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Routes and Roots Konzepte Unterwegs in Tamil Nadu

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Routes and Roots Konzepte Unterwegs in Tamil Nadu ROUTES AND ROOTS KONZEPTE UNTERWEGS IN TAMIL NADU ROUTES AND ROOTS KONZEPTE UNTERWEGS IN TAMIL NADU Studienreise Religionswissenschaftliches Seminar Universität Zürich Herbstsemester 2013 Turnegg Verlag Bachmann, Lüddeckens, Rageth (Hg.) INHALT Karte 1 Reiseprogramm 2 Simone Meinen Geschichte Tamil Nadus......................................................... Lisa Hochuli Politik in Tamil Nadu - Die dravidische Bewegung................. 12 Hanna Lüddeckens Menschenrechte in Indien................................................ 18 Milena Schellenbaum Tamil Film..................................................................... 30 Vanessa Gächter ...................... 39 Anina Frieden Pilgern im Hinduismus............................................................ Moira Grieger Götter Tamil Nadus................................................................. 57 Eva Meienberg ...................................................................................... 69 Anita Noll .................................................................................. 77 Patricia Kurt .......................................................... 88 Judith Stutz Der Arunachaleshvara Tempel......................................................96 Beatrice Büchi Der weibliche Guru - Sri Siva Sakhti Ammaiyar.................115 Yves Bachmann Sri Aurobindos integraler Yoga - ......................126 Patricia Kurt Der Austausch „östlicher“ und „westlicher“ Konzepte im .................................................................. Yves Bachmann Auroville: Formen einer teilnehmenden Beobachtung........ 1 KARTE Chennai Kanchipuram Tiruvannamalaia Pondicherry Tamil Nadu 2 PROGRAMM ZUR STUDIENREISE VOM 18.-31. JANUAR 2014 SAMSTAG 18.1. die Theosophische Gesellschaft in Adyar, Chennai * Treffen mit Dr. Chittaranjan Satapathy (International Secretary) und mit Mr. C.A. Shinde (Librarian und National Lecturer) Übernachtung in Chennai: Y.W.C.A., Madras International Guest House - 1086, Poonamallee High Road (E.V.R. Periyar Salai) - Chennai, 600 084 - Tel: 25324234 oder 25324945 SONNTAG 19.1. Reise von Chennai zum Sri Vast Ashram (ca. 160 km südlich von Chen nai, in der Nähe von Pondicherry) Besichtigung des Dakshina Chitra (ein Museum zu südindischer Kultur, ca. 20 km südlich von Chennai) Evt. Halt in Mahabalipuram (Hinduistischen Tempeln aus der Pallava- Zeit) Übernachtung im Sri Vast Ashram (So-Mi) MONTAG 20.1. und DIENSTAG 21.1. Sri Vast Ashram: Kennenlernen einer neuen religiösen Gemeinschaft und Auseinandersetzung mit dem „Guru-tum“ MITTWOCH 22.1. Samadhi von Sri Auorbindo und Mira Alfassa Nachmittag: Ankunft in Auroville; Besichtigung des Visitor Centres und des Matrimandirs Übernachtung in Auroville (Mi-So): Pavilion of Tibetan Culture und Atithi Griha Guest House DONNERSTAG 23.1. und FREITAG 24.1. Auroville: Auseinandersetzung mit der Struktur und Organisation einer Neuen religiösen Gemeinschaft; Einblick in das Leben in Auroville * Besichtigung verschiedener Projekte und Gespräche mit Ge meinschaftsmitgliedern 3 SAMSTAG 25.1. baram (Nataraja Tempel) SONNTAG 26.1. Weiterreise nach Tiruvannamalai (ca 110 km) Besichtigung des Arunachaleshvara Tempels in Tiruvannamalai Übernachtung in Tiruvannamalai: SDD Residency - 21, Vazha Thotta Street - Tiruvannamalai, 606601 Tel: 04175-251777; Cell: 9843030400 MONTAG 27.1. und DIENSTAG 28.1. Ramana Maharishi Ashram Übernachtung im Ramana Maharishi Ashram (Mo-Mi) MITTWOCH 29.1. Weiterreise nach Kanchipuram (ca 130 km) Besichtigung des Kailasanatha Tempels in Kanchipuram Übernachtung in Kanchipuram (Mi-Fr): M.M. Hotels - 65-66, Nellukara Street - Kanchipuram, 631502 Tel: 0091 44 27227250 DONNERSTAG 30.1. Kattaikkuttu Gurukulam (Tamilische Volkstheater Schule): * Referat und Diskussion mit der Indologin Dr. H. de Bruin zum Thema „An alternative history of the Tamil stage“ * Führung durch die Schule * Theateraufführung „The disrobing of Draupadi“ FREITAG 31.1. Weiterreise nach Chennai (ca. 75 km) Ende der Studienreise 4 staats ist Tamil, eine weitere verbreite- te Sprache ist Telugu. Die am stärksten vertretene Religion ist der Hinduismus (88.1%), gefolgt von den Minderheiten der Christen (6.1%), Moslems (5.6%) und Jainas (0.1%). Im Norden grenzt Ta- mil Nadu an die Bundesstaaten Andhra Pradesh und Karnataka, im Westen an Kerala, im Osten an den Golf von Ben- galen und im Süden an den Indischen Ozean. Die Hauptstadt Chennai (bis 1996 noch Madras) liegt im nördlichsten Abb. 0: Das Emblem der Regierung von Tamil Abb. 0: Karte von Südindien, Mittelalter (Maps Abb.Nadu 1: zeigtDas Emblemein Tempeltor der Regierung des Sri von Andal Ta- Teil von Tamilof India) Nadu am Golf von Ben- milTempels Nadu ( vgl.zeigt Bautze ein Tempeltor 2006: 540 des) Sri Andal galen (vgl. Bautze 2008: 537). Tempels(Wikimedia (vgl. Commons) Bautze 2006: 540) (Wikime- dia Commons) Frühgeschichte Den Mythen zu folge wurde Südindien Geschichte Tamil Nadus schon seit Tausenden von Jahren von indigenen Stämmen bevölkert. Der Ur- Beitrag von Simone Meinen sprung dieser Bevölkerungsgruppen liegt jedoch im Dunkeln. Anhand von Erwähnungen auf Funden von Steine- dikten lassen sich jedoch die drei grossen Bundesstaat Tamil Nadu („Land der Reiche tamilischer Dynastien zurückver- Tamilen“) liegt an der Südostküste des folgen. Sie betraten die Bühne der Welt- Landes und umfasst eine Fläche von geschichte im 3. Jahrhundert v. Chr. und 130‘058 km2. Tamil Nadu beheimatet prägten Tamil Nadu im Altertum. Das über 72 Millionen Menschen, womit der waren einerseits die Cholas, deren Reich Bundesstaat gemessen an seiner Ein- sich entlang der Coromandel Küste im wohnerzahl der siebtgrösste ist. Knapp Osten erstreckte, andererseits die Pandy- die Hälfte der Bevölkerung lebt in den as im tiefen Süden, und schliesslich die Städten, womit der Bundesstaat eine der Cheras, die über den grössten Teil der höchsten Verstädterungsraten Indiens aufweist (Census of India 2011). Auf alle unterhielten bereits zu dieser Zeit dem Land leben laut Bautze 36 verschie- diplomatische- und Handelsbeziehungen dene Ethnien. Die Amtssprache dieses mit Reichen auf weit entfernten Erdtei- ethnisch stark durchmischten Bundes- len wie zum Beispiel Malaysia, Arabien Geschichte Tamil Nadus 5 und Europa (vgl. Aiyappan 2013). Funde weite Teile des nördlichen Tamil Na- von römischen Münzen in Kerala zum dus. Dort stehen noch heute bedeutende Beispiel beweisen dies. Unabhängig Bauwerke, welche mit den Namen der voneinander konnten sie alle ihre Macht Pallava Könige geschmückt sind (vgl. bis ins indische Mittelalter halten. Michell 2008: 12). Generell stammen Diese drei frühen Königreiche ver- viele der frühen archäologischen und schwanden dann aber für mehrere Jahr- monumentalen Hinterlassenschaften in Tamil Nadu von den Pallavas (vgl. Baut- den Kalabhras besiegt wurden. Zu den ze 2006: 539). Ein Beispiel dafür sind Kalabhras können hier leider keine wei- teren Angaben gemacht werden, da über weiteres Eindrückliches Zeugniss der die Kalabhras sehr wenig bekannt ist. - Pallava (6. – 9. Jahrhundert) te der erste bedeutende Herrscher der Ab dem 6. Jahrhundert kommt zum ers- Pallava Dynastie, Simha Vishnu (ca. ten Mal die nicht tamilische Dynastie der 537-570) das Gebiet kontinuierlich zu Pallavas an die Macht. Von ihrer Haupt- einem Grossreich. Von der Mitte des 6. Jahrhundert bis ins 9. Jahrhundert waren die Pallavas immer wieder in regionale Kriege mit den Chalykyas von Bada- mi und den Pandyas von Madurai ver- wickelt. Die Jahrhunderte der Pallava Herrschaft waren jedoch nicht nur von Schlachten und territorialer Expansion gekennzeichnet. Ihre Regierungszeit war auch eine Ära der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung. Die Pallavas gelten als Vorreiter der klassischen dravidischen Architektur und waren Vorbilder an de- nen sich spätere Dynastien orientierten. Auf der Suche nach Arbeit wander- ten viele Brahmanen vom Norden in den Süden und wurden dort schnell zur herrschenden Bevölkerungsschicht. Sie verwalteten die Ländereien und Reich- Abb.2 Felsenrelief aus der Pallava Zeit in tümer, welche den Tempeln geschenkt wurden (vgl. Rothermund 2002: 124). In Geschichte Tamil Nadus 6 dieser Zeit kam es zu grossen Entwick- Südostasien. Die Cholas eroberten die lungen in der bildenden Kunst (vgl. Ai- Gebiete der Ostküste Indiens bis hinauf yappan 2013). Die Pallavas hielten sich nach Bengalen, ferner die Insel Ceylon als stärkste Macht des Südens bis in die (Sri Lanka) und Teile Burmas neben Mitte des 9. Jahrhunderts. Sumatra, Malaysia und Java. Unter den Cholas wurden besonders im Kaveri Chola, Pandya und Chera (9. – 14. Delta zahlreiche dynastische Schreine Jahrhundert) gebaut. Einer der bedeutendsten davon Im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert gewann die - altehrwürdige Dynastie der Cholas wie- ram. Mit seinem quadratischen Gelän- der an Macht. Nachdem der letzte Palla- de, das durch grosse, pyramidenartige va König geschlagen war, begannen sie Türme auf jeder Seite begehbar ist, ist er beispielhaft für die Tempelarchitek- auszubreiten. Nachdem der letzte Palla- - va-König Aparajithan (882-901) von den puras“, wie diese Türme genannt wer- Cholas geschlagen worden war, begann den, hat die ganze darauffolgende Kultur religiöser Bauten in Südindien geprägt unaufhaltsame Aufstieg dieser Dynas- (vgl. Michell 2008: 12). Ein weiteres Re- tie zur grössten Land- und Seemacht in likt der Cholas sind die berühmten Chola Geschichte Tamil Nadus 7 Bronzen, welche im Nationalmuseum in auch die Macht der Cholas am Schwin- Chennai zu besichtigen sind.
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