Regulation of the Β-Hemolysin Gene Cluster of Streptococcus Anginosus
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The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus Cereus
toxins Review The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus Richard Dietrich 1,†, Nadja Jessberger 1,*,†, Monika Ehling-Schulz 2 , Erwin Märtlbauer 1 and Per Einar Granum 3 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (E.M.) 2 Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 3 Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors have contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease. -
The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio In
microorganisms Review The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel disease Spase Stojanov 1,2, Aleš Berlec 1,2 and Borut Štrukelj 1,2,* 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (A.B.) 2 Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia * Correspondence: borut.strukelj@ffa.uni-lj.si Received: 16 September 2020; Accepted: 31 October 2020; Published: 1 November 2020 Abstract: The two most important bacterial phyla in the gastrointestinal tract, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, have gained much attention in recent years. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio is widely accepted to have an important influence in maintaining normal intestinal homeostasis. Increased or decreased F/B ratio is regarded as dysbiosis, whereby the former is usually observed with obesity, and the latter with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Probiotics as live microorganisms can confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. There is considerable evidence of their nutritional and immunosuppressive properties including reports that elucidate the association of probiotics with the F/B ratio, obesity, and IBD. Orally administered probiotics can contribute to the restoration of dysbiotic microbiota and to the prevention of obesity or IBD. However, as the effects of different probiotics on the F/B ratio differ, selecting the appropriate species or mixture is crucial. The most commonly tested probiotics for modifying the F/B ratio and treating obesity and IBD are from the genus Lactobacillus. In this paper, we review the effects of probiotics on the F/B ratio that lead to weight loss or immunosuppression. -
Appendix III: OTU's Found to Be Differentially Abundant Between CD and Control Patients Via Metagenomeseq Analysis
Appendix III: OTU's found to be differentially abundant between CD and control patients via metagenomeSeq analysis OTU Log2 (FC CD / FDR Adjusted Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Number Control) p value 518372 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 2.16 5.69E-08 194497 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae NA NA 2.15 8.93E-06 175761 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae NA NA 5.74 1.99E-05 193709 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae NA NA 2.40 2.14E-05 4464079 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Bacteroidaceae Bacteroides NA 7.79 0.000123188 20421 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Coprococcus NA 1.19 0.00013719 3044876 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae [Ruminococcus] gnavus -4.32 0.000194983 184000 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 2.81 0.000306032 4392484 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Bacteroidaceae Bacteroides NA 5.53 0.000339948 528715 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 2.17 0.000722263 186707 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales NA NA NA 2.28 0.001028539 193101 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae NA NA 1.90 0.001230738 339685 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Peptococcaceae Peptococcus NA 3.52 0.001382447 101237 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales NA NA NA 2.64 0.001415109 347690 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Oscillospira NA 3.18 0.00152075 2110315 Firmicutes Clostridia -
Common Commensals
Common Commensals Actinobacterium meyeri Aerococcus urinaeequi Arthrobacter nicotinovorans Actinomyces Aerococcus urinaehominis Arthrobacter nitroguajacolicus Actinomyces bernardiae Aerococcus viridans Arthrobacter oryzae Actinomyces bovis Alpha‐hemolytic Streptococcus, not S pneumoniae Arthrobacter oxydans Actinomyces cardiffensis Arachnia propionica Arthrobacter pascens Actinomyces dentalis Arcanobacterium Arthrobacter polychromogenes Actinomyces dentocariosus Arcanobacterium bernardiae Arthrobacter protophormiae Actinomyces DO8 Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus Actinomyces europaeus Arcanobacterium pluranimalium Arthrobacter psychrophenolicus Actinomyces funkei Arcanobacterium pyogenes Arthrobacter ramosus Actinomyces georgiae Arthrobacter Arthrobacter rhombi Actinomyces gerencseriae Arthrobacter agilis Arthrobacter roseus Actinomyces gerenseriae Arthrobacter albus Arthrobacter russicus Actinomyces graevenitzii Arthrobacter arilaitensis Arthrobacter scleromae Actinomyces hongkongensis Arthrobacter astrocyaneus Arthrobacter sulfonivorans Actinomyces israelii Arthrobacter atrocyaneus Arthrobacter sulfureus Actinomyces israelii serotype II Arthrobacter aurescens Arthrobacter uratoxydans Actinomyces meyeri Arthrobacter bergerei Arthrobacter ureafaciens Actinomyces naeslundii Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus Arthrobacter variabilis Actinomyces nasicola Arthrobacter citreus Arthrobacter viscosus Actinomyces neuii Arthrobacter creatinolyticus Arthrobacter woluwensis Actinomyces odontolyticus Arthrobacter crystallopoietes -
Clostridioides Difficileinfections
bioMérieux In vitro diagnostics serving CLOSTRIDIOIDES public health DIFFICILE INFECTIONS A major player in in vitro diagnostics for more than 50 years, From Diagnosis to bioMérieux has always been driven by a pioneering spirit and unrelenting commitment to improve public health worldwide. Outbreak Management Our diagnostic solutions bring high medical value to healthcare professionals, providing them with the most relevant and reliable information, as quickly as possible, to support treatment decisions and better patient care. bioMérieux’s mission entails a commitment to support medical education, by promoting access to diagnostic knowledge for as many people as possible. Focusing on the medical value of diagnostics, our collection of educational booklets aims to raise awareness of the essential role that diagnostic test results play in healthcare decisions. Other educational booklets are available. Consult your local bioMérieux representative. The information in this booklet is for educational purposes only and is not intended to be exhaustive. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult a medical director, physician, or other qualified health provider regarding processes and/or protocols for diagnosis and treatment of a medical condition. bioMérieux assumes no responsibility or liability for any diagnosis established or treatment prescribed by the physician. bioMérieux, Inc. • 100 Rodolphe Street • Durham, NC 27712 • USA • Tel: (800) 682 2666 • Fax: (800) 968 9494 © 2019 bioMérieux, Inc. • BIOMERIEUX and the BIOMERIEUX logo, are used pending and/or registered trademarks belonging to bioMérieux, or one of its subsidiaries, or one of its companies. companies. its or one of subsidiaries, its or one of bioMérieux, belonging to trademarks registered pending and/or used are logo, and the BIOMERIEUX • BIOMERIEUX Inc. -
Use of the Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory: a Practical Review for the Clinician
148 Postgrad Med J 2001;77:148–156 REVIEWS Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pmj.77.905.148 on 1 March 2001. Downloaded from Use of the diagnostic bacteriology laboratory: a practical review for the clinician W J Steinbach, A K Shetty Lucile Salter Packard Children’s Hospital at EVective utilisation and understanding of the Stanford, Stanford Box 1: Gram stain technique University School of clinical bacteriology laboratory can greatly aid Medicine, 725 Welch in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Al- (1) Air dry specimen and fix with Road, Palo Alto, though described more than a century ago, the methanol or heat. California, USA 94304, Gram stain remains the most frequently used (2) Add crystal violet stain. USA rapid diagnostic test, and in conjunction with W J Steinbach various biochemical tests is the cornerstone of (3) Rinse with water to wash unbound A K Shetty the clinical laboratory. First described by Dan- dye, add mordant (for example, iodine: 12 potassium iodide). Correspondence to: ish pathologist Christian Gram in 1884 and Dr Steinbach later slightly modified, the Gram stain easily (4) After waiting 30–60 seconds, rinse with [email protected] divides bacteria into two groups, Gram positive water. Submitted 27 March 2000 and Gram negative, on the basis of their cell (5) Add decolorising solvent (ethanol or Accepted 5 June 2000 wall and cell membrane permeability to acetone) to remove unbound dye. Growth on artificial medium Obligate intracellular (6) Counterstain with safranin. Chlamydia Legionella Gram positive bacteria stain blue Coxiella Ehrlichia Rickettsia (retained crystal violet). -
Staphylococcus Aureus Kentaro Iwata1*, Asako Doi2, Takahiko Fukuchi1, Goh Ohji1, Yuko Shirota3, Tetsuya Sakai4 and Hiroki Kagawa5
Iwata et al. BMC Infectious Diseases 2014, 14:247 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/14/247 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access A systematic review for pursuing the presence of antibiotic associated enterocolitis caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus Kentaro Iwata1*, Asako Doi2, Takahiko Fukuchi1, Goh Ohji1, Yuko Shirota3, Tetsuya Sakai4 and Hiroki Kagawa5 Abstract Background: Although it has received a degree of notoriety as a cause for antibiotic-associated enterocolitis (AAE), the role of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the pathogenesis of this disease remains enigmatic despite a multitude of efforts, and previous studies have failed to conclude whether MRSA can cause AAE. Numerous cases of AAE caused by MRSA have been reported from Japan; however, due to the fact that these reports were written in the Japanese language and a good portion lacked scientific rigor, many of these reports went unnoticed. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of pertinent literatures to verify the existence of AAE caused by MRSA. We modified and applied methods in common use today and used a total of 9 criteria to prove the existence of AAE caused by Klebsiella oxytoca. MEDLINE/Pubmed, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Japan Medical Abstract Society database were searched for studies published prior to March 2013. Results: A total of 1,999 articles were retrieved for evaluation. Forty-five case reports/series and 9 basic studies were reviewed in detail. We successfully identified articles reporting AAE with pathological and microscopic findings supporting MRSA as the etiological agent. We also found comparative studies involving the use of healthy subjects, and studies detecting probable toxins. -
Bacillus Cereus
PHR 250 4/25/07, 6p Bacillus cereus Mehrdad Tajkarimi Materials from Maha Hajmeer Introduction: Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive, spore-forming microorganism capable of causing foodborne disease At present three enterotoxins, able to cause the diarrheal syndrome, have been described: hemolysin BL (HBL), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) and cytotoxin K. HBL and NHE are three-component proteins, whereas cytotoxin K is a single protein toxin. Symptoms caused by the latter toxin are more severe and may even involve necrosis. In general, the onset of symptoms is within 6 to 24 h after consumption of the incriminated food. B. cereus food poisoning is underestimated probably because of the short duration of the illness (~24 h). History In 1887, Bacillus cereus isolated from air in a cowshed by Frankland and Frankland. Since 1950, many outbreaks from a variety of foods including meat and vegetable soups, cooked meat and poultry, fish, milk and ice cream were described in Europe. In 1969, the first well-characterized B. cereus outbreak in the USA was documented. Since 1971, a number of B. cereus poisonings of a different type, called the vomiting type, were reported. This type of poisoning was characterized by an acute attack of nausea and vomiting 1–5 h after consumption of the incriminated meal. Sometimes, the incubation time was as short as 15–30 min or as long as 6–12 h. Almost all the vomiting type outbreaks were associated with consumption of cooked rice. This type of poisoning resembled staphylococcal food poisoning. B. Cereus in the US Table 1: Best estimates of the annual cases and deaths caused by B. -
Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic
antibiotics Review Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria: Rubik’s Cube of Clinical Microbiology? Márió Gajdács 1,*, Gabriella Spengler 1 and Edit Urbán 2 1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; [email protected] 2 Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +36-62-342-843 Academic Editor: Leonard Amaral Received: 28 September 2017; Accepted: 3 November 2017; Published: 7 November 2017 Abstract: Anaerobic bacteria have pivotal roles in the microbiota of humans and they are significant infectious agents involved in many pathological processes, both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Their isolation, cultivation and correct identification differs significantly from the workup of aerobic species, although the use of new technologies (e.g., matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, whole genome sequencing) changed anaerobic diagnostics dramatically. In the past, antimicrobial susceptibility of these microorganisms showed predictable patterns and empirical therapy could be safely administered but recently a steady and clear increase in the resistance for several important drugs (β-lactams, clindamycin) has been observed worldwide. For this reason, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic isolates for surveillance -
(BCID) Results Are “Not Detected”
Interpretation of Positive Blood Cultures When PCR Blood Culture Identification (BCID) Results are “Not Detected” Nebraska Medicine currently uses a multi-plex PCR-based blood culture identification (BCID) system that is able to identify 19 potential pathogens growing in blood culture. BCID generally detects over 90% of the most common causative agents in bloodstream infections; however, when microbes not included on the panel are present in a blood culture, it returns a result of “Not Detected.” This document aims to provide guidance in these scenarios supported by data collected at Nebraska Medicine from January 2018 to August 2019. Table 1: Recommendations for treatment of patients with blood cultures growing organisms not detected on BCID Gram Stain/Preliminary Likely Organism (% total BCID negative)* Recommended Treatment Culture Result Gram-positive: Aerobe Micrococcus sp. (18.1%) (most can also grow in Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (9.3%) None anaerobic bottles) Diphtheroids (7%) None Peptostreptococcus sp. (4.4%) If therapy is desired: Anaerobe bottle only Lactobacillus sp. (2.6%) Metronidazole 500 mg PO q8h Clostridium sp. (2.6%) OR Penicillin G 4 million units IV q4h Gram-negative: Aerobe Acinetobacter sp. (1.8%) (most can also grow in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1.6%) Levofloxacin 750 mg IV/PO q24h anaerobic bottles) Pseudomonas fluorescens-putida group (1%) Bacteroides fragilis group (9.3%) Anaerobe bottle only Metronidazole 500 mg IV/PO q8h Fusobacterium sp. (4.7%) *A full list of isolated organisms can be found below in Table 2 Orange text = Cocci, Blue text = Bacilli (rods) Gram-Positives When BCID results as “Not Detected” but there is microbial growth, the organism is most frequently gram-positive (71%). -
Characterization of an Endolysin Targeting Clostridioides Difficile
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Characterization of an Endolysin Targeting Clostridioides difficile That Affects Spore Outgrowth Shakhinur Islam Mondal 1,2 , Arzuba Akter 3, Lorraine A. Draper 1,4 , R. Paul Ross 1 and Colin Hill 1,4,* 1 APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland; [email protected] (S.I.M.); [email protected] (L.A.D.); [email protected] (R.P.R.) 2 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh 3 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh; [email protected] 4 School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Clostridioides difficile is a spore-forming enteric pathogen causing life-threatening diarrhoea and colitis. Microbial disruption caused by antibiotics has been linked with susceptibility to, and transmission and relapse of, C. difficile infection. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutics that are effective in preventing C. difficile growth, spore germination, and outgrowth. In recent years bacteriophage-derived endolysins and their derivatives show promise as a novel class of antibacterial agents. In this study, we recombinantly expressed and characterized a cell wall hydrolase (CWH) lysin from C. difficile phage, phiMMP01. The full-length CWH displayed lytic activity against selected C. difficile strains. However, removing the N-terminal cell wall binding domain, creating CWH351—656, resulted in increased and/or an expanded lytic spectrum of activity. C. difficile specificity was retained versus commensal clostridia and other bacterial species. -
Synergistic Haemolysis Test for Presumptive Identification and Differentiation of Clostridium Perfringens, C
J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.33.4.395 on 1 April 1980. Downloaded from J Clin Pathol 1980; 33: 395-399 Synergistic haemolysis test for presumptive identification and differentiation of Clostridium perfringens, C. bifermentans, C. sordeilhi, and C. paraperfringens STEVAN M GUBASH From the Department ofPathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 2 V7, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6 SUMMARY A new test for the presumptive identification of Clostridium perfringens, C. bifermentans, C. sordellii, and C. paraperfringens is described. The test is based on the synergistic haemolysis shown by the clostridia and group B streptococci on sheep and human and CaCl2-supplemented human blood agar. C. perfringens gave crescent-shaped synergistic lytic zones (7 to over 10 mm in length), and C. paraperfringens usually small-sized (3 mm), bullet-shaped reactions on all three types of media. C. bifermentans showed a horseshoe-shaped synergistic reaction only on human blood containing media, and C. sordellii only on CaCl2-supplemented human blood agar. C. perfringens type A antiserum inhibited synergistic lytic activities of the four species. The test provided a reliable method for presumptive identification and differentiation of the four clostridial species and may obviate the need for the Nagler test. http://jcp.bmj.com/ Most clinical microbiology laboratories use the genically related phospholipase C. The test is based Nagler test 2 3 for presumptive identification of on the synergistic haemolysis due to the interaction Clostridium perfringens and other phospholipase C of the CAMP-factor of group B streptococci and (lecithinase C) producing clostridia.