany (F.R.)- contributed $208,000 rehabilitation projects in Manabi Province, and in cash. $16,455 for road rehabilitation projects in Vinces Caritas Internationalis-contributed $11,987 in and Baba Cantons. cash. Norway -contributed $56,338 in cash through CaritaslItaly -made a cash donation of $7,407. the Norway Red Cross and $161,972 through Norwegian Church Aid. Caritas Japan-donated $4,167 in cash. Sweden- contributed cash grants totaling Caritas Netherlands -made a cash donation of $153,893 through Free Church Aid and Lutheran $ii,on. World Federation; provided 2,460 MT of urea Caritas Switzerland -contributed $9,756 in valued at $381,300 through FA0 for a rehabilita- cash. tion program for rice farmers. COR UNUM -contributed $25,000 in cash. Switzerland -donated $25,126 in cash. Denmark Red Cross -contributed $27,665 in United Kingdom-contributed $32,250 through cash through LORCS. PAHOlWHO for the purchase of insecticides; $16,129 to the Ecuador Red Cross for the pur- Finland Red Cross -donated $38,944 through chase of children's clothing; and a cash grant of LORCS. $8,064 to Unidos Somos Mas. German Democratic Republic Red Cross - Venezuela-airlifted 15 tons of medicines, provided medicines, value not reported. clothing, and cooking stoves to Guayaquil, Israel Red Cross -supplied 318 kg of medicines value not reported. and antibiotics valued at $5,000. Voluntary Agencies Korea (Republic)Red Cross- donated $5,015 in Adveniat (F.R. Germany) -donated $82,689 in cash through LORCS. cash. Luxembourg Red Cross -contributed $962 in American Private Sector- the company Pretty cash. Please donated clothes valued at $38,678 Misereor (E R. Germany) -provided cash through CAREIEcuador. grants totaling $11,425. American Red Cross -provided 5,000 cases of Munich Archdiocese -contributed $82,689 in refried beans, value not reported. cash. Argentina and Ecuador Chamber of Commerce Netherlands Red Cross-made a cash grant of and Industry and private Argentine firms - $18,693 through LORCS. ECUADOR Latin America and the Caribbean

New Zealand Red Cross -contributed $502 in Soviet Union Red Cross -supplied 734 kg of cash through LORCS. medicines and 1,000 kg of baby food valued at $30,470. Norway Red Cross -made a cash donation of $20,804 through LORCS. Spain Red Cross -provided 18,500 doses of medicine valued at $3,431 and three inflatable Norwegian Church Aid -provided an unspec- rescue boats with outboard motors valued at ified amount of financial assistance for the $18,000. A.1.D.-sponsored drainage project in the Guasmo. Sweden Red Cross -made a cash donation of $27,000 through LORCS. Oxfam -provided $61,322 in cash. Switzerland Red Cross -contributed $20,100 in Plan de Padrinos -provided concrete pipes cash. and financial and managerial assistance to the A. I. D. -sponsored drainage project in the Thailand Red Cross -donated $100 in cash. Guasmo; also provided medical and social United Kingdom Private Companies -provided service assistance to Guasmo residents affected medicines valued at $12,903. by the flooding, value not reported. United Kingdom Red Cross -contributed Pont a Mousson (French Private Sector) - $2,920 in cash. donated 107 tons of pipes and related equip- ment valued at $84,908 to the Ecuador Institute Welt Hungerhilfe -provided rations to feed of Sanitary Works. 25,000 persons for three months, value not Romania Red Cross -supplied 155 kg of anti- reported; assisted in food distribution. biotics valued at $6,000. TOTAL $11,530,191

GUATEMALA Latin America and the Caribbean

Date: November 1982 -February 1983 (FY 83) During the previous months, displaced persons Location: The highlands of Guatemala, had settled in other camps in the highlands. The especially the town of Chisec in the department majority were concentrated in the departments of Alta Verapaz, and the departments of El of Alta Verapaz (850 families); El Quiche (800 Quiche, Chimaltenango, and Huehuetenango families); Chimaltenango (700 families); and No. Dead: Not reported Huehuetenango (150 families). In January, 1983, it was estimated that at least 30,000 and perhaps No. Affected: Estimates range from as many as 250,000 displaced persons were either 30,000-250,000 displaced persons residing in camps, living with friends or rela- Damage: Villages and crops destroyed; displaced tives, or still in hiding throughout the coun- persons in need of food, clothing, shelter, and tryside or in Mexico. After months of hiding, medical attention many of the displaced returned to their villages or entered camps; often they were in very poor The Disaster health and in need of immediate medical As a result of the continuing conflict in attention. the highlands of Guatemala between the Food was also a critical need. Because of crop Guatemalan military and guerrilla forces, burning or the absence of villagers during the thousands of residents were forced to flee planting season, reserve village food stocks were villages which had been destroyed. As of practically nonexistent. Until the next harvest in November 1982, an estimated 1,500 people, October 1983, the displaced persons would need suffering from malnutrition, malaria, and other outside food assistance. health-related problems, had converged on a camp outside Chisec, a town about 68 km north Action Taken by the Government of Guatemala of Coban in the department of Alta Verapaz. In (GOG) addition to the displaced persons who sought refuge in the camp, about 5,000 people were The National Reconstruction Committee (NRC) estimated to remain in hiding in the nearby acted as coordinator for the displaced persons mountains. program and provided relief supplies for dis- GUATEMALA Latin America and the Caribbean tribution, while implementation was left mainly Chisec area. The funds were to be to the army and private voluntary agencies. used to operate a labor-intensive Other agencies involved in relief operations were work program, to purchase agri- the National Emergency Committee, the Minis- cultural and household implements, try of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and and to provide emergency medical the Guatemalan Red Cross. The GOG and local assistance and supplies ...... $25,000 military authorities placed a priority on resettle- ment in the original villages or new sites close by, The Agency for International Devel- hoping to discourage the development of perma- opment's Office of U. S. Foreign Dis- nent displaced persons camps. aster Assistance (OFDA) provided funds for inland transportation of In Chisec, the army airlifted serious malnutrition food and supplies to displaced cases to the National Hospital at Coban and persons ...... $15,000 provided basic medical care to individuals in the camps. Through the NRC, the military received OFDA provided a technical advisor to roofing materials, food, clothing, and other basic assess the needs of the displaced necessities for distribution. Families were given persons and help design a building supplies to construct temporary shelters resettlement program ...... $6,957 until they could return to their villages. The NRC Additional funds were provided by also bought 600 MT of food from INDECA, the OFDA for further technical support national food regulatory agency, for distribution and continuation of the relief to the displaced persons. Because camp residents program ...... $80,000 feared returning to their villages, the military trained civil patrols to assist in maintaining the security of the resettlement areas. TOTAL $126,957

Assistance Provided by the United States Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary Agencies Government (USG) None reported. On December 28,1982, the Deputy Chief of Mission, Paul D. Taylor, exer- Assistance Provided by the International cised his disaster assistance authority Community and obligated $25,000 to the NRC for World Food Program -supplied 5,000 MT of an emergency relief program in the food, value not reported. PARAGUAY Latin America and the Caribbean

Date: February-August, 1983 (FY 83) medical personnel. A National Coordinating Location: Affected area extended from Committee was established under the leadership Concepcion on the Paraguay River south to the of the First Lady to collect and distribute supplies confluence with the Parana River along the and cash donations from many national organi- Argentine border zations, businesses, and individuals. No. Dead: Not reported V-allyall agencies of the GOP were involved No. Affected: From 70,350 to 121,000 persons in the relief effort. Corposana, the national water Damage: 1,082 km of land along the banks of the commission, ensured a steady supply of potable Paraguay River under water; up to 25% of cotton, water to the affected areas. The national mer- rice, and soybean crops destroyed; between chant marine and military coordinated the evac- 350,000 and 600,000 head of cattle dead from uation of flood victims and built temporary starvation or drowning; damage to agriculture camps near Asuncion. The Ministry of Public and livestock estimated at $82 million Health supplied medical and sanitation services to the evacuation camps and the Ministry of The Disaster Education opened temporary schools to reduce the disruptive effect of the floods on children's Between February and. June of 1983, prolonged education. heavy rainfall caused the worst flooding in Paraguay's recent history. The country's two The tremendous outpouring of help from the major rivers, the Paraguay and the Parana, Paraguayan populace was largely responsible for overflowed their banks along a 1,082 km stretch minimizing the calamitous effects of the flood. between Concepcion and the Argentine border. The National Council of Voluntary Agencies was The most severe flooding occurred in the depart- designated by the GOP as the central collection ment of Neembuco. Two of its largest cities, point for private donations, thus facilitating Alberdi and Pilar, were reported to be submerged accountability, coordination among organiza- beneath two to three meters of water, and tions, and reasonably equitable participation by approximately 10,000 persons had to be evacu- voluntary agencies, municipalities, and govem- ated from Pilar (total population 18,000). In ment agencies. The National Republican Com- addition to the damage to utilities, roads, build- mission of Social Aid was entrusted with relief ings, and farmland, the heavy rains destroyed efforts in the central region of Paraguay (Asun- almost 25% of Paraguay's cotton and soybean cion and surroundings), while the Paraguayan crops, the country's two major agricultural ex- Red Cross concentrated its efforts in Pilar and ports, and between 350,000 and 600,000 head of Encarnacion, distributing food, medicines, and cattle were believed lost due to starvation or warm clothing to victims in the evacuation drowning. Farther north, in the capital city of camps. The Catholic Church was also active in Asuncion, the floodwaters reached record levels providing assistance and mobilizing the popula- and up to 80,000 people in the city were directly tion in relief efforts. affected. The cities of Concepcion, Villeta, Assistance Provided by the United States Humaita, and Encarnacion were also seriously Government (USG) affected. By ~une,as flood waters gradually began to On March 22,1983, the U.S. Ambassador, along recede, services were restored and evacuees with the USAID Director and the Mission Disas- returned to their damaged homes. However, ter Relief Officer conducted an aerial survey of unusually heavy rains in southern Brazil caused the flooded areas. Following this assessment, the tributaries flowing into the Parana River to U.S. Ambassador determined on April 13 that overflow, temporarily halting the recession of the flood disaster warranted USG assistance and the floodwaters. Remarkably no deaths were made available $25,000 from the International reported. Disaster Assistance account. Of this amount, $10,000 was provided to Paraguay's Bureau of Action Men by the Government of Paraguay Indian Affairs to purchase foodstuffs for approxi- (GOP) and Local bluntary Agencies mately 3,000 displaced Indians along the upper Paraguay River. Another $3,000 was used to The Government of Paraguay began responding provide a U.S. Air Force helicopter mechanic to to the disaster in March by evacuating flood service the GOP helicopters used for rescue victims and providing food, medicines, and missions and the delivery of supplies. The PARAGUAY Latin America and the Caribbean remainder was allocated for local purrhases and Assistance Provided by the International support for a flood evaluation team (see below). Community

In response to a request from the GOP Minister International Organizations of Foreign Affairs, the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) sent a flood evalua- Pan American Health Organization -provided tion team to Paraguay to assess the situation and essential medicines, antibiotics, and medical recommend short and long term mitigation mea- supplies valued at $25,000. sures. The flood evaluation team was composed of two hydrologists from the U. S. Geological UNDRO -issued an appeal for international Survey, two civil engineers from the Tennessee assistance at the request of the GOl? An UNDRO Valley Authority and a flood forecaster from the delegate was sent to Asuncion on a one month National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- mission to assess the flood situation and assist in tion. After performing an on-site survey of the improving GOP flood mitigation and disaster flood regions, members of the team briefed GOP preparedness capabilities. UNDRO also pro- officials and prepared a report containing recom- vided a cash grant of $20,000. mendations for minimizing the effects of the Governments flooding. In response to the critical need for emergency Brazil -contributed 250 doses of anti-tetanus shelter for the thousands of displaced persons, serum, 50 doses antisnakebite serum, and as- OFDA furnished 180 rolls of plastic sheeting sorted medicines valued at $7,182. material, 1,000 wool blankets, and two large Canada -gave a cash grant of $20,325 through canvas tents which were used as emergency field LORCS. hospitals. The value of these commodities was estimated at $64,800. However, only the trans- Chile -donated 1,300 blankets, 60 cookers, port costs of the blankets and tents and the 1,000 sandbags, 50 infant cots, 2,000 plastic replacement and transport costs of 20 rolls of food containers, and 100 campbeds, mattresses, plastic were paid from FY 1983 accounts. pillows, and lamps; value not reported. China, Republic of-gave a cash grant of Summary of USG Assistance $17,188. Ambassador's authority ...... $25,000 France -gave a cash contribution of $6,250. Five-person flood evaluation team for Germany, Federal Republic of -contributed a three week TDY $36'328 ...... cash grant of $20,408 and 20 tents. Airlift of 1,000 wool blankets and two tents from U.S. stockpiles ...... $7,000 Japan -gave a cash grant of $160,000. Value and transport costs of 20 rolls of Korea, Republic of-contributed clothing and plastic sheeting ...... $10,545 $31,250 in cash. TOTAL $78,873 Netherlands -provided 5.5 MT of food, 290 blankets, 20 kilos of medicines, and a cash Assistance Provided by U.S. %luntary Agencies contribution of $34,483.

Catholic Relief Services -furnished rehabilita- South Africa -gave a cash contribution of tion services to brickmakers hmEncarnacion at $6,250. a value of $5,000 and contriiuted $10,000 worth of relief supplies. Switzerland -contributed a cash grant of $14,423 through LORCS. Mennonite Church -sent 500 kg of foodstuffs, value not reported. United Kingdom-provided 11,000 sachets of Seventh-day Adventist Wrld Service -sent oral rehydration salts, 500,000 water purification 5,000 pieces of clothing, value not reported. tablets, 250,000 doses of antibiotics, 8 rolls of plastic, 1,000 blankets, and food valued at TOTAL $15poO $12,500. Uruguay -donated food, clothing, and medicines; value not reported.

Vatican-gave a cash grant of $10,000. PARAGUAY Latin America and the Caribbean

Voluntary Agencies New Zealand Red Cross -donated a cash grant of $331. Australia Red Cross -gave a cash grant of $869. Norway Red Cross -contributed a cash grant of Canada Red Cross -gave a cash grant of $5,691. $14,084. Finland Red Cross -contributed a cash grant of Spain Red Cross (SRC)- provided medicines, $18,348. food, and blankets valued at $12,949 and sent a German (F.R.) Red Cross -provided 20 large SRC representative as the League of Red Cross tents, 20 first aid kits, and 30 sleeping bags, Societies delegate to Paraguay valued at $17,915. Japan Red Cross -contributed a cash grant of TOTAL $8,510 from the Japanese shipbuilding industry. PERU Latin America and the Caribbean

Date: January-June 1983 (FY 83) As the rains continued unabated over the next Location: Coastal departments of Piura, Tumbes, several weeks, conditions in Piura and Tumbes Ancash, Lambayeque, La Libertad, and Lima Departments steadily deteriorated. A combina- No. Dead: 364 (excluding increase in infant tion of strong sea waves and driving rains sank mortality) several small vessels in the ports of Paita and Talara in March and forced the shutdown of a No. Affected: 700,000 severely affected major oil refinery in the latter city. Mudslides Damage: Total damages estimated at $988.8 and washouts affected roads in the two depart- million. Agriculture losses totaling $145.7 ments including sections of the Pan American million included crops -$130.0 million (rice, Highway and the Piura -Paita road, the main $45 million; corn, $12.4 million; cotton, $46.1 link between the department's central distribu- million; sugar, $10 million; bananas, $10.1 tion point and its normal supply port. Casualty million; other, $6.4 million) and livestock and figures rose sharply with the deaths of 20 bus other -$15.7 million. Infrastructure losses passengers in a mudslide on March 24, while the totaling $398.9 million (repairlreplacement costs) number of homeless continued to grow. By mid- included housing -$60 million (28,000 units April, an estimated 10,000 homes had been lost damaged, 12,500 destroyed); bridges -$24.6 or seriously damaged in Piura Department million (50 damagedldestroyed); health centers1 alone. Water and power were being provided at posts -$600,000 (75 units destroyedldamaged); reduced levels, and damage to the sewerage schools -$3.5 million (730 schools-rooms systems in the city of Piura and other towns was damagedldestroyed); port facilities -$2 million creating a serious health hazard. (five ports affected); roads -$90.6 million (618 km damagedldestroyed); access roads to oil sites -$55 million (3,200 km damagedldestroyed); irrigation systems -$35.7 million (682 km affected canals); urban waterlsewerage-$10.4 million (44 km lines damaged); oil facilities - $76.5 million (18.5 km affected pipelines); other -$40 million. Other economic losses totaling $444.2 million included lost oil production - $251.5 million; lost fisheries production-$152.7 million; and other-$40 million.

The Disaster

Severe flooding in Peru's northern coastal de- partments during the first half of 1983 and a prolonged drought occurring simultaneously in the southeastern part of the country were both attributed to the "El Nino" phenomenon. Vir- tually all Peruvians were affected by one or the other of the two disasters, either directly or by disaster-induced inflation. The disasters com- pounded an already existing financial crisis in Peru. (See also PERU -Drought.) Heavy rains began in early January in the northernmost departments of Piura and Tum- bes. Flood waters from major rivers inundated low-lying sections of the cities of Piura, Sullana, Paita, Talara, and Tumbes, displacing many residents and disrupting basic services. A brief respite was followed by a second deluge in early February which added to the already extensive damage to crops and infrastructure. PERU Latin America and the Caribbean

The affected area, meantime, had expanded sending relief supplies to the affected area. A south along the coast and into the Sierra state of emergency was declared for Piura and foothills. The coastal cities of Chiclayo, Trujillo, Tumbes on February 1, and the relief effort was and Chimbote and the surrounding low-lying stepped up as the rains continued. Tank ships countryside suffered from flash floods caused by with potable water and cargo vessels carrying runoff from rain in the mountains, while massive food, fuel, building materials, and heavy road mudslides in the hills added to the death toll and equipment were sent north from Lima and threatened entire villages. All highways between Calleo. The air force deployed aircraft to make the northern coastal cities and the Sierra were daily flights to the flooded area. obstructed, including the vital Central Highway out of Lima. The Pan American Highway was On February 15, the GOP issued a formal also periodically impassable as far south as request to the Office of the United Nations Chimbote. Damage to the road and bridge Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRO) to launch infrastructure was especially severe in the an international appeal for assistance. The na- Chiclayo area (Lambayeque Department) where tional relief effort was coordinated by the Civil seven major bridges were destroyed. Housing, Defense Office in cooperation with the ministries too, was extensively damaged in that depart- of Agriculture, Housing, Health, and Transpor- ment, with the heaviest losses in the towns of tation. Donor assistance was channeled through Tecume and Morrope. In the Chimbote area the National Planning Institute which later con- (Ancash Department), industry was seriously ducted a damage assessment. Local emergency affected when a steel plant and a fish processing committees and Departmental Development factory were forced to close. The valleys of the Corporations were responsible for executing re- Moche, Chicana, and other principal rivers were lief activities in the affected departments. In the hardest hit regions in the Trujillo area (La April, the GOP named the head of the Banco de Libertad Department). Throughout the coastal Materials as overall coordinator for disaster departments, widespread damage occurred to assistance and reconstruction in Piura. crops and to the irrigation systems so essential to As the disaster zone expanded, the Civil Defense agriculture in that normally dry region. and relief agencies extended their activities to work with local officials in the newly affected After a brief respite in early May, renewed areas. Military helicopters flew relief missions to severe showers from May 8 to 17 and again on June 3 and 4 in Piura and Tumbes increased the isolated villages. In all the affected departments, magnitude of damage in those departments and crews worked around the clock to build defenses sent relief efforts back to the emergency stage. againt river overflows and bridge washouts and to clear mudslides from major highways. Rehabilitation work already underway suffered a Through the efforts of the Civil Defense, the serious setback. military, and the Departmental Development An estimated 700,000 Peruvians were severely Corporations, the GOP had spent an estimated affected by the floods, which killed 364 persons $5 million by early May in keeping roads open and jeopardized the health of countless others. and attending to emergency health and feeding The heavy damage to trunk and access roads and requirements. to other basic infrastructures seriously disrupted economic activities, although the full impact on With relief efforts severely straining the national the economy could only slowly be assessed due budget and additional funds needed for a major reconstruction effort, the GOP Congress passed to the prolonged and incremental nature of the disaster. The difficulty in delivering food, fuel, a law on April 20 authorizing the sale of two types of reconstruction bonds: one a mandatary and other essential supplies to the main popula- tion centers resulted in a rapid escalation in tithe (lOO/o)on all incomes above a certain level prices, while agricultural losses (especially in (excluding pensioners), and the other a volun- tary bond available for investors. It was believed rice, cotton, sugar, and corn) and the slowdown in industry greatly reduced family incomes and that a maximum of $150 million could be derived buying power. It was expected that the long- from this source. The law also authorized the term recovery effort would require extensive Central Reserve Bank to redesign its monetary foreign assistance. program for 1983 to provide credits of approxi- mately $150 million to the Treasury for recon- struction purposes. In addition, the executive Action Taken by the Government of Peru (GOP) branch was authorized to contract up to $100 and Non-Governmental Groups million in new foreign debt. The government The GOP Civil Defense Committee was activated provided tax relief for the flood victims in Piura after the inital flooding in January and began and Tumbes.

PERU Latin America and the Caribbean

Numerous government entities and private or- Peruvians of Japanese descent -gave $8,800 in ganizations assisted the relief and reconstruction cash. effort. The National Food Support Office Peruvian Lions Club -donated relief supplies (ONAA) assisted in food distribution. The Min- istry of Health arranged a health survey of Piura valued at $16,363. and airlifted more than 61 tons of medicines from Peruvian Sales Managers Association -gave Lima to that department in late April. Other $175 in cash. government ministries implemented special pro- grams to restore services, including the Ministry Popular y Porvenir Insurance Co. -gave $17,000 of Education, which allocated $1.8 million for an in cash. emergency education plan. The Agrarian Bank Religious, Cultural, and Education Association assigned nearly $3 million for emergency agri- -provided $1,750 in cash. cultural projects in Piura and Tumbes, and the National Institute of Agricultural Research and Tabacalera Nacional -contributed $17,000 in Development was reportedly planning to invest cash. over $46 million in an emergency plan for University Sports Club-gave $2,125 in cash. growing rice, corn, soya, and sorghum crops in those departments. Venezuelans in Peru -donated food, value not reported. Local chapters of the Peruvian Red Cross (PRC) in Piura and Tumbes were involved in the relief Assistance Provided by the United States effort from the beginning of the emergency, Government (USG) providing first aid and rescue and assessment assistance. The PRC supported local efforts by In response to the GOP's request for assistance, sending 1,000 sheets of zinc roofing materials, the U.S. Ambassador to Peru, Frank V. Ortiz, 200 tents, 20 bales of used clothing, 360 bed Jr., made a disaster determination on February 8 sheets, 1,000 blankets, 5,000 kg of milk powder, and exercised his disaster assistance authority. A and 1,816 kg of cooking oil. On January 20, the check for $25,000 was presented to the GOP PRC requested assistance from the League of Director of Foreign Relations to be transferred to Red Cross Societies (LORCS). the local committees in the affected departments for emergency purchases. Other Peruvian organizations providing emer- gency aid included the Family Welfare Institute, The USG arranged to have long range weather the Aero Club del Peru, the Peruvian Phar- forecasts from NOAA (National Oceanic and maceutical Laboratories Association, Caritas del Atmospheric Administration) transmitted to Peru, and the Adventist Welfare Organization. Peru to assist the Office of Civil Defense and the The Catholic Church issued a national appeal Geophysical Institute in monitoring the potential through individual parishes to raise approxi- for additional flooding. mately $923,000 as of April 29. As part of the initial USG response, the USAID Contributions were also reported from the fol- Mission approved the release of P.L. 480 Title I1 lowing groups: stocks from regular voluntary agency programs for emergency use. The Mission also undertook a Accion Popular Parliamentary Wives Club - program of periodic monitoring of the disaster gave $30,800 in cash. situation, sending teams to as many of the acccessible affected areas as possible to assess American Women's Literary Club -donated damages and determine relief requirements. At cash, value not reported. the request of the Mission, A.I.D.'s Office of Arequipa residents in Lima -donated food and U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) pro- clothing, value not reported. vided another $25,000 in disaster assistance funds for the purchase and transport of addi- Army General Command -contributed $25,670. tional relief supplies and to cover the cost of field assessments. Cajamarca residents -donated food, value not reported. In further action, OFDA arranged to have disas- ter specialists visit the stricken area to assist the Lima Rotary Club -provided food, value not Mission teams. A disaster management specialist reported. on temporary assignment in Ecuador traveled to Peru in February and again in April to help Occidental Petroleum -contributed approxi- conduct a damage and needs assessment and mately $65,000 in cash. make recommendations concerning USG relief PERU Latin America and the Caribbean and rehabilitation assistance. He remained in bulgur, cornmeal, rice, and vegoil), valued at Peru until mid-June and was joined by a second $14,217,000 (including freight); and 28,000 MT of disaster expert who helped coordinate U.S. Title I foods for commercialization, valued at emergency action programs with local GOP $10,500,000 (commodity value only). agencies and other donors. A landslide specialist arrived in Peru on April 20 to begin a three-week Other ongoing A.I.D. programs tapped for investigation of landlmudslide vulnerabilities in emergency assistance included a health project Ancash Department. And, in May, the OFDA from which funds were used for the purchase of Director visited Peru to consult with GOP au- approximately 7.5 tons of medicines to supply thorities on the U.S. relief role in the two isolated outposts. The Peruvian Air Force air- disasters then confronting the country. lifted the prepackaged medicines to identified areas of need. A.I.D. also agreed to make $1.4 USG assistance increased over several weeks as million available from an existing housing guar- the dimensions of the flood disaster became antee program for housing reconstruction and apparent. On April 20, OFDA airlifted sixteen later approved an additional $12.5 million in 3,000 gallon water tanks from emergency stock- housing investment guarantees in response to piles to provide potable water in isolated areas. new requirements resulting from the flood Later in the same month, OFDA approved the disaster. release of funds to help the GOP restore the vital road link between the city of Piura and the port An A.I.D. Development Assistance Project total- city of Paita to permit the resupply of inland ing $65 million ($34 million in loans and $31 areas with food, fuel, and other essentials. At the million in grants) was authorized to fund se- request of the GOP National Water and lected programs identified by the GOP National Sewerage Authority, OFDA arranged for the Disaster and Reconstruction Agency. A total of shipment to Peru of two sewer cleaning ma- $8.301 million was obligated in grant funds in FY chines for use in Piura and other cities. Three 1983, with the remaining $22.699 million to be technicians accompanied the machines to train obligated in FY 1984. Loan funds obligated in FY local operators in their use. OFDA concurred in 1983 amounted to $3 million; the remaining $31 the funding of two other emergency projects million will be obligated in FY 1984. identified by the Mission which, however, could not ultimately be camed out because of the new Summary of USG Assistance destruction caused by torrential rains in May and June. The funds were used instead for two Ambassador's authority used for local emergency projects connected with the drought relief ...... $25,000 disaster and the following emergency projects in Additional funds for local relief and response to the flooding: 1) the Ayabaca road re- disaster assessment ...... $25,000 opening project (involving 8 km of highway in Piura buried under mudslides); 2) the Huarmaca Airlift of sixteen 3,000 gallon water road re-opening project (involving 70 km of tanks from OFDA stockpile ...... $3,736 roadway in Piura obstructed by landslides and debris); 3) a potable water rehabilitation project Cost of two sewer jets and vacuums, for small villages (involving several rural areas in including ocean freight ...... $229,223 the departments of Piura and Tumbes); and 4) a Cost of PiuralPaita road project ...... $120,000 sewerage repair project for the municipality of Tumbes. In late August, OFDA provided initial Cost of emergency projects (includes funding of $90,000 for two flood and seven $138,000 for local purchase and trans- drought disaster projects to be camed out by port of potato seed and food for Catholic Relief Services (CRS). drought disaster assistance)...... $390,000 In addition to using disaster funds, the USG Start-up costs for two CRS flood committed resources from both regular and rehabilitation projects ...... $20,000 supplemental programs to assist the relief and Administrative costs of disaster reconstruction effort in Peru. As of early Sep- management specialists ...... $33,739 tember, over 1,000 MT of P.L. 480 Title I1 food had been diverted from regular voluntary agency Administrative costs of landslide expert . . $9,491 programs for use in the flood-affected depart- ments. Supplemental emergency shipments of Administrative costs of sewer project food to Peru in response to both flood and technicians ...... $9,280 drought disasters consisted of the following: 27,826 MT of Title I1 commodities (wheat flour, Total OFDA Assistance ...... $865,469 PERU Latin America and the Caribbean

Value of 27,826 MT of EL. 480 Title II 1,000 MT of EL. 480 Title II foods in emergency commodities (includes ocean programs. freight) ...... $14,217,000 Mrld Vision International -donated $36,000 in Value of 28,000 MT of PL. 480 Title I cash for the local pmhases of food, roofing commodities (commodity value materials, and water pipes. only) $10,500,000 ...... TOTAL $283,829 Total EL. 480 Titles I and II ..... $24,7l7,000 Assistance Mdedby the International A.I.D. Development Assistance Community Project (FY =-grant funds only) ..... $6,301,000 [Please note: Although every effort has been A.I. D. Development Assistance made to include all contributions reported to Project (FY 84-grant funds only) .... $22,699,000 OFDA and to avoid double counting, it has not Total A.I.D. Development Assist- always been possible to separate contributions ance Project (FY 83 and FY 84- intended for flood relief from those directed grant funds only) ...... $31,000,4Ml toward the drought disaster.] Total USG Assistance (FY 83) ... $33,803,469 International Organhations Total USG Assistance (FY 84) ... $22,699,000 TOTAL $56,582,469 Andean Development Corporation -provided $20,000,000 in cash. Assistance Provided by U.S. %luntary Agencies and Other Private Groups European Economic Community -contributed a total of $394,600 in cash through LORCS and American Red Cross -provided services of a Deutche Welthungerhilfe. delegate through LORCS. Fondo Inter-Americana Par Situaciones De CARE -donated clothing valued at $10,000; Emergencia -gave $5,000 in cash. diverted PL. 480 Title II foods from regular programs and distributed an additional 2,300 MT . International Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Title II foods in emergency programs. -donated $1,000 in cash through UNDRO. Catholic Relief Services (CRS) --gave $55,000 in International Development Bank -conducted a cash and clothing valued at $150,000; carried out disaster assessment and proposed a reconstruc- two rehabilitation projects in the Lacramarca tion assistance program. Valley of Chimbote Province, assisting the peo- League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS) -issued ple of 12 villages in the areas of health, nutrition, appeals on behalf of the Peruvian Red Cross in housing, and agriculture. (See also USG assist- January and April to cover foodstuffs, transpor- ance). CRS also distributed approximately 1,000 tation, communications equipment, warehous- MT of PL. 480 Title I1 commodities in food for ing, and League delegate costs; advanced work programs in the flood-affected depart- $28,000 to the PRC from the Disaster Relief ments and over 11,000 MT of EL. 480 Title II Emergency Fund. (This amount was presumably foods in the drought-affected area. reimbursed from contributions.) Chmh World Senrice (CWS) -forwarded Organization of American States -through the $20,829 in cash raised in a February appeal fo~ Pan American Development Fund, donated one funds and issued a second appeal in May. CWS disaster hospital for Piura, value not reported. diverted EL. 480 Title II foods from regular program stocks and distributed approximately Pan American Health OrganizationlWorld Health 1,000 MT of PL. 480 Title I1 supplemental Organization -participated in a five-day health commodities in food for work projects. assessment mission to Piura Department organized by the Peruvian Ministry of Health; Cubans in Miami -provided food and a micro- reprogrammed several activities to provide disas- scope, value not reported. ter relief support, including technical coopera- Peruvians in New York and New Jersey -gave tion to oversee use of water testing equipment. $12,000 in cash. UNDRO -launched an appeal to the interna- Seventh-day Adventist World Service (SAWS) - tional community on February 15 on behalf of provided tools and clothing, value not reported; the GOP and donated $20,000 in cash for essen- diverted EL. 480 Title II commodities from tial relief supplies. UNDRO sent a delegate to regular programs and distributed approximately Peru in February to conduct a damage and needs PERU Latin America and the Caribbean

assessment, and the UNDROlCJNDP resident Italy -provided a total of $347,222 in cash for representative continued to monitor the situation blood plasma and transportation equipment; during the emergency phase. also 5,000 MT of rice for monetization, value not reported. UNICEF -provided $44,500 in cash for the pmhase of oral rehydration salts, water treat- Japan -contributed $50,000 in cash; 205 kg of ment supplies, insecticides and spraying equip- clothing, value not reported; and $15 million in ment, and an additional $43,500 in cash for short term credit for the purchase of heavy machinery. childrenlmothers. Korea, Republic of -provided water pumps and Mrorld Food Program -approved thequick medicines, value not reported. action rehabilitation responses (two of them for Netherlands -gave $55,556 in cash for the the flood disasters, with food value of approxi- pmhase of food and medicines. mately $3,000,000). Norway-donated $28,889 in cash. Panama -gave clothing and food, value not reported, and $4,326 in cash. Argentina -donated food and medicines, value not reported. Rumania -donated 500 kg of medicines, value not reported. Australia --gave $19,220 in cash through UN- DRO, medicines worth $55,000, and four tons of Soviet Union -contributed 1.7 MT of food, clothing, value not reported. valued not reported. Austria- with the Federal Republic of Germany Spain- provided blood plasma, clothing, and and Switzerland, donated one ton of medicines, food; value not reported. value not reported. Sweden -gave $208,000 in cash. Belgium -gave $123,000 in cash. Switzerland -provided technical assistance, 10 Brazil- donated medicines valued at $5,787 and tons of milk powder, funds to reconstruct six foodstuffs, value not reported. health centers, one earth moving machine (pur- chased locally), and cash grants; all valued at Bulgaria-pledged $55,000 in cash. $463,076. Canada -contributed $125,000 in cash, $450,000 United Kingdom -dona ted $32,222 for the local worth of medicines, and 635 bags of milk purchase of relief supplies. powder, value not reported. Vatican-gave $25,000 in cash to Caritas Peru. Chile -provided 50 tents valued at $25,000. Venezuela -donated $10,000 in cash. China, Peoples Republic of -gave $50,000 in cash. Wluntaty Agencies China, Republic of-donated $10,000 in cash. Canada Red Cross -gave $5,000 in cash through Czechoslovakia -pledged antibiotics and LORCS. medical equipment valued at $2,800. Caritas Belgium-donated $5,000 in cash. Finland -provided dried skim milk valued at Caritas Germany- gave $83,333 in cash. $166,660 (including transport) and $10,000 in cash. Caritas Netherlands -gave $11,538 in cash. France -gave $15,000 in cash. Colombia Red Cross-contributed $5,000 in cash through LORCS. Germany Federal Republic of -donated $429,650 in cash; medicines and 5,000 MT of Denmark Red Cross -gave $5,952 in cash wheat, value not reported; and 38 Mercedes through LORCS. Benz trucks (with a soft loan of approximately Dutch Mission Organization -donated $55,500 $1.5 million). in cash. Hungary -pledged $150,000 worth of medicines Finland Red Cross-donated $3,773 in cash and $200,000 worth of equipment. through LORCS. Israel- donated canned fish and tools all valued German Aid Action -gave 348 kg of medicines, at $4,500. value not reported. PERU Latin America and the Caribbean

German Lutheran Church-donated $56,900 in Spain Red Cross -contributed clothes and food cash. valued at $19,565. Guatemala Red Cross -provided 45 MT of food, Sweden Red Cross-gave $8,219 in cash value not reported. through LORCS. Korea (Republic of) Red Cross -gave $1,000 in Switzerland Red Cross -donated $10,050 in cash through LORCS. cash through LORCS. New Zealand Red Cross-gave $365 in cash. United Kingdom Red Cross -gave $3,226 in Norway Red Cross -donated $14,084 in cash cash through LORCS. through LORCS. TOTAL $26,943,613 Oxfam- gave $25,600 in cash. PERU Latin America and the Caribbean

Date: 1983 (FY 83) weeks, GOP officials appealed to the USAID Location: Southeastern Peru, especially Puno Mission for assistance in assessing the drought Department; the departments of Amquip, situation and determining possible technical ap- Cusco, Apurimac, Huancavelica, and Ayacucho proaches to alleviating the water shortage. Local were also affected GOP representatives met with a the-person No. Dead: None reported USG assessment team sent to Peru in May in response to this request. No. Affected: 620,000 severely affected Damage: Total agricultural losses were estimated As drought conditions worsened, GOP officials. at $151.8 million: $120.8 million in crops and consulted with UNDRO and representatives of $31.0 million in livestock. Lost crop production donor governments and voluntary agencies in totaled 578,800 MT, of which 491,000 MT were in drawing up a list of emergency requirements for potatoes (27% of national production). In other the drought-affected departments. The identi- major crops, production losses were as follows fied areas of need included medicines, (percent of national production): corn-24,000 foodstuffs, insecticides and fertilizer, cattle fod- MT (6%);olluco -16,500 MT (48%);quinua - der, vehicles, emergency warehouses, and cash 7,800 MT (68%);barley-34,000 MT (26%);and to cover internal transport costs and to establish wheat-5,000 MT (NA). revolving funds to assist small farmers. Officials of INADE (National Development Institute) and The Disaster INP (National Planning Institute) worked with UNDRO in directing the international relief With virtually no rainfall in the southeastern effort. portion of Peru during the 1982/83growing season (OctoberNovember- MarchlMay), the The GOP Ministry of Agriculture monitored the harvest was estimated at only 20-30% of normal. agricultural situation and periodically updated The area around Lake Titicaca in Puno Depart- the damage assessment. The Ministry of Agri- ment was hardest hit by the drought which also culture also formed an emergency committee to affected the adjacent departments of Arequipa, address the problems of replacing lost seed Cusco, Apurirnac, Huancavelica, and Ayacucho. potatoes. The approximately 735,800 hectares which were The Peruvian Red Cross (PRC) alerted the severely affected represent about 7.5% of total League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS) in Au- land area under cultivation in Peru. gust to a potential disaster in the Puno area. The Small farmers dependent upon subsistence agri- PRC conducted a needs survey and drew up a culture were the most vulnerable. Because the plan of action for assisting the afflicted popula- potato supplies 75-85% of the caloric intake of tion. With support and technical advice from the the campesinos, the loss of this crop was critical. Ministry of Agriculture, the PRC began a seed As food shortages became acute, the danger distribution program in October, covering 277 increased that farm families would have to resort communities in Chuquito Province of Puno De- to eating their seed potatoes in order to survive, partment. The National Society also plans to thereby further depleting the already insuficient carry out a feeding program for 10,000 needy seed stocks for the next planting season. families. An equally serious economic consequence of the Assistance Pmvided by the United States drought was the forced liquidation of livestock, Government (USG) the main capital investment of the campesinos. Because of the lack of forage and ground water By late April, USAID was receiving an increased supplies and the need for cash to feed their number of emergency requests from the GOP for families, farmers were obliged to sell their herds assistance in dealing with the drought disaster in for slaughter at greatly reduced prices. the southern Sierra. With USG assistance still needed in the country's flooded northern de- Action menby the Government of Peru (GOP) partments, the Mission appealed to A.I.D.'s and Non-Governmental Organizations Office of U.5. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) for help in assessing the drought emer- The GOP declared the Puno area in a state of gency and determining the most appropriate emergency in early February. In the following USG response. PERU Latin America and the Caribbean

OFDA arranged to send a specialist in wells and Summary of USG Assistance a specialist in small imgation systems to Peru in early May for a three week assessment tour led Travel and administrative costs of two by a third drought expert contracted by the specialists ...... $13,898 Mission. Based on the experts' report, which Initial funding for six CRS confirmed the seriousness of the situation, the projects ...... $70,000 U.S. Charge d'Affaires, Gerald l? Lamberty, determined on June 3 that a disaster existed TOTAL $83,898 in southeastern Peru which warranted USG assistance. Assistance Provided by U.S. bluntary Agencies The $25,000 obligated from the Ambassador's CARE -distributed l?L. 480 Title I1 commodities disaster assistance authority was ultimately not from regular and supplemental programs in food used for drought assistance, although a portion for work projects. (See PERU-Floods.) of it ($15,497) was transfemd to the flood Catholic Relief Services (CRS) Caritas - account. Part of the $390,000 approved by OFDA distributed P.L. 480 Title I1 commodities from for flood-related projects was, however, re- regular and supplemental programs in food for programmed for emergency assistance in the work projects; provided $130,000 in cash and 38 most affected drought areas. A total of $63,000 was initially transfemd: $25,000 for the inland MT of clothing valued at $163,230. CRS also carried out six rehabilitation projects, supplying transport of 400 MT of food from ongoing l?L. seeds and other forms of agricultural assistance 480 programs of OFASA (Obra Filantropica y in the following areas: district of Coata (5,000 Asistencia Social Adventista) and Caritas; and people); Juli Prelature (400,000 people); Ayaviri $38,000 for local food purchases and transport Prelahw (10,000 people); Diocese of Puno from neighboring departments andlor Lima. An (400,000 people); Sicuani Prelahw (400,000 peo- additional $75,000 was transfemd for the pur- ple); and Archdiocese of Cusco (50,000 people). chase of 125 MT of seed potatoes. [Please note: (See also USG Assistance and PERU -Floods.) the entire $390,000 remains under PERU - Floods in OFDA's accounts. See the case report Church World Service (CWS)- issued an appeal on that disaster for a description of other projects for BolivialPeru drought assistance. CWSISer- funded from this emergency allotment.] OFDA vicio Evangelico Peruano De Accion Social dis- also funded start-up costs of six drought disaster tributed l?L. 480 Title I1 commodities from projects conducted by Catholic Relief Services regular and supplemental programs in food for (CRS), supplying seeds and other agricultural work projects. (See PERU-Floods.) needs to assist over 900,000 people. Seventh-day Adventist World Service A USAID nutrition team visited the Puno area in (SAWS)IOFASA -distributed l?L. 480 Title I1 late July The team's survey showed an 80°/o commodities from regular and suuulemental increase over the previous year in cases of first rograms in food forkork projeciL (See and second degree malnutrition in pre-school JERU -Floods.) and school-age children. To meet the increased need for food assistance, the Mission approved TOTAL $293,230 the diversion of over 1,200 MT of l?L. 480 commodities from regular programs. The Mis- Assistance Provided by the International sion also provided $125,000 from FY 1983 devel- Community opment assistance funds to CRSlCaritas for the [Please note: Although every effort has been purchase of about 200 MT of seed potatoes. made to include all contributions reported to An extensive supplemental food assistance OFDA and to avoid double counting, it has not program, using l?L. 480 Title I and Title 11 com- always been possible to separate contributions modities, was approved by the Office of Food for intended for drought relief from those directed Peace for distribution in both flood and drought toward the flood disaster. 1 affected areas. A.I.D. also authorized $65 million International Organizations for a disaster relief, rehabilitation, and recon- struction assistance program for Peru ($31 mil- European Economic Community -provided lion in grant funds and $34 million in loans). For 5,000 tons of wheat valued at $660,000. a detailed account of USG assistance, see PERU Food and Agriculture Organization-conducted -Floods. a drought assessment and contributed $260,000 in cash for the local purchase of food, seeds, and other agricultural supplies. PERU Latin America and the Caribbean

LORCS -launched an appeal to National So- Norway -provided cash grants totaling $29,931 cieties on September 19 at the request of the through non-governmental organizations and Peruvian Red Cross; sent a delegate to assist the another $40,540 through the Norwegian Red PRC, which was working in cooperation with Cross and LORCS. Caritas-Peru. Soviet Union -provided bulldozers, graders, UNDRO -mobilized and coordinated the inter- and trucks, all valued at $652,315. national relief effort in Peru after an appeal was Sweden-gave a total of $243,766 in cash launched by the U.N. Secretary General on August 10. A personal representative of the through the Swedish Red Cross,-Free Church Secretary General had visited the most affected Aid, and the Swedish Pentecostal Agency; do- nated a twelve ton trucklmobile workshop val- areas of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru in July to $85,000 confer with local o£ficials and representatives of ued at for the local repair of trucks and voluntary agencies in determining relief and equipment; and provided technical assistance and supported agricultural projects, valued at rehabilitation requirements. An UNDRO dele- $125,000. gate was dispatched to Peru to assist the UN- DRO/UNDP resident representative in the local Switzerland -sent a logistics expert for a six- coordination of relief activities. month assignment ending in late November Mbrld Food Program (WFP)-approved three 1983; provided 200 manual water pumps as well quick-action rehabilitation responses (one of as tools and agricultural supplies, all valued at them for the drought disaster, with a food value $144,230; donated 1,000 MT of maize meal of approximately $1.5 million). WFPILima con- through Caritas, with a total value of $393,000, vened meetings regularly to inform international including ocean transport. donors of emergency food arrivals, transport, United Kingdom -donated $11,467 in cash and distribution. through Oxfam for an emergency feeding program. Governments Wuntary Agencies Argentina -provided technical assistance in $10,000 well drilling and irrigation and three tons of Caritas Switzerland -contributed sugar; value not reported. in cash. Canada -provided cash grants totaling $512,040 China Red Cross (Peoples Republic of)- gave through LORCS, the Pan American Health Or- $10,000 in cash. ganization (PAHO)/WHO, the Canadian Catholic Danish Church Aid -donated $10,638 in cash. Organization for Development and Peace, and other voluntary agencies; also contributed food Denmark Red Croas -donated $10,638 in cash. assistance valued at $4,065,040 and corrugated Misereor (Germany Federal Republic of)- iron sheets worth $2,431,118. provided cash grants totaling $463,800. Chile-donated $9,000 in cash. Norway Red Cross -gave $13,513 in cash. China, Peoples Republic of -gave $40,000 in TOTAL $17,677,483 cash. Germany Federal Republic of -provided a logistics expert; 5,000 MT of wheat valued at $1,153,846;and $30,188 in cash through Caritas-Germany. Italy -supplied 5,000 MT of rice valued at $2,500,ooo. Japan- contributed $550,000 in cash and a drilling rig worth $1,250,000. Korea, Republic of -donated $250,000 in cash as well as water pumps, medicines, and cookers, all valued at $50,000. Netherlands- donated mill< powder valued at $172,413. VENEZUELA Latin America and the Caribbean

Date: December 19 -22,1982 (FY 83) Action %ken by the Government of Venezuela Location: Ecoa power plant, 32 km outside (GOV) Caracas In response to the first explosion, local fire No. Dead: 150 (unofficial count), 15 missing companies, a contingent of the National Guard, No. Injured: 500 and officials of the electric company, C. A. La No. Affected: Approximately 40,000 evacuated; Electricidad de Caracas (EC), rushed to the scene three million in metropolitan Caracas affected by to assist in the firefighting effort. Following the power outage second explosion, the surviving fire department Damage: Over 70 dwellings and mom than 60 personnel on the scene ordered the immediate vehicles wem destroyed by fire. Elechical closing of the electric plant and evacuation of blackout in Caracas disrupted water, medical, surrounding homes and industrial facilities. and transportation services. To cover the power outage, EC asked the government electric company, CADAFE, to The Disaster supply power to Caracas through the national Early in the morning of December 19,1982, a fuel interconnect grid from Guri Dam and Ciudad storage tank at the Tacoa electric plant exploded, Guayana. CADAFE was able to make 700 MW killing two workers and shaking nearby houses. . available almost immediately and 800 MW later, Firefighters and news media personnel rushed to allowing Caracas proper to receive close to 85 the scene. By midday, the fire had been nearly percent of its normal Sunday needs. The sur- contained when a second explosion occurred, rounding areas remained blacked out pending a spreading burning fuel over a 100 meter radius damage assessment of transmission facilities. and igniting an adjacent tank containing 16,000 In the aftermath of the disaster, Venezuelan metric tons of residual fuel oil. The resulting President Herrera Campins declared three days blaze consumed smunding buildings and blew of national mouming for the victims of the fire. over protective barriers and up a hillside, devas- In an effort to learn from the experience, EC tating many dwellings in its path. Most of the asked the United States for assistance in obtain- firefighters and a number of joumalists on the ing technical consulting services from the Na- scene perished in the fire. On December 20, a tional Fire Protection Association. third tank of fuel oil was ignited; however, no loss of life occmd and firefighting efforts were Assistance Provided by the United States successful in containing the blaze. By December Govenunent (USG) 22, all the fires had been extinguished. Upon learning of the fire at the Tacoa The Tacoa electric plant and its sister plant at plant, U.S. Ambassador George W. Arrecife supply 1,700 MW of power to Caracas Landau offered USG assistance to and the smunding metropolitan area. This transport critically injured victims to amounts to % percent of the power consumed in bum treatment centers in the United the region. After the second explosion, an order States. However, after assessing the to evacuate the area led to the shutdown of both situation, knezuelan authorities de- plants and resulted in a power blackout of cided that the bum victims could be Caracas and environs. The power outage caused treated locally and declined the U.S. disruptions in the water supply and medical offer. The disaster was judged to be of services; signal light failures caused traffic chaos; sufficient magnitude to warrant USG the international airport was closed for one day; assistance, however, and on De- and several high-rise buildings were abandoned cember 23, a check for $25,000 from after air conditioning and elevators failed. the Disaster Assistance Account was presented to the president of the Venezuelan Red Cross to assist the victims of the fire ...... $25,000

ITALY Eurove and the Near East

Date: July 28 -August 14,1983 (FY 83) extended an additional week beginning on Au- Location: Island of Sardinia; Calabria region of gust 9. By August 14, the fires in Sardinia, Sicily, Italian mainland and Calabria had been completely extinguished. No. Dead: Seven Both the Italian Government and Italian press gratefully acknowledged the USG assistance. No. Affected: Not reported Damage: Estimated several hundred million Summary of USG Assistance dollars worth of damage to forests, farmland and houses. Ambassador's disaster relief authority ...... $25,000 The Disaster Two DOD C-130 firefighting aircraft During the unusually hot and dry summer of plus crew for fourteen days ...... $598,319 1983, sporadic forest and grassland fires broke Two U.S. Forest Service personnel for out on the islands of Sardinia and Sicily and on 20 days to provide technical the mainland in the southern province of Cal- assistance ...... $18,000 abria. The largest fires raged on Sardinia, de- stroying large areas of farmland and forests and TOTAL $641,319 claiming seven lives. The dry conditions and high daytime temperatures, ranging between 90 Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary Agencies and 109 degrees Fahrenheit, caused the fires to None reported. spread quickly and hampered firefighting efforts. Assistance Provided by the International Action Taken by the Government of Italy (GOI) Community Along with traditional firefighting methods, the Germany, Federal Republic of -provided two GO1 used aircraft to spray chemical retardants on firefighting aircraft, value not reported. the fires. The simultaneous outbreak of fires in Sardinia, Sicily, and Calabria put a severe strain on the firefighting resources of the GO1 and necessitated the request of additional airplanes from other governments.

Assistance Provided by the United States Government (USG) On July 30,1983, Ambassador Maxwell Rabb determined that the situation on the island of Sardinia warranted a disaster declaration and obligated $25,000 to the relief efforts. In addition, the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) arranged for the deployment of two C-130 National Guard firefighting airplanes from the Department of Defense (DOD). Both aircraft were equipped with modular airborne systems carrying twelve thousand liters of water mixed with a chemical fire retardant. Two U.S. Forest Service Liaison officers accompanied the flight crews to provide technical assistance. The planes were dispatched from the U.S. Air Force base in Van Nuys, California and arrived on August 2 in Pisa, Italy. The operation began on ~ugust3, with the two flying at Gast four sorties per day to Sardinia, Campania, Liguria, and Tuscany. The Italian Ministry for Civil Protection requested that the mission be 114 MIDDLE EAST Eumpe and the Near East

Date: March 21 -April 3,1983 (FY83) Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta to Location: Cities and towns throughout the West the West Bank. The assignment of the team was Bank, principally Arrabah, Jenin, Yattah, to conduct an epidemiological survey of the Tulkm and surrounding villages unexplained medical phenomenon afflicting No. Dead: None hundreds of school children throughout the West Bank. OFDA authorized $9,500 for the purpose No. Cases: 943 mported of sending two CDC physicians, one from the The Disaster Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, and one from the Division of From March 21 to April 3,1983,943 cases of acute Viral Diseases, to undertake the survey. illness characterized by headache, dizziness, The two physicians arrived in Tel Aviv on April 3 photophobia, blurred vision, abdominal pain, to begin a two-week investigation which consis- myalgia, weakness, difficulty in breathing, faint- ted of extensive clinical, epidemiological, and ing, midriasis, and peripheral cyanosis occurred in residents of communities throughout the West environmental studies throughout the affected Bank. Six hundred sixty of the patients (70°/o) areas of the West Bank. The final report of the CDC team concluded the following: the initial were adolescent school girls. Many patients were outbreak appeared to have been triggered either hospitalized. None died. by psychological factors or possibly by the smell Action menby the Government of Israel (GO11 of hydrogen sulfide gas escaping from an out- door latrine; the subsequent spread of the out- A comprehensive investigation of the outbreak break was due to psychogenic factors; and the of illness on the West Bank was undertaken by termination of the outbreak was probably related the Israeli Ministry of Health (IMOH). Both the to the closing of West Bank schools, which IMOH Department of Epidemiology and the dispersed the students and helped to minimize IMOH Environmental Health Administration the opportunity for the spread of symptoms. carried out extensive analyses in an attempt to TOTAL $9,500 idenhfy the nature and cause of the illness. The Environmental Health Administration per- Assistance Provided by U. S. bluntary Agencies formed environmental toxicology analyses of suspect objects, specifically to determine the None reported. possible presence of a toxic gas. The Department of Epidemiology collected extensive data from Assistance Provided by the Intemational the victims. A number of other medical groups, Community both Israeli and Palestinian, took part in the investigation. These included the Director of Intemational Organizations Public Health, Civil Administration of the West Bank; Jordan Medical Association; Mukassad International Committee of the Red Cross -sent Hospital in Jerusalem; Wst Bank Pharmacists' a physician to carry out an investigation of the Association; Hadassah School of Public Health outbreak. and Community Medicine (The Hebrew Univer- World Health Organization- sent a medical sity); and Bir Zeit University. team to the West Bank area to conduct an On March 31, the IMOH officially requested the independent investigation of the outbreak. United States to send a team of American doctors to the West Bank to aid in idenhfying the nature of the outbreak.

Assistance Provided by the United States Government (USG)

On April 1, the Assistant Secretary of State for the Near East and South Asia, Nicholas A. Veliotes, formally requested funding from the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) to send a team of doctors from the U. S. SPAIN Europe and the Near East

Date: October 19-22,1982 (FY83) Action Taken by the Government of Spain (GOS) Location: Southeastern provinces of Spain; and the Spanish Red Cross Vdencia, Alicante, Albacete and Murcia Spanish authorities responded promptly to the No. Dead: 43; 30 missing disaster. The Prime Minister and the Spanish No. Affected: 225,000, of whom 160,000 were monarchs surveyed the most affected areas dur- evacuated ing the first day of the floods. On October 22 the Damage: Vdencia-$370 million; 740,700 hectares Prime Minister convened an emergency cabinet of farmland affected; Albacate-approximately meeting to discuss rescue and relief measures. At $260 million; total affected area over 3,600 sq. km the same time, military and civilian authorities conducted swift evacuations and rushed in relief The Disaster supplies by boat and helicopter. The Spanish Red Cross (SRC) assumed the lead role in Several days of torrential rain produced serious providing direct relief assistance during the re- flooding in the Spanish provinces of Valencia, mainder of the emergency. In conjunction with Murcia, Alicante, and Albacete. By October 23, other civic and voluntary organizations, the SRC local authorities reported at least 43 persons established collection centers for the flood vic- dead, 28 missing, and 1,600 injured. In addition, tims. They gathered government and private approximately 160,000 people were forced to donations; provided 950,000 kg of food, 12,000 evacuate and over 7,000 buildings were damaged pieces of clothing, 15,500 blankets, 100 am- or destroyed. In Valencia, the most seriously bulances, 30 rescue boats, four mobile hospitals, affected province, about 543,200 hectares of and three cardiomobiles. A team of frogmen citrus groves and 217,280 hectares of vegetable helped in the search for missing persons. Once growing land were flooded. The flood waters rescue, evacuation, and emergency operations washed out roadways and telephone lines and were completed, the SRC focused its efforts on caused a dam south of Valencia to collapse. By children, the elderly, and the disabled. October 26, the rain began to diminish; flood waters in the southeastern provinces gradually Assistance Provided by the United States started to recede and vital services were restored. Government (USG) On October 22,1982, U. S. Ambassador Todman determined that the flooding constituted a disas- ter. He used his disaster assistance authority to donate one million pesetas (US $8,659) to the SRC in support of their disaster relief efforts. TOTAL $8,659

Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary Agencies None reported.

Assistance Provided by the International Community Saudi Arabia -provided a cash contribution of $10 million.

Sweden -provided 15 tons of clothing, value not reported. TOTAL $10,000,000

SPAIN Europe and the Near East

Date: August 25-31,1983 (FY 83) omy and Finance, Defense, and Interior was Location: The northeast provinces of Vizcaya, convened to evaluate flood damage and deter- Guipuzcoa, Alava, Santander, Asturias, Navarra, mine appropriate measures. In addition, the and Burgos Ministry of Public Works and Urban Affairs announced a program to provide temporary No. Dead: 45; 50 missing shelter to the homeless. Units of the GOS army, No. Affected: 500,000; 60,000 seriously affected navy, air force, civil guard, and national police due to loss of employment; approximately 6,000 were dispatched to assist the Basque regional homeless government in rescue and cleanup operations Damage: Total damage to industry, commerce, and two naval destroyers carrying medicines public services, and housing was estimated at and relief supplies were sent to Bilbao. $3.9 billion. Approximately 900 houses and 5,000 businesses were destroyed, transportation and The GOS provided $33.3 million in emergency communications systems were severely dis- relief and pledged additional funds for long-term rupted, and beaches were closed due to rehabilitation. Those unemployed due to the water contamination. closure of commercial and industrial firms were put to work on reconstruction projects, and The Disaster assistance in the form of grants and loans was provided to small and medium-sized businesses. A week of heavy rain at the end of August 1983 inundated an area in northeastern Spain encom- The regional government, under the direction of passing seven provinces. The affected zone in- Basque President Carlos Garaicoechea, was ac- cludes Spain's industrial heartland; extensive tive in every phase of the relief operation. Local loss of inventories and industrial production authorities conducted rescue missions, provided threatened the country's budding economic re- food, water, and shelter to the homeless, and covery. Vizcaya Province, which includes the worked closely with central government agen- cies to restore vital services. Major roads were city of Bilbao, suffered the most extensive damage. In Bilbao and outlying areas, as many cleared of mudslides and debris and temporary bridges were installed at critical points so traffic as 6,000 persons were made homeless after the could resume. flooding destroyed their houses. Several poor banios were completely wiped out and there The Spanish Red Cross (SRC) also responded was extensive damage to historical sites and quickly to the emergency by providing food, churches in the old part of the city. Local airports medicine, clothing, blankets, heaters, and other were closed, road and railway transport came to supplies to the flood victims. Approximately a virtual standstill, and electric power and tele- 2,000 SRC volunteers assisted in the relief effort phone service were disrupted in many areas. utilizing 200 vehicles and 50 boats. The SRC also Damage to businesses and industries was es- im~le~enteda comprehensive rehabilitation pecially severe. Up to 60,000 people were ren- program for the homeless and unemployed. This dered temporarily unemployed and it was included moving people from temporary shelters unlikely that many of the businesses would ever into low-cost rental housing, providing subsis- reopen. The flood waters also swept chemicals tence support in cash and in kind, and setting stockpiled at factories into the Nervion River, up mobile sanitary equipment. thereby contaminating local beaches. Fortu- nately, the contamination did not extend to Assistance Provided by the United States the drinking water supply. Government WSG) On August 31 the Ambassador to Spain, Action Taken by the Government of Thomas 0. Enders, declared the flooding to be of Spain (GOS), Local Authorities, and the a magnitude to warrant USG assistance. After Spanish Red Cross consultation with officials at the Office of U.S. A massive GOS assistance campaign was Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) in Washing- launched after the King and Queen of Spain and ton, the Ambassador announced that $33,000 Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez visited the flood would be made available to assist the most stricken area on August 28. An interministerial severely affected flood victims. This amount and commission consisting of the ministers of Econ- an additional $167,000 that was subsequently SPAIN Ew~eand the Near East

obligated was presented to the Spanish Red $54,000 to replace emergency supplies used by Cross to provide basic necessities to the 60,000 the Spanish Red Cross. people made destitute by the disaster. Governments TOTAL $200,000 Andorra -provided an unspecified amount of Assistance Provided by U.S. bluntary Agencies drinking water, milk, and canned food. None reported. Germany Federal Republic of -provided $191,216 for humanitarian relief. Assistance Provided by the International Community bluntary Agencies International Organizations Germany (F.R.) Red Cross-contributed $7,635 through an institutional transfer. European Economic Community -contributed $487,000 in cash for rehabilitation projects and TOTAL $739,851

Date: December 13,1982 (FY 83) country's proximity to major plate boundaries Location: Dhamar region (the Arabian and the African along the Red Sea No. Dead: 1,507 confirmed; 2,500 estimated Rift); yet, no major tremors had been recorded in modem times. This was the first instrumentally No. Injured: About 1,500 measured earthquake in that location. More than No. Affected: Approximately 800,000; 700 1,000 aftershocks jolted the region during the villages affected and an estimated 400,000 people next month, with the most powerful registering left homeless (of which 300,000 were housed in between 4 and 5 on the Richter scale on tents and other temporary shelters) December 30. Damage: A total of 42,314 homes were no longer habitable (11,380 totally destroyed, The earthquake destroyed or damaged more 3,407 partially destroyed, and 27,527 severely than 700 villages, many of them remote moun- damaged); the water supply was disrupted in 122 tain hamlets at altitudes between 2,000 and 2,400 villages; and 78 schools, 651 mosques, and 131 meters. The villages of Alaib, Al-Anis, and water projects (pumps, streams, pipes, canals) Darwan were among those reduced to rubble. In wete destroyed. Economic losses were estimated the latter, more than 500 people died, including by the government as follows: $17 million in lost 40 worshippers in the village mosque and 150 housing; $73.3 million in public facilities such as children who were buried beneath their school's schools, utilities, and mosques; $28.5 million in collapsed walls. The quake's victims were mainly agriculture (grain and animal losses); and $199.5 women, children, and the elderly -those per- in private property such as tools, furniture, and sons most likely to be indoors at midday The vehicles. Estimated loss to GNP was two billion inaccessibility of the hard-hit, outlying areas dollars. slowed rescue operations and delayed attempts by the authorities to estimate the number of The Disaster casualties and the extent of damage. A complete absence of civil records further hampered identi- The earthquake which hit the Yemen Arab fication of the missing. The total number of Republic (North Yemen) at about noon local time known dead was finally put at 1,507, but it was on December 13,1982, measured 6 on the Richter estimated that at least 2,500 people and possibly scale. Damage was concentrated in the densely more had died in the quake. An additional 1,500 populated and mountainous Dhamar Govemo- people were injured according to early reports. rate near the quake's hypocenter (1477'N and 44934'E), though the 40-second tremor was felt The final estimate of 400,000 homeless included as far away as Sanaa, Yemen's capital, some 90 many people whose homes were still standing km to the south. The potential for earthquakes but who were afraid to return to their dwellings. had clearly existed in Yemen, as evidenced by the Traditional Yemeni housing constructed of unre- type of terrain (80% volcanic basalt) and by the inforced stone and dry mud mortar proved to be YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC Emw and the Near East

extremely vulnerable in earthquakes. Especially earthquake victims. The most seriously injured hard hit were houses built on escarpments and were transferred to hospitals in Dhamar and soft volcanic &. Many of the homes left Sanaa. Six health zones were established by the standing were believed to have suffered Ministry of Health to provide longer term care. irreparable structural damage. Medical teams working in each zone responded to both curative and public health needs (imrnu- The earthquake also caused extensive damage to nization, water purification, sanitation, etc.). public utilities and rural works and disrupted Mobile units went out to all affected villages from water and food supplies. Some 122 villages lost the central bases in these zones. their some of water when hand-dug wells and cisterns collapsed and streams dried up. In The CPO and the Council of Yemeni Develop- contrast, drilled wells were often undamaged. ment Associations (CYDA) conducted a village Crops had been recently harvested, but much of by village survey between December 14 and the grain was lost when the buildings in which it January 10 in an attempt to gather statistics on was stored were flattened in the quake. damages. CYDA also assisted the Ministry of Public Works in assessing damage to water The material loss to Yemen's predominantly systems. Eight teams surveyed 884 villages and agricultural economy was expected to be enor- found that 122 of them had lost their some of mous, requiring considerable external assistance water. Tank trucks delivered potable water to in reconstruction. those villages until new wells could be provided. Action Wen by the Government of the Yemen As a more complete pidure unfolded on the Arab Republic (YARG) and Non-Governmental extent of devastation, the YARG renewed its Agenaes appeal for donor assistance in providing tents. In all, about 300,000 persons were eventually Yemeni hsident Ali Abdullah Salih declared housed in tents or other temporary shelters, a state of emergency and mobilized the armed while an additional number sought refuge with forces for rescue operations in the disaster area. family or friends in other areas of Yemen. The Convoys of trucks were soon carrying relief YARG itself provided $300,000 for tents. It was supplies to the affected region, while rescue estimated that some 42,000 housing units would workers labored round the clock in the search for have to be replaced. survivors. An emergency relief committee was formed, headed by the Chief of Staff of the The YARG declared the emergency phase termi- Armed Forces and composed also of the Minis- nated as of January 15, and the focus moved to ters of Health, Municipalities, and Youth, and rehabilitation and reconstruction. An executive the Governor of Dhamar Province. The Minister committee headed by the Deputy Minister of of Development, who served also as the Chair- Public Works was set up to collect reports, man of the Central Planning Organization formulate plans, and oversee reconstruction (CPO), was named national coordinator for efforts. Prime Minister Adbul Karim Al-Iryani emergency relief operations. An official appeal appealed for international assistance in this for international assistance was issued through phase also. A specific request was made for aid the Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief in canying out engineering surveys to determine Coordinator (UNDRO). the structural soundness and repairability of the remaining homes in the disaster area. Yemeni authorities organized a committee struc- The newly mated Yemen Arab Republic Red ture to handle the problems of logistics in the Crescent (YARRC) appealed to the League of Red distribution of supplies during the early relief Cross Societies on December 13 for assistance in phase. Four district zones were established at obtaining such emergency supplies as drugs, Al-Ans, Al-Anis, Jahran, and Al-Hada. For each serums, tents, blankets, kitchen utensils, food, group of six villages a local committee was set up and clothing. The YARRC, which was a member which reported needs to the respective zone. The of the field operations committee, pmhased zone committee in turn passed on requests for $5,000 worth of hospital linens and assisted in supplies to the Central Coordinating Committee the distribution of relief supplies. Together with in Dhamar. The military was in charge of the the League, the YARRC aided health authorities distribution of supplies during the first weeks by providing a limited number of locally em- after the earthquake, with civilian agencies ployed health personnel. As a reconstruction eventually assuming the operation. project, the YARRC planned to work jointly with With the help of donor-provided field hospitals, the German Red Cross (Federal Republic of medical teams and supplies, YARG health offi- Germany) and the Ministry of Health in building cials took care of the medical needs of the a health center at Uthmah. YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC Europe and the Near East

Other in-country assistance was provided by financed seismic survey of the Dhamar area in Yemen Airlines which offered to carry relief late December and early January. supplies free on a space available basis from European cities, and by a private donor who Summary of USG Assistance gave $219,000 for the local purchase of jerry cans for water. Value of 3,000 tentdflies (including freight charges) ...... $1,203,850 by Assistance Provided the United States Value of 15,000 wool blankets (includ- Government (USG) ing freight charges) ...... $135,590 U.S. Ambassador David E. Zweifel determined on December 14 that a disaster situation of a Cost of replacing six 30K generators to magnitude warranting USG assistance existed in Leghorn...... $44,000 Yemen. He exercised his disaster relief authority Cost of replacing eight water tanks to obligate the sum of $25,000 which, however, (including freight) ...... $15,843 was ultimately not used. On the same day, a USAIDlEmbassy team departed Sanaa for the Reimbursement to DOD for airlift of affected area to meet with Yemeni officials before water tanks, tents, blankets, gener- beginning a two-day on-ground needs assess- ators, and medical supplies from ment. Ambassador Zweifel and other members Leghorn and the U.S., and expenses of the diplomatic corps later toured the stricken of two technicians ...... $?l3,279 area by helicopter. Over the next several weeks, Value of 10 medical kits pmhased the Ambassador also attended a series of donors' through UNICEF ...... $10,000 meetings held to review the status of relief efforts and to coordinate disaster assistance. TOTAL $2,122,562 To help provide for the immediate needs of the Assistance Provided by U.S. hluntary Agencies earthquake victims, the U.S. Mission lent four vehicles to the YARG to serve as ambulances, and A.I.D.'s Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Catholic Relief Services (CRS) -the only Amer- Assistance (OF'DA) authorized the release and ican voluntary agency with a program in Yemen air transport of eight collapsible 3,000 gallon helped with an on-site assessment of damage water tanks from its stockpile at Camp Darby, and announced a $156,000 emergency aid pro- Leghorn, Italy The tanks arrived in Sanaa on gram. CRS purchased the following items (all December 17. locally except for tents) with monies from the CRS Emergency Fund and from contributions As relief requirements became better identified, channeled through CRS in response to the OF'DA approved the release of the following program: 450 tents valued at $125,000; hospital additional commodities from Leghorn: 1,000 linens; 5,000 blankets; children's clothing valued tentdflies, 15,000 wool blankets, medical sup at $40,000; 2,000 sets of cooking utensils; and plies (680 hospital gowns and 50 masks), and six 5,000 sweaters worth $21,300. Note: To avoid 30 KW generators. These supplies were airlifted double counting, contributions are credited to to Sanaa by the U.S. Department of Defense on individual donors. The difference between the December 19 and 20. In view of the continuing known value of other agency contributions shortage of shelters, and in response to a U.S. through CRS ($158,357) and the known value Embassy request for a second airlift of tents, of the above items ($186,300) is credited to OFDA arranged with DOD to transport another CRS ($27,943). 2,000 tentslflies -1,300 from Leghorn and 700 from U.S. stocks -to Yemen on December 25 Lutheran World Relief -gave $24,000 to CRS for and 26. Other USG commodity assistance in- the purchase of 100 tents. cluded the procurement of ten mobile medical Save the Children-launched an appeal on kits through UNICEF. behalf of its Norwegian and British counterparts in Yemen; donated $5,000 to Redd Barna (Nor- The USG also provided technical assistance. wegian Save the Children). Two technicians from the 8th Support Group (USAREUR) accompanied the six generators to Southern Baptist Convention, Foreign Mission Yemen to supervise installation and train local Board -associated with a hospital in Yemen, operators. Peace Corps volunteers assisted the sent a five-person medical team (two orthopedic YARG in carrying out water system and public surgeons, two nurses, and one aide); appropri- health surveys. Moreover, U.S. Geological Sur- ated $70,000 for relief supplies, of which $50,000 vey personnel participated in a Saudi Arabian- was used for the local purchase of food. YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC Europe and the Near East

World Vision -donated $20,000 in cash. TOTAL $146,943

Assistance Provided by the International Community

International Organizations Arab Gulf Fund for United Nations Develop- ment (AGFUND)-contributed $1 million for the purchase of tents. Bureau of Arab Ministers of Health -provided $100,000 in cash.

European Economic Community (EEC)- donated $902,759 in cash through LORCS; gave 100 tents, 4,000 blankets, and two tons of medical supplies, value not reported; financed an airlift for the Belgian Red Cross at a cost of $60,000. Food and Agriculture OrganizationlWorld Food Program (FAOIWFP)- provided foodstuffs (wheat flour, pulses, dried skim milk, and vegoil) for 50,000 persons for three months, with a total value of $908,300. The WFP sent a food survey1 evaluation team to Yemen in mid-February, and the FA0 surveyed the agriculture and livestock sectors and recommended recovery programs. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) -provided 927 tents valued at $65,745 and clothing, value not reported, through LORCS; in addition, ICRC donated $10,000 in cash for the local purchase of cooking utensils and $5,000 in cash for the purchase of hospital equipment.

League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS)- sent a relief officer and delegates to the disaster scene and, on behalf of the Yemen Arab Red Crescent, issued an appeal to national societies on December 13. (See contributions listed below.) LORCS provided cash for initial require- ments (to be reimbursed from contributions), clothing worth $40,000, and other relief supplies valued at $5,000. Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRO) - provided the services of a relief officer and $30,000 in cash; launched an international appeal for assistance on behalf on the YARG. United Nations Development Program (UNDP) -coordinated international assistance, es- pecially technical assistance, and donated $30,000 in cash. UNICEF -coordinated medical donations and provided medical supplies (dextron solution and tetanus serum) valued at $20,000, as well as 500,000 water purification tablets and 150 YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC Europe and the Near East

sprayers, value not reported; allocated $200,000 from the emergency reserve fund for the pur- chase of 830 tents, 3,400 cooking sets, blankets, and other relief supplies; diverted six vehicles worth $80,000 from country projects to be used as ambulances; in cooperation with the YARG, drilled new wells in areas where old wells had been destroyed; paid costs of shipping 750 excess UNRWA tents to Yemen from Lebanon, value not reported; and shipped 3,000 tents valued at $304,000 from funds given by Japan (presumed included in Japan's listed contribution). World Health Organization (WHO)-gave $1,418 in cash from the emergency relief fund through LORCS; donated pharmaceuticals, dis- infectants, surgical supplies, and emergency kits, all valued at $50,000; provided services of experts to help supervise health activities and assist in the water survey.

Govenunents Algeria -donated 103 tents, value not reported. Australia -gave $45,730 in cash to LORCS for the purchase of tents. Bahrain -provided bedding, blankets, clothing, cooking stoves, and 7 MT of medical supplies, all valued at $425,000.

Belgium (government, Red Cross, and EEC) - provided $80,435 worth of assistance, including 100 family tents, two hospital tents, 76 stretchers, 4,000 blankets, medicines, and vac- cines. Canada -contributed $325,203 in cash to UNI- CEF for the purchase of 2,000 tents and $142,317 in cash through LORCS. China (PR., government and Red Cross)- gave three tons of medicines valued at $35,774 through LORCS. Denmark (government and Red Cross) - provided 40 family tents valued at $8,000 and bed linens worth $62,973 through LORCS; also gave $87,404 to UNICEF for tetanus vaccines. Djibouti- donated 216 tents, value not reported. Egypt -airlifted 40 MT of medicines, 11 MT of canned food, 3,000 tents, and 4,500 blankets; value not reported. France -provided a team of geologists and the following items, value not reported: 300 tents, 2 MT of clothing, 2 MT of medical supplies, two helicopters, 2,000 MT of wheat, 700 blankets, five hospital tents, 4.1 MT of soap and antisep- tics, 100 kg of antibiotics, and 100 kg of food. YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC Eumpe and the Near East

German Democratic Republic -contributed five C-130 loads of medical aid and 40 plane medicines worth $62,500 to the Yemen Arab Red loads of other relief aid including blood plasma, Crescent and 170 tents, value not reported. dextron, antibiotics, analgesics, oxygen cylin- ders, splints, surgical equipment, blood transfu- Germany Federal Republic -provided four sion sets, 3,000 tents, 6,000 mattresses, 12,000 doctors and orthopedic instruments and $13,250 blankets, 15 h4T of baby food, and 300 h4T of in cash in conjunction with the FRG Red Cross; food in 50 kg boxes. Saudi Airlines provided free also gave the following assistance, value not transportation home to Yemenis who were resid- reported: a 26-person search and rescue team ing in Saudi Arabia. with dogs, 44 technicians trained in electrical and water connections and building demolition, 750 Somalia -sent a medical team, 50 tents, and 100 tents, 18,000 blankets, 2.5 MT of children's tons of fresh food; value not reported. clothing, and two generators. Soviet Union-donated 145 tents and 2.5 MT of India- sent a medical team and a sanitation medical supplies, value not reported. expert, 1,100 blankets, and 10.8 h4T of medi- cines; value not reported. Sweden-donated 35,000 blankets valued at $230,000 through UNICEF and $205,480 worth of Italy -provided orthopedic surgeons and air- tents and clothing through the Swedish Red lifted medicines and medical equipment valued Cross. at $357,000. Switzerland-dispatched a 43-person interven- Japan -contributed $500,000 in cash. tion team, including 11 medical personnel, 11 rescue specialists, and a search team of 16 Jordan -provided a 17-person medical team. persons and 12 dogs; also provided the following Kuwait -provided a medical team and at least items, value not reported: 6 h4T of medical six plane loads of emergency supplies, including equipment, 4 h4T of tools and rescue equipment 1,052 tents, blankets, medicines, and food; value equipment, 850 kg of blood plasma, and 35,000 not reported. blankets through UNICEF, and water purifying equipment, 160 tents, and 1,000 blankets Libya -sent a 20-person medical team and 100 through the Yemen Arab Red Crescent. tents, value not reported. Turkey -donated medicines and 2,000 blankets; Netherlands -supplied 165 tents, 360 cooking value not reported. sets, 5,000 blankets, medicines, heavy canvas for shelters, and an emergency hospital at Dhamar, United Arab Emirates -provided food and all valued at $202,000; also provided a total of medical aid and 39 medical personnel; value not $3,846,152 for the reconstruction phase: reported. $1,923,076 for housing reconstruction, and United Kingdom -contributed $16,140 in cash $961,538 each for the reconstruction of current through CRS, 5,000 liters of insecticide valued at projects and food aid. $28,225, and 500,000 water purification tablets, Norway -gave 5,000 blankets, value not re- blood transfusion sets, and 300 hospital masks, ported; donated $214,285 to Redd Barna (Nor- value not reported. wegian Save the Children) and $113,534 in cash through LORCS. bluntary Agencies Oman -provided five plane loads of supplies, Algeria Red Crescent-contributed the follow- including 1,000 tents, 1,500 blankets, foodstuffs, and 6 h4T of medicines; value not reported. ing through LORCS: 100 tents, three dispensary tents, 2,000 blankets, soap, medicines, and People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South foodstuffs, all valued at $150,438. Yemen) -sent a 26-member medical team, medicines, and relief supplies; value not re- Australia Red Cross -gave $1,847 in cash through LORCS. ported. Qatar -provided a medical team, medicines, Bahrain Red Crescent -provided in-kind assist- 1,000 tents, and 5,000 blankets; value not re- ance valued at $51,945 as well as $18,812 in cash through LORCS. ported. Belgium Red Cross -(See Governments.) Saudi Arabia -allocated about $30 million (100 million riyals) in emergency assistance which Bulgaria Red Cross -provided 101 family tents, included the following: one mobile hospital of 1,600 blankets, clothing, and food through 50-100 beds; 37 medical and support personnel; LORCS, all valued at $125,957. YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC Eurow and the Near East

Canada Red Cross- donated $8,132 in cash Ireland Red Cross-gave $6,694 in cash through through LORCS. LORCS. Caritas (Belgium)- provided $3,000 in cash to Italian private contributors-donated 5,000 CRS. kitchen sets, value not reported. Caritas (Germany Federal Republic) -gave Japan Red Cross- provided $4,728 in cash and $41,580 in cash to CRS. medical supplies valued at $13,983 through LORCS. Caritas (Italy) -gave $7,407 in cash to CRS. Japan Shipping Industry Foundation -gave Caritas (Switzerland)- donated $24,650 in cash $19,504 in cash through LORCS. to CRS. Korea (Republic of) Red Cross -gave $3,000 in Caritas (Norway)- donated 600 tents valued at cash through LORCS. $150,000. Kuwait Red Crescent -provided 4,790 blankets, China Red Cross- (See Governments) 34 cartons of bed linen, and children's blankets Christian Aid (U.K. ) -gave $8,132 in cash through LORCS, all valued at $50,277. Kuwaiti through LORCS. women formed a committee to assist the home- less and injured in coordination with the Red Denmark Red Cross -provided services of a Crescent Society. chief delegate. (See also Governments) Libya Red Crescent -provided 2,000 blankets, Diakonisches Werk (Germany Federal Republic) 50 family tents, and 310 cartons of foodstuffs -gave $41,580 in cash to CRS. through LORCS, all valued at $70,287. Egypt Red Crescent -gave 4,500 blankets and Liechtenstein Red Cross --gave $236 in cash foodstuffs through LORCS, all valued at $57,340. through LORCS. ESTEC (Netherlands)- gave $2,762 in cash Methodist Relief Fund (U.K.)-gave $3,239 in through LORCS. cash through LORCS. Ethiopia Red Cross- donated $4,917 in cash Morocco Red Crescent -donated 2,000 blankets, through LORCS. 60 tents, and 22 h4T of foodstuffs through Finland Red Cross -provided the following LORCS, all valued at $52,217. through LORCS: 50 tents, 2,000 blankets, and 3 Netherlands Red Cross-gave $24,862 in cash MT of children's clothing, all valued at $57,412, through LORCS. and gave $8,842 in cash. New Zealand Red Cross-donated $1,349 in France Red Cross- gave one h4T of protein cash through LORCS. tablets valued at $6,021 through LORCS. Norway Red Cross -provided $33,333 in cash German Democratic Republic Red Cross - and 5,000 woolen blankets worth $14,958 provided 67 packs of medicines valued at $62,916 through LORCS. through LORCS. Oxfam (U.K.) -provided 19,000 blankets, three Germany Federal Republic Red Cross - 10,000 gallon and five 2,000 gallon water tanks, provided the following through LORCS: 780 value not reported, and 50 rolls of plastic sheet- round tents, 18,000 blankets, and 2.1 h4T of ing valued at $12,097. children's clothing, all valued at $284,137; also, Pakistan Red Crescent-donated 2.1 MT of medical supplies, a water purification program, medical supplies valued at $15,603 through 50 Bonn tents, 70 Nomad tents, services of an LORCS. administratorlaccountant, and services of four technicians, value not reported. The FRG Red Palestinian Red Crescent (in Yemen) -provided Cross ship Flora supplied 30 collapsible water medical relief assistance. tanks and six 30 KW generators. (See also Governments.) Palestinian Women's Union -offered volunteers to work in Yemen. Hungary Red Cross -donated woolen blankets, Philips Co. (Netherlands)-provided a portable bed linen, towels, and medicines through X-ray unit, value not reported. LORCS, all valued at $39,362. Qatar Red Crescent-gave 2,500 blankets and Individuals -gave $23 in cash through LORCS. 100 tents through LORCS, all valued at $65,616. YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC Europe and the Near East

Radda Barnen (Swedish Save the Children Sweden Red Cross -(See Governments) Fund) -donated 5,000 blankets, value not reported. Switzerland Red Cross -donated medical sup- plies worth $13,532 and 253 family tents valued Redd Bama (Norwegian Save the Children) - at $70,170 through LORCS. provided 24-hour emergency clinical care. Tunisia Red Crescent -provided the following Rumania Red Cross -provided $39,048 worth of through LORCS: 89 parcels of medicines, 21 clothing through LORCS. parcels of blankets, and 100 parcels of foodstuffs, all valued at $15,000. Save the Children Fund (U.K.)- provided 24- hour medical clinical care and an assessment United Kingdom Red Cross --gave $8,132 in team. cash through LORCS.

Soviet Union Red Cross -contributed the fol- Yugoslavia Red Cross -gave the following lowing through LORCS: 2.4 MT of medicines, through LORCS: six family tents, 170 blankets, one MT of baby food, 145 tents, and 3,000 three stretchers, 100 bottles of blood plasma, blankets, all valued at $119,902. syringes and needles, value not reported. Spanish Moslem Organization- donated 195 new coats through LORCS, value not reported. TOTAL $42,324,603

COUNTRY DATE DISASTER DEAD AFFECTED Argentina t Floods Austdiat Bush Fires -Benin? Expend Persons Bdiviat Floods Boliviat Drought Botswanat Drought -t Drought Bmzil Floods Brazil? Floods QlaY Food Shortage Colombiat mquake ComoIu Is. Cyclone CostaRica Earthquake Costa Rica Landslides Dom.Rep. Fire Ecuador ? Floods El SatvadaY Displaced Persons El SahdorY Floods Ethiopkt -ght Fiii Cydone Fiii Cyclone -- Ghana Expelled Persons -Guatemala t Displaced Persons Power Shortage India Cyclone India Floods IndeZ Volcanic Eruption Indonesiat Volcanic Eruption Ital yt Forest Fire Lebanonr Displaced Persons Liberia Mine Acddent Madagascar' Floods Middle East Medical Emergency -'N-igert Expelled Persons P=guayt Floods Peru t Drought Perut Floods -t Floods Somalia- Pesticide Disposal So. Aflkat Drought Spaint Floods Spaint Floods Sri Lanka t Csn>isplaced Pers. Sudant Dmught Sudant Floods --rldand Displaced Persons - Togot Expelled Persons Tongar Cyclone Emkiat Floods Uganda? Displaced Persons kzwla Fire Yemen t Earthquake 52 Disasters 43 New Disasters (34 Countries) 4,775 43,980,670 41 Countries 7 Carried over from FY 82 2 Undeclared 14 Types

Wrelimi~~~figures subject to revision *Carried over horn FY82 Undeclared AMOUNT ($1 TYPE OF ASSISTANCE 157,411 Local relief; heliport light sets; plastic, cots, blankets 25,000 Amb. auth. used for local relief 20,000 Amb. auth. contributed to local CRS 89,124 Local relief; plastic sheeting; water tanks; specialist 105,701 Local relief; water tanks; plastic sheeting; grant to CRS 25,000 Amb. auth. used for local relief 25,000 Amb. auth. given to Brazilian Legion for Assistance 7,813 Amb. auth. contributed to local civil defense 166,608 Amb. auth. for local relief; local purchase of blankets 25,000 UNDRO airlift of powdered milk 1,069,839 Tentslflys, plastic; med.; supp.; specs.; grants to hterted & CRS 25,000 Amb. auth. contributed to Foreign Affairs Ministry 18,358 Sealift and replacement of tentslflys from Panama 61,500 DOD helicopter support; hospital tents; tech. assist. 39,036 Chain saws, leather gloves, fire retardant suits; USFS team 492,1% Ernerg. drain. pmj.; water units; relief items; specs.; grant to CRS 232,980 Grant for shelter repair and construction; transp. of med. supplies 9,899 Shipment of med, from Peru; specialists 1,523,991 Grants to CRS for feeding prog. and to UNDROlWVRO for transp. 1,532,510 Replace tents; water jugs; grant to SAWS for housing repair 25,000 Arnb. auth. contrib. to Fiji Disaster Relief Fund Deobligated 126,957 Resettlement program; inland transport of food & supplies 25,000 DOD team of electrical engineers 25,000 Amb. auth. contrib. to Prime Minister's Relief Fund 25,000 Amb. auth. contrib. to Prime Minister's Relief Fund 36,190 Purchase of plastic bags and string for sandbags 25,000 Amb. auth. for local purchase of blankets, tools, lanterns 641,319 Amb. auth.; firefighting planes and personnel; fire service 8,000 Department of Defense airlift of plastic rolls 25,000 Amb. auth. to help defray cost of food, shelter, blankets 10,663 Troxler Density Moisture Gauge; expenses of soils specialist 9,500 CDC assessment team 25,000 Amb. auth. for local purchase of transport fuel 78,873 Local relief; plastic rolls; blankets; tents; specialists 83,898 Pre-disaster assess.; CRS grants 865,468 Local relief; water tanks; sewer equip.; road projs.; specialists 25,000 Amb. auth. contributed to local relief fund 17,504 Pumps, drums, and protective clothing 55,000 Amb. auth. contrib. to SARC, Oper. Hunger, World Vision 8,659 Amb. auth. contributed to local Red Cross 200,000 Amb. auth. and contributions to Spanish Red Cross and Caritas 323,838 Local relief; airlift tents, plastic, blankets; assessment team 7,n6 Amb. auth. used for local purchase of grain 7,716 Amb. auth. for local purchase of food, shelter, and clothing 5,000 Amb. auth. used to assist village victims 25,000 Amb. auth. used for local relief 16,200 Shipping charges for tents 844,905 Local relief; water and sewer equipment; DOD brid es and transport 100,000 Local relief; local purchase of trucks; transp. of relie f supplies 27,800 Amb. auth. contrib. to local Red Cross; technical assistance 2,122,562 Airlift of tents, blankets; water tanks; generators; med. kits

*"'Total includes funds administered by OFDA from other A.I.D. accounts as well as regular IDA funds. Note: The numbers of dead and affected for disasters carried over born FY 82 have been previously counted and are'notincluded in this report; otherwise, a dash (-) indicates that information is currently unavailable. SUMMARY BY FISCAL YEAR

NO. OF NO. OF OTHER FISCAL NEW DIS- COUN- NO. NO. CONTINGENCY USG YEAR ASTERS TRIES KILLED AFF'ECTED IDAFUNDS ASSISTWCE

FY 66 46 35 7,044 4,672,245 652,458 1,Q38,740 FY 67 57 40 17,441 106,415,973 5,168,051 6,142,586 FY 68 48 36 3,844 5,521,382 1,356,068 9,508,711 FY 69 36 32 1,018,!34 31,311,680 4,446,757 24,822,542 FY 70 50 36 72,915 8,518,309 6,257,386 11,858,973 FY 71 51 40 522,183 74,289,081 15,865,190 21,932,750 FY 72 29 27 115,381 13,435,589 727,988 210,971,623 FY 73 30 27 111,514 217,755,063 14,062,254 158,631,843 FY 74 20 19 101,608 12,819,240 2,542,979 31,827,590 FY 75 25 23 61,233 46,310,336 7,731,525 120,540,500 FY 76 24 22 77,842 38,360,279 12,056,098 99,233,131 TQ 7 5 7,m 723,700 5,479,245 39,108 FY77 25 22 8,568 7,932,836 21,350,529 13,394,451 FY 78 33 27 28,269 52,134,391 25,577,720 1,720,101 FY 79 41 33 34,514 11,049,072 24,551,541 24,559,600 FY 80, 32 27 3,700 7,723,200 14,883,694 66,325,583 FY 81" 22 19 21,527 4,707,227 9,096,226"" 48,&?Q,162 FY 82" 35 29 11,650 39,785,032 10,870,655 118,332,994 FY 83, 43 34 4,775 43,980,670 7,858,390 25,509,497 TOTAL 686 2,279,406 745,943,045 $197,896,787 $1,017,106,186 * Preliminary figures ** Includes $2,521,038 funded from a $50 million Congressional appropriation NA Totals are currently unavailable TOTAL INTER- USG US NATIONAL SELF PL 480 ASSISTANCE VOLAGS COMMUNITY HELP $ 5,410,940 $ 11,645,100 $ 805,317 $ 533,790 - 25,213,459 46,375,033 3,627,301 3,518,773 - 23,729,904 25,421,102 1,567,990 9,476,353 16,157,100 69,044,931 81,355,568 12,220,053 172,860,511 2,964,667,000 21,634,945 32,500,724 7,719,299 15,943,626 606,865,000 73,350,178 102,619,477 12,971,207 95,496,828 130,974,000 30,609,073 48,725,432 12,191,711 59,515,671 96,595,000 119,836,982 157,634,922 16,676,273 266,635,252 1,744,839,000 147,802,110 359,501,721 13,178,379 610,661,063 81,020,000 114,230,970 286,925,067 29,251,411 200,892,728 631,705,000 134,477,940 168,848,509 3,216,263 90,252,901 36,173,000 86,808,619 215,080,644 16,079,881 263,430,083 39,043,100 39,215,454 150,504,683 49,093,875 338,424,828 970,510,327 602,876 6,121,229 1,139,554 2,085,331 198,900,000 11,909,226 46,654,206 14,390,669 59,541,298 6,040,094 39,940,758 68,238,579 6,224,223 186,136,612 276,946,722 15,318,111 64,429,252 39,420,510 661,374,390 477,844,108 57,440,655 138,650,932 1,689,448 36,326,550 11,847,900 9,726,000 67,437,613 26,303,781 217,957,881 6,020,523,896 13,659,700 142,827,325 11,797,934 177,577,704 126,391,235 78,998,543 112,366,430 2,452,734 203,946,587 119,800,332 $1,118,961,374 $2,333,863,548 $282,017,813 $3,672,588,760 $14,556,842,814 Disaster Responses by Type

Percen 30

10