DOCSLIB.ORG

The Search for Stability in Libya

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Search for Stability in Libya IAI Research Studies Established in June 2014, New-Med is a research network of Mediterranean 1 IAI Research Studies are monographs written by one or experts and policy analysts with a special interest in the complex social, IAI Research Studies more authors (IAI or external experts) on key global issues, T 1. Andrea Dessì, Ettore Greco (edited by), The Search for Stability in Libya. political, cultural and security-related dynamics that are unfolding in the HE mainly linked to international politics and international OSCE’s Role between Internal Obstacles and External Challenges, 2018 Mediterranean region. The network is developed by IAI, in cooperation with S EARCH relations. The aim is to promote greater and more up to date the OSCE Secretariat in Vienna, the Compagnia di San Paolo of Turin, the knowledge of emerging issues and trends and help prompt Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, and the FOR public debate. German Marshall Fund (GMF) of the United States. At the core of the S New-Med activities stands the need to rethink the role of multilateral, regional TABILITY IAI is a private, independent non-profit think tank, founded and sub-regional organisations, to make them better equipped to respond to in 1965 on the initiative of Altiero Spinelli. IAI seeks to fast-changing local and global conditions and to address the pressing demands IN L promote awareness of international politics and to contribute coming from Mediterranean societies all around the basin. IBYA to the advancement of European integration and multilateral . OSCE’ cooperation. Its focus embraces topics of strategic relevance This volume examines the goals and prospects of the OSCE’s growing such as European integration, security and defence, engagement in the Mediterranean region and, more specifically, with the S international economics and global governance, energy, OSCE’s six Mediterranean Partners for Cooperation (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, R OLE climate and Italian foreign policy; as well as the dynamics of Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia). The volume’s four chapters focus on the OSCE’s potential role in international efforts to stabilize Libya, a country which has BETWEEN cooperation and conflict in key geographical regions such as been ravaged by a prolonged and destructive civil war, becoming the epicentre the Mediterranean and Middle East, Asia, Eurasia, Africa and the Americas. of conflict dynamics with far-reaching implications for both neighbouring I countries and Europe. Each chapter addresses a particular theme, or level of NTERNAL analysis, tied to the current conflict in Libya. Beginning with an introductory chapter outlining the OSCE’s growing engagements in the Mediterranean O region and Libya’s abortive requests to joint the OSCE Mediterranean BSTACLES Partnership, subsequent chapters delve into the minute details of the major internal and external obstacles to peace-building and stabilization in Libya, AND addressing the role of regional, European and international actors involved in E the country. A final chapter delivers a Russian viewpoint of these themes and XTERNAL traces Moscow’s evolving policy and interests in Libya while addressing the broader role of the OSCE in the Mediterranean. C HALLENGES SEARCH FOR STABILITY IN LIBYA Book cover: Benghazi, 14 April 2012. OSCE’s Role between Internal Obstacles edited by Andrea Dessì and Ettore Greco Dessì and Ettore Andrea edited by and External Challenges edited by Andrea Dessì and Ettore Greco 9788833650609_112_LM_3 SEGUICI SUI SOCIAL NETWORK 11.00 EURO IAI Research Studies THE SEARCH FOR StaBILITY IN LIBYA OSCE’s Role between Internal Obstacles and External Challenges edited by Andrea Dessì and Ettore Greco in collaboration with Edizioni Nuova Cultura This edited volume was written with the financial support of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (contribution awarded under Article 2 Law No. 948/82). The opinions expressed and arguments employed are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, the OSCE, its participating States or the institutional _________________________partners of the New-Med Research Network. Series Editor Lorenzo Kamel First published 2018 by Edizioni Nuova Cultura www.iai.itFor Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Via Angelo Brunetti 9 - I-00186 Roma Copyright © 2018 Edizioni Nuova Cultura - Roma ISBN: 9788833650609 Cover design: Luca Mozzicarelli. Cover photo: Thomas Koch/Shutterstock Graphic Composition: by Luca Mozzicarelli The unauthorized reproduction of this book, even partial, carried out by any means, including photocopying, even for internal or didactic use, is prohibited by copyright. Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................................... 9 List of ContributorsEttore Greco and Nicolò Russo Perez ........................................................ 7 List of Abbreviations Foreword, by 11 Andrea Dessì .................................................... 1. The OSCE Mediterranean Partnership, Libya and the MENA Crisis: ............ Potential, Limits and Prospects, by 15 1.1.1 The OSCE Mediterranean Partnership for Cooperation ....................... 1.1 The OSCE area and outlaying regions: An evolving relationship 17 ...... 19 .............................................. 1.2 Post-2011 OSCE Mediterranean engagements and the crisis in Libya 27 ...... 1.3 A Helsinki-like process for the Mediterranean? 35 1.4 Fostering the OSCE’s Mediterranean role and the question of Libya 41 Mohamed Eljarh ..................................................... 2. The Libyan Crisis: Internal Barriers to Conflict Resolution and the Role ............................................................................. 48 of Multilateral Cooperation, by 47 2.1.1 Libya’s hastened return to elections ............................................................ 2.1 The path to failed state in Libya ............................................ 51 2.2.1 Foreign meddling in Libya ................................................................................ 2.2 The Skhirat Agreement: key actors and failures 54 ........................ 57 2.3.1 Internal barriers .................................................................................................. 2.3 Barriers to the implementation of the Skhirat Agreement 58 2.3.2 External barriers ................................................................................................. 59 ......................................................................................................................... 61 2.4 Conclusion 64 Wolfgang Mühlberger ........................................................ 3. External Actors in Libya: International Organizations at Odds with Global .................. and Regional Players, by 67 .... 3.1 Fragmented statehood: Libya’s brittle structures torn apart 67 3.2.1 International and regional organizations: the fragmentation 3.2 Libya divided: external players between diplomacy and military logic 70 of diplomacy ........................................................................................................... 3.2.2 Immediate Arab neighbours: positions from non-intervention 72 to proxy warfare .................................................................................................. 75 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.2.3 The wider Middle East: clashing geopolitical ambitions ...................... 3.2.4 European involvement: shared vision, different approaches ............. 77 3.2.5 International and global players: potential post-Cold War frictions 79 over Libya ................................................................................................................ .................... 81 ......................................................................................................................... 3.3 Negotiating peace: the UN-led process and ancillary tracks 83 3.4 Conclusion 87 4. Ekaterina Stepanova .................................................. 89 Russia’s Approach to the Conflict in Libya, the East-West Dimension ....................................................................... and the Role of the OSCE, by 4.1.1 Background ............................................................................................................ 4.1 Russia’s policy on the Libyan crisis 90 4.1.2 Russia and Haftar: security and counterterrorism ............................... 94 90 4.1.3 From counterterrorism to peacemaking: Russia as a facilitator of intra-Libyan dialogue? .................................................................................. 98 ....... 4.2.1 The East-West dimension .............................................................................. 4.2 Russia and multilateral cooperation on Libya: a role for the OSCE? 103 4.2.2 The North-South/Mediterranean dimension .......................................... 104 ......................................... 106 4.3 In lieu of conclusion: Russia, the OSCE and Libya 108 6 List of Contributors Andrea Dessì is Research Fellow in the Mediterranean and Middle East Programme at the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI). He is PhD Candi- date, International Relations, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). Mohamed Eljarh is
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Unscreportlibyanov2011eng1.Pdf
    Le Bureau du Procureur The Office of the Prosecutor SECOND REPORT OF THE PROSECUTOR OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT TO THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL PURSUANT TO UNSCR 1970 (2011) INTRODUCTION 1. On 26 February 2011 the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1970 (2011), referring the situation in Libya since 15 February 2011 to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court and stressing “the need to hold to account those responsible for attacks, including by forces under their control, on civilians.” 2. Paragraph 7 of the Resolution invites the Prosecutor to address the Security Council within two months of the adoption of this resolution and every six months thereafter on actions taken pursuant to this resolution. The Prosecutor first briefed the United Nations Security Council on 4 May 2011. 3. This second report provides a summary of the activities of the Office of the Prosecutor undertaken to implement Resolution 1970 (2011), including: a. The request to issue arrest warrants for Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi (Muammar Gaddafi), Saif Al‐Islam Gaddafi, and Abdullah Al‐Senussi. b. Cooperation, and c. The ongoing investigation. 1. THE REQUEST FOR ARREST WARRANTS FOR MUAMMAR MOHAMMED ABU MINYAR GADDAFI (MUAMMAR GADDAFI), SAIF AL‐ISLAM GADDAFI, AND ABDULLAH AL‐SENUSSI 1.1 Notice to the United Nations Security Council 4. In its Resolution 1970, the Security Council rejected ʺunequivocally the incitement to hostility and violence against the civilian population made from the highest level of the Libyan government,ʺ and considered ʺthat the widespread and systematic attacks currently taking place in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya against the civilian population may amount to crimes against humanity.” 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Haftar's Calculus for Libya: What Happened, and What Is Next? ICSR Insight by Inga Kristina Trauthig
    Haftar's Calculus for Libya: What Happened, and What is Next? ICSR Insight by Inga Kristina Trauthig In recent days, a battle for Tripoli has At the time of writing, fighting is been raging that bears the forlorn ongoing. On Sunday, 8 April, Tripoli’s possibility of regression for Libya as a only functioning civilian airport at Mitiga whole. A military offensive led by was forced to be evacuated as it was General Khalifa Haftar, commander of hit with air strikes attributed to the LNA. the so-called “Libyan National Army” These airstrikes took place the same (LNA) that mostly controls eastern day that the “Tripoli International Fair” Libya, was launched on April 3, to the occurred, signalling the formidable level dismay of much the international of resilience Libyans have attained after community. A few days after the launch eight years of turbulence following of the military campaign by Haftar, Qaddafi’s overthrow. some analysts have already concluded that “Libya is (…) [in] its third civil war since 2011”. The LNA forces first took the town of Gharyan, 100 km south of Tripoli, before advancing to the city’s outskirts. ICSR, Department of War Studies, King’s College London. All rights reserved. Haftar's Calculus for Libya: What Happened, and What is Next? ICSR Insight by Inga Kristina Trauthig What is happening? Haftar had been building his forces in central Libya for months. At the beginning of the year, he claimed to have “taken control” of southern Libya, indicating that he was prepping for an advance on the western part of Libya, the last piece missing.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunisia 2019 Human Rights Report
    TUNISIA 2019 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Tunisia is a constitutional republic with a multiparty, unicameral parliamentary system and a president with powers specified in the constitution. During the year the country held parliamentary and presidential elections in the first transition of power since its first democratic elections in 2014. On October 6, the country held open and competitive parliamentary elections that resulted in the Nahda Party winning a plurality of the votes, granting the party the opportunity to form a new government. President Kais Saied, an independent candidate without a political party, came to office on October 23 after winning the country’s second democratic presidential elections. On July 25, President Caid Essebsi died of natural causes and power transferred to Speaker of Parliament Mohamed Ennaceur as acting president for the three months prior to the election of President Saied on October 13. The Ministry of Interior holds legal authority and responsibility for law enforcement. The ministry oversees the National Police, which has primary responsibility for law enforcement in the major cities, and the National Guard (gendarmerie), which oversees border security and patrols smaller towns and rural areas. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the security forces. Significant human rights issues included reports of unlawful or arbitrary killings, primarily by terrorist groups; allegations of torture by government agents, which reportedly decreased during the year; arbitrary arrests and detentions of suspects under antiterrorism or emergency laws; undue restrictions on freedom of expression and the press, including criminalization of libel; corruption, although the government took steps to combat it; societal violence and threats of violence targeting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) persons; and criminalization of consensual same-sex sexual conduct that resulted in arrests and abuse by security forces.
    [Show full text]
  • Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy
    Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy Christopher M. Blanchard Acting Section Research Manager June 6, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33142 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy Summary Over 40 years ago, Muammar al Qadhafi led a revolt against the Libyan monarchy in the name of nationalism, self-determination, and popular sovereignty. Opposition groups citing the same principles are now revolting against Qadhafi to bring an end to the authoritarian political system he has controlled in Libya for the last four decades. The Libyan government’s use of force against civilians and opposition forces seeking Qadhafi’s overthrow sparked an international outcry and led the United Nations Security Council to adopt Resolution 1973, which authorizes “all necessary measures” to protect Libyan civilians. The United States military is participating in Operation Unified Protector, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military operation to enforce the resolution. Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan and other partner governments also are participating. Qadhafi and his supporters have described the uprising as a foreign and Islamist conspiracy and are attempting to outlast their opponents. Qadhafi remains defiant amid coalition air strikes and defections. His forces continue to attack opposition-held areas. Some opposition figures have formed an Interim Transitional National Council (TNC), which claims to represent all areas of the country. They seek foreign political recognition and material support. Resolution 1973 calls for an immediate cease-fire and dialogue, declares a no-fly zone in Libyan airspace, and authorizes robust enforcement measures for the arms embargo on Libya established by Resolution 1970 of February 26.
    [Show full text]
  • Europe, Not the United States, Pays the Price of Failure in Syria Europe
    Jadal ! ! ! October 2015 Europe, not the United States, pays the price of failure in Syria Bassma Kodmani* Russian President Putin has decided that Syria is part of Russia’s near abroad, no less than Ukraine it seems, a territory where some vital national interests are at stake. He has predicted the fecklessness of Western powers well. Whether he is deploying his arsenal in Syria to fight Daesh or to bolster Assad, by moving massive military presence into Syria he has made himself the one player that counts and has put himself in a position to call the shots. He does not have a strategy to end the conflict. But he has one that he thinks will guarantee Russia’s influence in this pivotal country while the West !has no strategy to confront him. Europeans have been waiting for American leadership on Syria for the last four years. Some were ready to move against Assad after he used chemical weapons against civilians. The French were most committed to Obama’s red line, but Kerry and Lavrov found a way out with the agreement on Assad’s chemical arsenal, which was welcomed by all as a relief. The fact that Assad was saved and his ability to continue striking remained intact was deemed regrettable, but European countries thought they could live with the problem. Daesh was a minor concern back then which a few brave fighters from the Free Syrian Army could deal with. But this inaction had consequences, which are now felt acutely across Europe. ! The debate in Europe has since revolved around all the “good reasons” for keeping Assad in place and containing the conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Gaddafi Supporters Since 2011
    Country Policy and Information Note Libya: Actual or perceived supporters of former President Gaddafi Version 3.0 April 2019 Preface Purpose This note provides country of origin information (COI) and analysis of COI for use by Home Office decision makers handling particular types of protection and human rights claims (as set out in the basis of claim section). It is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of a particular subject or theme. It is split into two main sections: (1) analysis and assessment of COI and other evidence; and (2) COI. These are explained in more detail below. Assessment This section analyses the evidence relevant to this note – i.e. the COI section; refugee/human rights laws and policies; and applicable caselaw – by describing this and its inter-relationships, and provides an assessment on whether, in general: • A person is reasonably likely to face a real risk of persecution or serious harm • A person is able to obtain protection from the state (or quasi state bodies) • A person is reasonably able to relocate within a country or territory • Claims are likely to justify granting asylum, humanitarian protection or other form of leave, and • If a claim is refused, it is likely or unlikely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under section 94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must, however, still consider all claims on an individual basis, taking into account each case’s specific facts. Country of origin information The country information in this note has been carefully selected in accordance with the general principles of COI research as set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI), dated April 2008, and the Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation’s (ACCORD), Researching Country Origin Information – Training Manual, 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • A Strategy for Success in Libya
    A Strategy for Success in Libya Emily Estelle NOVEMBER 2017 A Strategy for Success in Libya Emily Estelle NOVEMBER 2017 AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE © 2017 by the American Enterprise Institute. All rights reserved. The American Enterprise Institute (AEI) is a nonpartisan, nonprofit, 501(c)(3) educational organization and does not take institutional positions on any issues. The views expressed here are those of the author(s). Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................1 Why the US Must Act in Libya Now ............................................................................................................................1 Wrong Problem, Wrong Strategy ............................................................................................................................... 2 What to Do ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Reframing US Policy in Libya .................................................................................................. 5 America’s Opportunity in Libya ................................................................................................................................. 6 The US Approach in Libya ............................................................................................................................................ 6 The Current Situation
    [Show full text]
  • Syrian Foreign Policy and the United States: from Bush to Obama
    SYRIAN FOREIGN POLICY AND THE UNITED STATES: FROM BUSH TO OBAMA By Raymond Hinnebusch, Marwan Kabalan, Bassma Kodmani and David Lesch St Andrews papers on Contemporary Syria, 2010 1 2 Syrian Foreign Policy Foreword Raymond Hinnebusch These four analyses look at Syrian foreign policy, and particularly the ups and downs in Syria’s relationship with the US since Bashar al-Asad and George W. Bush nearly simultaneously came to power. One of the most striking and puzzling aspects of this relation is why a Syrian leader keen to improve relations with the West was soon the object of a concerted attempt to demonize and isolate him. Arguably this had more to do with the American politics than with Syria and had Kerry won the 2000 US election US-Syrian relations would almost certainly have taken a much different tangent and the history of the Middle East would have turned out very differently. The focus of the analyses is however on what makes Syria tick and how this explains its strategies in dealing with the hostile, aggressive and powerful US under Bush. The analysis by Hinnebusch looks particularly at the continuities from the Hafiz period, showing how Syria was in the late nineties on course for a peace settlement with Israel under US auspices. The failure of the peace negotiations set entrain a series of moves and countermoves that contributed to a crisis in Syrian- US relations, with Iraq and Lebanon the foci of their clashing agendas. The article finishes with a look at the fresh start between the two states at the beginning of the Obama administration.
    [Show full text]
  • After Gaddafi 01 0 0.Pdf
    Benghazi in an individual capacity and the group it- ures such as Zahi Mogherbi and Amal al-Obeidi. They self does not seem to be reforming. Al-Qaeda in the found an echo in the administrative elites, which, al- Islamic Maghreb has also been cited as a potential though they may have served the regime for years, spoiler in Libya. In fact, an early attempt to infiltrate did not necessarily accept its values or projects. Both the country was foiled and since then the group has groups represent an essential resource for the future, been taking arms and weapons out of Libya instead. and will certainly take part in a future government. It is unlikely to play any role at all. Scenarios for the future The position of the Union of Free Officers is unknown and, although they may form a pressure group, their membership is elderly and many of them – such as the Three scenarios have been proposed for Libya in the rijal al-khima (‘the men of the tent’ – Colonel Gaddafi’s future: (1) the Gaddafi regime is restored to power; closest confidants) – too compromised by their as- (2) Libya becomes a failing state; and (3) some kind sociation with the Gaddafi regime. The exiled groups of pluralistic government emerges in a reunified state. will undoubtedly seek roles in any new regime but The possibility that Libya remains, as at present, a they suffer from the fact that they have been abroad divided state between East and West has been ex- for up to thirty years or more.
    [Show full text]
  • The Syrian Civil War on Human Dignity: 1
    3 THE SYRIAN CIVIL WAR ON HUMAN DIGNITY: 1. INTRODUCTION 89 International approaches towards domestic quarrels The Arab Spring uprisings of 2011 triggered a wide set of social movements and regime change across the Middle East and North Africa. While interconnected, the uprisings in each nation took different forms and reached varied effects. This article focuses Leticia Raymundo Tavares on the development of conflict in Syria under Bashar al-Assad in Pedro Henrique de Souza Netto order to flesh out the main roots and consequences of the Syrian Qu Cheng Civil War – currently enraging across the country – and pinpoint Vitor Eiró Storino the political, humanitarian and international outcomes of the current situation in Syria. In order to better understand the aforementioned topic, this article will give an insight elapsing through different topics. First, an analysis of the changes in the logic of security will be intro- duced, in order to elucidate why the Syrian civil war can be con- sidered an international security issue. The traditional concept of security was too limited to deal with the new post-Cold War threats to international security. In this sense, wider conceptions of international security emerged, which included new sectors other than the military security as well as a variety of non-state ac- tors. In addition, the connection between human dignity, funda- mental rights and international security has also been examined. The political and historical context of the Syrian conflict will also been explored in the article. First, through the contextualiza- tion of the civil war within the larger framework of the Arab Spring, bringing up the notion of spillover effect.
    [Show full text]
  • Libya Country Report Matteo Capasso, Jędrzej Czerep, Andrea Dessì, Gabriella Sanchez
    Libya Country Report Matteo Capasso, Jędrzej Czerep, Andrea Dessì, Gabriella Sanchez This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 769886 DOCUMENT INFORMATION Project Project acronym: EU-LISTCO Project full title: Europe’s External Action and the Dual Challenges of Limited Statehood and Contested Order Grant agreement no.: 769886 Funding scheme: H2020 Project start date: 01/03/2018 Project duration: 36 months Call topic: ENG-GLOBALLY-02-2017 Shifting global geopolitics and Europe’s preparedness for managing risks, mitigation actions and fostering peace Project website: https://www.eu-listco.net/ Document Deliverable number: XX Deliverable title: Libya: A Country Report Due date of deliverable: XX Actual submission date: XXX Editors: XXX Authors: Matteo Capasso, Jędrzej Czerep, Andrea Dessì, Gabriella Sanchez Reviewers: XXX Participating beneficiaries: XXX Work Package no.: WP4 Work Package title: Risks and Threats in Areas of Limited Statehood and Contested Order in the EU’s Eastern and Southern Surroundings Work Package leader: EUI Work Package participants: FUB, PSR, Bilkent, CIDOB, EUI, Sciences Po, GIP, IDC, IAI, PISM, UIPP, CED Dissemination level: Public Nature: Report Version: 1 Draft/Final: Final No of pages (including cover): 38 2 “More than ever, Libyans are now fighting the wars of other countries, which appear content to fight to the last Libyan and to see the country entirely destroyed in order to settle their own scores”1 1. INTRODUCTION This study on Libya is one of a series of reports prepared within the framework of the EU- LISTCO project, funded under the EU’s Horizon 2020 programme.
    [Show full text]
  • The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2021
    PERSONS • OF THE YEAR • The Muslim500 THE WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2021 • B The Muslim500 THE WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2021 • i The Muslim 500: The World’s 500 Most Influential Chief Editor: Prof S Abdallah Schleifer Muslims, 2021 Editor: Dr Tarek Elghawary ISBN: print: 978-9957-635-57-2 Managing Editor: Mr Aftab Ahmed e-book: 978-9957-635-56-5 Editorial Board: Dr Minwer Al-Meheid, Mr Moustafa Jordan National Library Elqabbany, and Ms Zeinab Asfour Deposit No: 2020/10/4503 Researchers: Lamya Al-Khraisha, Moustafa Elqabbany, © 2020 The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre Zeinab Asfour, Noora Chahine, and M AbdulJaleal Nasreddin 20 Sa’ed Bino Road, Dabuq PO BOX 950361 Typeset by: Haji M AbdulJaleal Nasreddin Amman 11195, JORDAN www.rissc.jo All rights reserved. No part of this book may be repro- duced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanic, including photocopying or recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Views expressed in The Muslim 500 do not necessarily reflect those of RISSC or its advisory board. Set in Garamond Premiere Pro Printed in The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Calligraphy used throughout the book provided courte- sy of www.FreeIslamicCalligraphy.com Title page Bismilla by Mothana Al-Obaydi MABDA • Contents • INTRODUCTION 1 Persons of the Year - 2021 5 A Selected Surveyof the Muslim World 7 COVID-19 Special Report: Covid-19 Comparing International Policy Effectiveness 25 THE HOUSE OF ISLAM 49 THE
    [Show full text]