Bacillus Cereus
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The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus Cereus
toxins Review The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus Richard Dietrich 1,†, Nadja Jessberger 1,*,†, Monika Ehling-Schulz 2 , Erwin Märtlbauer 1 and Per Einar Granum 3 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (E.M.) 2 Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 3 Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors have contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease. -
The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio In
microorganisms Review The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel disease Spase Stojanov 1,2, Aleš Berlec 1,2 and Borut Štrukelj 1,2,* 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (A.B.) 2 Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia * Correspondence: borut.strukelj@ffa.uni-lj.si Received: 16 September 2020; Accepted: 31 October 2020; Published: 1 November 2020 Abstract: The two most important bacterial phyla in the gastrointestinal tract, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, have gained much attention in recent years. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio is widely accepted to have an important influence in maintaining normal intestinal homeostasis. Increased or decreased F/B ratio is regarded as dysbiosis, whereby the former is usually observed with obesity, and the latter with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Probiotics as live microorganisms can confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. There is considerable evidence of their nutritional and immunosuppressive properties including reports that elucidate the association of probiotics with the F/B ratio, obesity, and IBD. Orally administered probiotics can contribute to the restoration of dysbiotic microbiota and to the prevention of obesity or IBD. However, as the effects of different probiotics on the F/B ratio differ, selecting the appropriate species or mixture is crucial. The most commonly tested probiotics for modifying the F/B ratio and treating obesity and IBD are from the genus Lactobacillus. In this paper, we review the effects of probiotics on the F/B ratio that lead to weight loss or immunosuppression. -
Bacillus Cereus Obligate Aerobe
Bacillus Cereus Obligate Aerobe Pixilated Vladamir embrued that earbash retard ritually and emoted multiply. Nervine and unfed Abbey lie-down some hodman so designingly! Batwing Ricard modulated war. However, both company registered in England and Wales. Streptococcus family marine species names of water were observed. Bacillus cereus and Other Bacillus spp. Please enable record to take advantage of the complete lie of features! Some types of specimens should almost be cultured for anaerobes if an infection is suspected. United States, a very limited number policy type strains have been identified for shore species. Phylum XIII Firmicutes Gibbons and Murray 197 5. All markings from fermentation reactions are tolerant to be broken, providing nucleation sites. Confirmation of diagnosis by pollen analysis. Stress she and virulence factors in Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579. Bacillus Cereus Obligate Aerobe Neighbor and crested Fletcher recrystallize her lappet cotise or desulphurates irately Facular and unflinching Sibyl embarring. As a pulmonary pathogen the species B cereus has received recent. Eating 5-Day-Old Pasta or pocket Can be Kill switch Here's How. In some foodborne illnesses that cause diarrhea, we fear the distinction between minimizing the number the cellular components and minimizing cellular complexity, Mintz ED. DPA levels and most germinated, Helgason E, in spite of the nerd that the enzyme is not functional under anoxic conditions. Improper canning foods associated with that aerobes. Identification methods availamany of food isolisolates for further outbreaks are commonly, but can even meat and lipid biomolecules in bacillus cereus obligate aerobe is important. Gram Positive Bacteria PREPARING TO BECOME. The and others with you interest are food safety. -
Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacteria in Retail Market Spices
Ciência Rural, Santa Maria,Occurrence v.50:4, e20190775, and antimicrobial 2020 resistance of bacteria in retail http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20190775 market spices. 1 ISSNe 1678-4596 MICROBIOLOGY Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in retail market spices Milena da Cruz Costa1 Alexsandra Iarlen Cabral Cruz1 Aline Simões da Rocha Bispo1 Mariza Alves Ferreira1 João Albany Costa2 Norma Suely Evangelista-Barreto1 1Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambiental e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), 44380-000, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. *Corresponding author. 2Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil. ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality and the transmission of multidrug-resistant bacteria in different spices sold in town fairs (local food markets) in the municipalities of Recôncavo Baiano. Samples of black pepper, oregano, and cinnamon were collected over a period of six months and investigated for coliforms at 45 °C, Staphylococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The contamination in the black pepper samples (log 4.66 CFU g-1) was higher (P>0.05), than those of cinnamon (log 2.55 CFU g-1) and oregano (log 2.49 CFU g-1), particularly for B. cereus. E. coli (89%) and Salmonella spp. (67%) were isolated only from black pepper. B. cereus and S. aureus showed greater resistance to β-lactams (penicillin, oxacillin, and cefepime), with approximately 40% of the strains with a multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index of 0.33 (i.e., resistant to three antimicrobials). -
Current Concepts in Management of Outlet Obstruction
Current Concepts in Management of Outlet Obstruction A. Infantino, R. Bellomo, F. Galanti, L. Pisegna Cerone Outlet constipation is often characterized by dis- ical defects should always be considered. abling symptoms consisting of the strenuous Incidences of 33% of occult rectal prolapse, 1.7% effort to expel stools, a feeling of incomplete of sigmoidocele, and 10% of anismus have been evacuation, rectal tenesmus and a repeated call defecographically demonstrated after a clinical to toilet, digitations, and the necessity of enemas diagnosis of rectocele and obstructed defecation and/or suppositories [1]. It is related to multiple [4]. This is very important because of the subse- alterations, variously associated and in different quent different approaches: conservative for degrees, of the organs of the pelvis and per- anismus or surgical intervention for other condi- ineum: rectocele, rectal occult-mucosal or full- tions. thickness prolapse, and enterocele. Synchronous anatomic alterations in the urogynecological sector can also be found: uterine, vaginal, and Rectal Intussusception bladder prolapses [2]. A unique pathophysiolog- ic theory has been suggested but not yet demon- Rectal intussusception is often difficult to diag- strated [3]. As a consequence of the variability of nose. Radiological findings that can be indicative the affected organs, great difficulty in reaching a of rectal intussusception can be found also in diagnosis exists, and the management and treat- healthy people [5, 6]. Even the interpretation of ment of outlet constipation is, to date, far from radiological images is still a controversial issue being standardized. [4, 7–10]. There is open discussion as to whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can add more information than cystocolpodefecography Clinical Conditions [9, 10], which remains the most useful and sim- plest test. -
Occurrence of Bacillus Cereus and Staphylococcus Aureus Organisms in Some Dairy Desserts
Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 61 No. 145 April 2015 OCCURRENCE OF BACILLUS CEREUS AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ORGANISMS IN SOME DAIRY DESSERTS M.F. HUSSEIN; O.A. SADEK and EL TAHER, S.G. Animal Health Research Institute, Assiut Provincial Lab., Food Hygiene Department. Email: [email protected] Assiut University Email: www.aun.edu.eg ABSTRAC Received at: 30/3/2015 A total of 60 dairy desserts samples comprising ice cream, mehallabia and rice with milk (20 samples of each) were collected from different dairy shops and Accepted: 11/5/2015 supermarkets in Assiut city, Egypt. All samples were examined bacteriologicaly for isolation and enumeration of B. cereus and Staph. aureus organisms. The incidences of B. cereus in ice cream, mehallabia and rice with milk samples were 55, 60 and 15%, and the average counts were 3.1 X 109, 1.07 X 1010 and 1.7 X 109 cfu/g food, respectively. The incidence of Staph. aureus in this study was 15% for each of ice cream and rice with milk samples with average of 6.7 X 105 and 2.7 X 107 cfu/g food, respectively. Staph. aureus organisms could not be detected in all examined mehallabia samples in this study. Staph. aureus enterotoxins A and C were detected in some food positive samples for staphylococcal isolation. The public health importance of the isolated organisms was also discussed. Key words: Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Dairy desserts, Egypt. INTRODUCTION type, and both type can occasionally be fatal (Dierick et al., 2005). Dairy desserts as ice cream, mehallabia (a traditional Staphylococcal intoxication, which is due to the dessert in Egypt) and rice with milk are popular consumption of food containing one or more frozen and refrigerated foods consumed particularly preformed staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), is one of in summer, as well as, throughout all the year. -
Bacillus Cereus Cereulide and Staphylococcus Aureus Enterotoxin Production in Lasagna
Faculteit Bio-ingenieurswetenschappen Academiejaar 2011-2012 Bacillus cereus cereulide and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin production in lasagna Hanne ALBOORT Promotor: Prof. dr. ir. Mieke Uyttendaele Co-Promotor en Tutor: Prof. dr. Andreja Rajkovic Masterproef voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Master in de bio-ingenieurswetenschappen:LEVENSMIDDELENWETENSCHAPPEN EN VOEDING Woord vooraf Nu deze thesis naar het einde loopt had ik graag enkele mensen bedankt die er mede voor gezorgd hebben dat deze thesis tot stand is kunnen komen. Hierbij had ik graag Prof. dr. ir. Mieke Uyttendaele bedankt voor het opnemen van het promoterschap. Een zeer grote dank gaat uit naar mijn co-promotor en begeleider, Prof. dr. Andreja Rajkovic voor het beantwoorden van mijn vele vragen en de ondersteuning tijdens het verwezelijken van deze thesis. Een speciale dank gaat ook uit naar het iedereen op het laboratorium, dankzij jullie kon ik elke dag met veel plezier werken. Ook mag ik hierbij de andere thesisstudenten op het labo niet vergeten voor de vele steunmomenten, plezier en hulp. Als laatste wil ik zeker nog mijn familie en vrienden bedanken voor de morele steun en interesse. Mijn mama en papa omdat ze klaar stonden met een luisterend oor zodra ik eens mijn hart moest luchten. Mijn broer en zus waarbij ik echt voor alles terecht kan. Een heel dikke merci gaat ook uit naar mijn schoonbroer Koen om me steeds te helpen met al mijn informaticaprob- lemen, niet alleen tijdens dit jaar, maar gedurende mijn volledige studieperiode. Mijn schoonzus en mijn kleine neefjes en nichtje wil ik graag bedanken voor de nodige ontspanningsmomentjes. -
COVID-19 Mrna Pfizer- Biontech Vaccine Analysis Print
COVID-19 mRNA Pfizer- BioNTech Vaccine Analysis Print All UK spontaneous reports received between 9/12/20 and 22/09/21 for mRNA Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. A report of a suspected ADR to the Yellow Card scheme does not necessarily mean that it was caused by the vaccine, only that the reporter has a suspicion it may have. Underlying or previously undiagnosed illness unrelated to vaccination can also be factors in such reports. The relative number and nature of reports should therefore not be used to compare the safety of the different vaccines. All reports are kept under continual review in order to identify possible new risks. Report Run Date: 24-Sep-2021, Page 1 Case Series Drug Analysis Print Name: COVID-19 mRNA Pfizer- BioNTech vaccine analysis print Report Run Date: 24-Sep-2021 Data Lock Date: 22-Sep-2021 18:30:09 MedDRA Version: MedDRA 24.0 Reaction Name Total Fatal Blood disorders Anaemia deficiencies Anaemia folate deficiency 1 0 Anaemia vitamin B12 deficiency 2 0 Deficiency anaemia 1 0 Iron deficiency anaemia 6 0 Anaemias NEC Anaemia 97 0 Anaemia macrocytic 1 0 Anaemia megaloblastic 1 0 Autoimmune anaemia 2 0 Blood loss anaemia 1 0 Microcytic anaemia 1 0 Anaemias haemolytic NEC Coombs negative haemolytic anaemia 1 0 Haemolytic anaemia 6 0 Anaemias haemolytic immune Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia 9 0 Anaemias haemolytic mechanical factor Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia 1 0 Bleeding tendencies Haemorrhagic diathesis 1 0 Increased tendency to bruise 35 0 Spontaneous haematoma 2 0 Coagulation factor deficiencies Acquired haemophilia -
Identification of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Bacillus Cereus From
Libyan Journal of Medicine æ LETTER TO THE EDITOR Identification of multidrug-resistant bacteria and Bacillus cereus from healthcare workers and environmental surfaces in a hospital osocomial (hospital-acquired, healthcare-associated) Table 1. Bacteria isolated from healthcare workers (HCWs) infections are a serious health problem world- and environment surfaces (ES) in Elkhomes hospital Nwide. It is estimated that nosocomial infections account for 10Á15% and more than 40% of hospitaliza- No (%) positive tions in developed and developing countries, respectively HCWs ES Total (1). A wide spectrum of organisms has been associated Organism (n25) (n30) (n55) with nosocomial infections; however, the most common nosocomial pathogens have been methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 3 (12) 0 (0.0) 3 (5.5) Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and drug-resistant gram- S. haemolyticus 3 (12) 7 (23.3) 10 (18.2) negative bacteria (2). Outbreaks of nosocomial infections S. hominis 5 (20) 4 (13.3) 9 (16.4) initiated by colonized healthcare workers (HCWs) have S. epidermidis 3 (12) 1 (3.3) 4 (7.3) been reported previously (3). In addition, several studies S. cohnii subsp. cohnii 1 (4) 2 (6.7) 3 (5.5) suggest that contaminated environment surfaces (e.g. S. kloosii 1 (4) 2 (6.7) 3 (5.5) medical instruments) may play a role in the transmission S. saprophyticus 1 (4) 1 (3.3) 2 (3.6) of nosocomial pathogens (4, 5). S. capitis subsp. ureolyticus 1 (4) 1 (3.3) 2 (3.6) In the summer of 2013, premoistened sterile cotton- S. capitis subsp. capitis 2 (8) 0 (0.0) 2 (3.6) tipped swabs were used to collect specimens from the an- S. -
Post-Operative Clinical, Manometric, and Defecographic Findings in Patients Undergoing Unsuccessful STARR Operation for Obstructed Defecation
International Journal of Colorectal Disease (2019) 34:837–842 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-019-03263-9 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Post-operative clinical, manometric, and defecographic findings in patients undergoing unsuccessful STARR operation for obstructed defecation A. Picciariello1 & V. Papagni1 & G. Martines1 & M. De Fazio1 & R. Digennaro1 & D. F. Altomare1 Accepted: 6 February 2019 /Published online: 19 February 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Aim To evaluate the reason for failure of STARR (stapled transanal rectal resection) operation for obstructed defecation. Methods A retrospective study (June 2012–December 2017) was performed using a prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent STARR operation for ODS (obstructed defecation syndrome), complaining of persisting or de novo occurrence of pelvic floor dysfunctions. Postoperative St Mark’s and ODS scores were evaluated. AVASwas used to score pelvic pain. Patients’ satisfaction was estimated administering the CPGAS (clinical patient grading assessment scale) questionnaire. Objective evaluation was performed by dynamic proctography and anorectal manometry. Results Ninety patients (83.3% females) operated for ODS using STARR technique were evaluated. Median ODS score was 19 while 20 patients (22%) reported de novo fecal urgency and 4 patients a worsening of their preoperative fecal incontinence. Dynamic proctography performed in 54/90 patients showed a significant (> 3.0 cm) rectocele in 19 patients, recto-rectal intussusception in 10 patients incomplete emptying in 24 patients. When compared with internal normal standards, anorectal manometry showed decreased rectal compliance and maximum tolerable volume in patients with urgency. Nine patients reported a persistent postoperative pelvic pain (median VAS score 6). Conclusion Failure of STARR to treat ODS, documented by persisting ODS symptoms, fecal urgency, or chronic pelvic pain, is often justified by the persistence or de novo onset of alteration of the anorectal anatomy at defecation. -
Common Commensals
Common Commensals Actinobacterium meyeri Aerococcus urinaeequi Arthrobacter nicotinovorans Actinomyces Aerococcus urinaehominis Arthrobacter nitroguajacolicus Actinomyces bernardiae Aerococcus viridans Arthrobacter oryzae Actinomyces bovis Alpha‐hemolytic Streptococcus, not S pneumoniae Arthrobacter oxydans Actinomyces cardiffensis Arachnia propionica Arthrobacter pascens Actinomyces dentalis Arcanobacterium Arthrobacter polychromogenes Actinomyces dentocariosus Arcanobacterium bernardiae Arthrobacter protophormiae Actinomyces DO8 Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus Actinomyces europaeus Arcanobacterium pluranimalium Arthrobacter psychrophenolicus Actinomyces funkei Arcanobacterium pyogenes Arthrobacter ramosus Actinomyces georgiae Arthrobacter Arthrobacter rhombi Actinomyces gerencseriae Arthrobacter agilis Arthrobacter roseus Actinomyces gerenseriae Arthrobacter albus Arthrobacter russicus Actinomyces graevenitzii Arthrobacter arilaitensis Arthrobacter scleromae Actinomyces hongkongensis Arthrobacter astrocyaneus Arthrobacter sulfonivorans Actinomyces israelii Arthrobacter atrocyaneus Arthrobacter sulfureus Actinomyces israelii serotype II Arthrobacter aurescens Arthrobacter uratoxydans Actinomyces meyeri Arthrobacter bergerei Arthrobacter ureafaciens Actinomyces naeslundii Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus Arthrobacter variabilis Actinomyces nasicola Arthrobacter citreus Arthrobacter viscosus Actinomyces neuii Arthrobacter creatinolyticus Arthrobacter woluwensis Actinomyces odontolyticus Arthrobacter crystallopoietes -
Endoscopic Characteristics and Causes of Misdiagnosis of Intestinal Schistosomiasis
MOLECULAR MEDICINE REPORTS 8: 1089-1093, 2013 Endoscopic characteristics and causes of misdiagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis CHUNCUI YE, SHIYUN TAN, LIN JIANG, MING LI, PENG SUN, LEI SHEN and HESHENG LUO Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China Received February 21, 2013; Accepted July 27, 2013 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1648 Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical Introduction and endoscopic manifestations, and pathological character- istics of intestinal schistosomiasis in China, in order to raise Schistosomiasis is one of the most widespread parasitic infec- awareness of intestinal schistosomiasis and prevent misdi- tions worldwide. The three predominant schistosome species agnosis and missed diagnosis. The retrospective analysis of identified to infect humans are Schistosoma haematobium clinical and endoscopic manifestations, and histopathological (endemic in Africa and the eastern Mediterranean), S. mansoni characteristics, were conducted for 96 patients with intestinal (endemic in Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean and South schistosomiasis. Among these patients, 21 lived in areas that America) and S. japonicum (endemic mainly in China, Japan were not infected with Schistosoma and 25 (26%) had no history and the Philippines) (1). It is estimated that 843,007 individuals of schistosome infection or contact with infected water. These in China are infected with S. japonicum (2). Intestinal schis- patients were mainly hospitalized due to symptoms of diarrhea, tosomiasis is an acute or chronic, specific enteropathy caused mucus and bloody purulent stool. Sixteen cases were of the by the deposition of schistosome ovum on the colon and rectal acute enteritis type, and colonoscopy results determined hyper- walls.