Analysis of the Syrian Crisis and Its Role in International Relations
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Russian Views on the Constitutional Committee and the Political Process in Syria Nikolay Sukhov, Oriental Studies Institute
Syria Transition Challenges Project Discussion Paper (4) Russian views on the Constitutional Committee and the political process in Syria Nikolay Sukhov, Oriental Studies Institute 1 The Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) The Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) is an international foundation established in 1995, with 51 member states, for the primary purpose of promoting peace, security and international cooperation through executive education, applied policy research and dialogue. The GCSP trains government officials, diplomats, military officers, international civil servants and NGO and private sector staff in pertinent fields of international peace and security. Syria Transition Challenges Project A multilateral dialogue and research project that aims to build bridges between the EU, Russia, Turkey, and the US on the three issues of Reform, Refugees Return, and Reconstruction. The project is run by the GCSP in collaboration with European University Institute (EUI), Syrian Centre for Policy Research (SCPR), and swisspeace. Editors: Abdulla Ibrahim, project lead researcher Lorraine Charles, research associate Author Nikolay Sukhov Nikolay Sukhov (PhD, History) is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Oriental Studies, expert of Russian Council for Foreign Affairs, Vice-President of International Middle Eastern Studies Club. Participated as Russian Foreign Ministry officer with diplomatic assignment in Rabat (2005 – 2012) in high-level international events and conferences throughout the countries of the region. He participated in Dartmouth Conference Task Force on the Russian-US Relationship, Abu Dhabi Strategic Debate, Russian-US Dialogue on Syria, Restricted Meeting of Mediation Practitioners on Syria and Inter-Palestinian negotiations among others. From October 2017 to July 2019 he was a Senior Political Officer in the Office of the UN Special Envoy for Syria in Damascus. -
Syria and Repealing Decision 2011/782/CFSP
30.11.2012 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 330/21 DECISIONS COUNCIL DECISION 2012/739/CFSP of 29 November 2012 concerning restrictive measures against Syria and repealing Decision 2011/782/CFSP THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, internal repression or for the manufacture and maintenance of products which could be used for internal repression, to Syria by nationals of Member States or from the territories of Having regard to the Treaty on European Union, and in Member States or using their flag vessels or aircraft, shall be particular Article 29 thereof, prohibited, whether originating or not in their territories. Whereas: The Union shall take the necessary measures in order to determine the relevant items to be covered by this paragraph. (1) On 1 December 2011, the Council adopted Decision 2011/782/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Syria ( 1 ). 3. It shall be prohibited to: (2) On the basis of a review of Decision 2011/782/CFSP, the (a) provide, directly or indirectly, technical assistance, brokering Council has concluded that the restrictive measures services or other services related to the items referred to in should be renewed until 1 March 2013. paragraphs 1 and 2 or related to the provision, manu facture, maintenance and use of such items, to any natural or legal person, entity or body in, or for use in, (3) Furthermore, it is necessary to update the list of persons Syria; and entities subject to restrictive measures as set out in Annex I to Decision 2011/782/CFSP. (b) provide, directly or indirectly, financing or financial assistance related to the items referred to in paragraphs 1 (4) For the sake of clarity, the measures imposed under and 2, including in particular grants, loans and export credit Decision 2011/273/CFSP should be integrated into a insurance, as well as insurance and reinsurance, for any sale, single legal instrument. -
What Does Syria Want?
What Does Syria Want? A Presentation by Raymond Hinnebusch for the Center for Naval Analyses and the ForumForum dudu FuturFutur (france) 1 A Presentation by Raymond Hinnebusch for the Center for Naval Analyses and the Forum Du Futur (France) The distinguished American academic Raymond Hinnebusch, Director of the Centre for Syrian Studies and Professor of International Relations and Middle East Politics at the University of St. Andrews (UK), recently spoke at a France/U.S. dialogue in Paris co-sponsored by CNA and the Forum du Futur. Dr. Hinnebusch agreed to update his very thoughtful and salient presentation, “What Does Syria Want?” so that we might make it avail- able to a wider audience. The views expressed are his own and constitute an assessment of Syrian strategic think- ing. Raymond Hinnebusch may be contacted via e-mail at: [email protected] (Shown on the cover): A double portrait of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad (left) and his father (right), Hafez al-Assad, who was President of Syria from 1971-2000. 2 What Does Syria Want? the country and ideology of the ruling Ba’th party, is a direct consequence of this experience. By Raymond Hinnebusch Centre for Syrian Studies, “Syria is imbued with a powerful sense University of St. Andrews, (UK) of grievance from the history of its formation as a state.” With French President Nicholas Sarkozy’s invitation of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad to Paris in July, More than that, from its long disillusioning experience 2008, the question of whether Syria is “serious” about with the West, Syria has a profoundly jaundiced view changing its ways and entitled to rehabilitation by the of contemporary international order, recently much re- international community, has become a matter of some inforced, which it sees as replete with double standards. -
CHRONOLOGY of BIBLICAL CHRISTIANITY by Dr
THE AGES DIGITAL LIBRARY HISTORY A CHRONOLOGY OF BIBLICAL CHRISTIANITY by Dr. R.C. Wetzel B o o k s F o r Th e A g e s AGES Software • Albany, OR USA Version 1.0 © 1997 2 A CHRONOLOGY OF BIBLICAL CHRISTIANITY Dr. R. C. Wetzel AUTHOR’S APOLOGY The following chronology is an accumulation of research done off and on for the past thirty years. It began with the simple idea of trying to put a date on the major events set forth in the Bible so that a person can get a general birds-eye view of those events in their relation one to another. Then another idea was incorporated of showing “secular” events that happened at the same time as the “Biblical” events, so the reader can associate these events. Sometimes events in the “Biblical” world had an impact on the “secular” world, and vice-versa. 3 By the time I finished Revelation, I was already entering the “AD” period and figured, “Why stop now?” So I continued to follow Christianity in its growth and development, in the same format. This is not intended by any means to be an exhaustive account: who can compile a 6,000 year history of humanity into 200+ pages? Nor will I guarantee the accuracy of the dates used. Even the best authorities disagree on some of the dates of those ancient happenings. But, whether this is used for study or research, or read through as a novel, it will give a discerning person an idea of what it is all about. -
Deconstructing the Coverage of the Syrian Conflict in Western Media
UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMIC STUDIES Regional Master’s Program in Peace Studies MASTER THESIS Deconstructing the Coverage of the Syrian Conflict in Western Media Case Study: The Economist ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR: STUDENT: Prof. dr Radmila Nakarada Uroš Mamić Enrollment No. 22/2015 Belgrade, 2018 1 DECLARATION OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY I hereby declare that the study presented is based on my own research and no other sources than the ones indicated. All thoughts taken directly or indirectly from other sources are properly denoted as such. Belgrade, 31 August 2018 Uroš Mamić (Signature) 2 Content 1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………..3 1.1. Statement of Problem ……………………………………………………………………… 3 1.2. Research Topic ………………………………………….........……………………..............4 1.3. Research Goals and Objectives ………………………………….………………….............6 1.4. Hypotheses ………………………………………………………..…………………………7 1.4.1. General Hypothesis ………………………………………………..………………………...7 1.4.2. Specific Hypotheses …………………………………………………………………………7 1.5. Research Methodology ………………………………………………………………….......8 1.6. Research Structure – Chapter Outline ……………………………………………………...10 2. Major Themes of the Syrian Conflict in The Economist ……………………………….12 2.1. Roots of the Conflict ……………………………………………………………………….13 2.2. Beginning of the Conflict – Protests and Early Armed Insurgency …………….................23 2.3. Local Actors …………………………………………………………………………….......36 2.3.1. Syrian Government Forces …………………………………………………………………37 2.3.2. Syrian Opposition ……………………………………………………………………….......41 -
The 2021 Syrian Presidential Election
July 2021 The 2021 Syrian Presidential Election Political deadlock and Syrian Burnout Hadia Kawikji Introduction The legitimacy of any position is based on two main elements, first the manner in which the individual attained the position, and second is the ability of the individual to fulfill the related responsibilities. For the first point, Bashar al-Assad’s Presidency in Syria was attained through heredity within a ludicrous system following his father who seized the power via a military coup. Both father and son ruled Syria for the last half a century with de-facto legitimacy, through nominal referendums completely dominated by the Ba’ath party. This was instead of an election that reflects the Syrian people’s will. In terms of the ability to fulfill the responsibilities of the presidency, many indicators showcase the regime’s failures to the Syrians. The recent years have witnessed the collapse of the Syrian pound to unprecedented levels, along with the displacement of more than half of the Syrian population,1 and the rise of extreme poverty to 82%,2 with the fact that 37% of the Syrian territories are outside of the regime’s control. Additionally, the violation of the Syrian decision is evidenced by the control of the Lebanese “Hezbollah”, Iranian militias, and Russian troops controlling over roughly 85% of the Syrian borders, finally yet importantly, the Syrian regime’s inability to protect its territory is illustrated by the haphazard attacks by Israel on Syrian land at any given time. In March 2011, the majority of the Syrian people called for the removal of the Assad regime and the transition to a democratic country. -
Settlement of the Syrian Conflict: Prospects for National Dialogue and International Cooperation
Settlement of the Syrian Conflict: Prospects for National Dialogue and International Cooperation. Rationale behind Russian Policies The transcript of the Trialogue Club International Meeting with Prof. Vitaly V. Naumkin Residence of the Ambassador of Switzerland, Moscow April 18, 2018 (Wednesday) Prof. Vitaly V. Naumkin is President of the Institute of Oriental Studies at the Russian Academy of Sciences. RUSSI : Prof. Naumkin is not only an academic and a key Russian expert on the Middle East, but he has also a deep practical insight into Russian interests in the region. This particular experience makes his presentation at once unique and very valuable. At this point I would like to thank Prof. Naumkin for his availability and his readiness to speak with us… […] to choose Trialogue, and for this, I would like to thank him very much. A big thank you goes to Trialogue Club International, particularly to General Buzhinskiy and Albert Zulkharneev for the idea to make the Swiss Embassy the venue for this special meeting. And last, but not least, I would like to thank you all for taking your time, for your interest, and particularly for your friendship. NAUMKIN: Good morning. First, allow me to express my gratitude to the leadership of Trialogue Club International, to the Embassy of Switzerland, and to the distinguished participants of this discussion meeting. Second, I will focus on the main recent developments in the Syrian crisis and around this crisis, without going too much into details on history of the conflict. I believe that during the last months, we have been witnessing very serious changes inside Syria and around Syria. -
Security Council Provisional Seventy-Fourth Year
United Nations S/ PV.8628 Security Council Provisional Seventy-fourth year 8628th meeting Monday, 30 September 2019, 10 a.m. New York President: Mr. Vershinin .................................. (Russian Federation) Members: Belgium ....................................... Mr. Pecsteen de Buytswerve China ......................................... Mr. Wu Haitao Côte d’Ivoire ................................... Mr. Ipo Dominican Republic .............................. Mr. Singer Weisinger Equatorial Guinea ............................... Mr. Esono Mbengono France ........................................ Mr. De Rivière Germany ...................................... Mr. Heusgen Indonesia. Mr. Syihab Kuwait ........................................ Mr. Alotaibi Peru .......................................... Mr. Ugarelli Poland ........................................ Ms. Wronecka South Africa ................................... Mr. Matjila United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .. Mr. Roscoe United States of America .......................... Mrs. Craft Agenda The situation in the Middle East This record contains the text of speeches delivered in English and of the translation of speeches delivered in other languages. The final text will be printed in the Official Records of the Security Council. Corrections should be submitted to the original languages only. They should be incorporated in a copy of the record and sent under the signature of a member of the delegation concerned to the Chief of the Verbatim Reporting Service, room -
No. 2 Newsmaker of 2016 Was City Manager Change Rodgers Christmas Basket Fund Are Still Being Accepted
FRIDAY 162nd YEAR • No. 208 DECEMBER 30, 2016 CLEVELAND, TN 22 PAGES • 50¢ Basket Fund Donations to the William Hall No. 2 Newsmaker of 2016 was city manager change Rodgers Christmas Basket Fund are still being accepted. Each By LARRY C. BOWERS Service informed Council members of year, the fund supplies boxes of Banner Staff Writer the search process they faced. food staples to needy families TOP 10 MTAS provided assistance free of during the holiday season. The The Cleveland City Council started charge, and Norris recommended the fund, which is a 501(c)(3) charity, the 2016 calendar year with a huge city hire a consultant. This was prior is a volunteer-suppported effort. challenge — an ordeal which devel- NEWSMAKERS to the Council’s decision to hire Any funds over what is needed to oped into the No. 2 news story of the Wallace, who had also assisted with pay for food bought this year will year as voted by Cleveland Daily the city’s hiring of Police Chief Mark be used next Christmas. Banner staff writers and editors — The huge field of applicants was Gibson. Donations may be mailed to First when the city celebrated the retire- vetted by city consultant and former Council explored the possibility of Tennessee Bank, P.O. Box 3566, ment of City Manager Janice Casteel Tennessee Bureau of Investigation using MTAS and a recruiting agency, Cleveland TN 37320-3566 or and announced the hiring of new City Director Larry Wallace, of Athens, as but Norris told them she had never dropped off at First Tennessee Manager Joe Fivas. -
Putin's Syrian Gambit: Sharper Elbows, Bigger Footprint, Stickier Wicket
STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVES 25 Putin’s Syrian Gambit: Sharper Elbows, Bigger Footprint, Stickier Wicket by John W. Parker Center for Strategic Research Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University The Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) is National Defense University’s (NDU’s) dedicated research arm. INSS includes the Center for Strategic Research, Center for Complex Operations, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs, and Center for Technology and National Security Policy. The military and civilian analysts and staff who comprise INSS and its subcomponents execute their mission by conducting research and analysis, publishing, and participating in conferences, policy support, and outreach. The mission of INSS is to conduct strategic studies for the Secretary of Defense, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the unified combatant commands in support of the academic programs at NDU and to perform outreach to other U.S. Government agencies and the broader national security community. Cover: Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier, August, 2012 (Russian Ministry of Defense) Putin's Syrian Gambit Putin's Syrian Gambit: Sharper Elbows, Bigger Footprint, Stickier Wicket By John W. Parker Institute for National Strategic Studies Strategic Perspectives, No. 25 Series Editor: Denise Natali National Defense University Press Washington, D.C. July 2017 Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Defense Department or any other agency of the Federal Government. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Portions of this work may be quoted or reprinted without permission, provided that a standard source credit line is included. -
ISLAMIC-MONUMENTS.Pdf
1 The Masjid-i Jami of Herat, the city's first congregational mosque, was built on the site of two smaller Zoroastrian fire temples that were destroyed by earthquake and fire. A mosque construction was started by the Ghurid ruler Ghiyas ad-Din Ghori in 1200 (597 AH), and, after his death, the building was continued by his brother and successor Muhammad of Ghor. In 1221, Genghis Khan conquered the province, and along with much of Herat, the small building fell into ruin. It wasn't until after 1245, under Shams al-Din Kart that any rebuilding programs were undertaken, and construction on the mosque was not started until 1306. However, a devastating earthquake in 1364 left the building almost completely destroyed, although some attempt was made to rebuild it. After 1397, the Timurid rulers redirected Herat's growth towards the northern part of the city. This suburbanization and the building of a new congregational mosque in Gawhar Shad's Musalla marked the end of the Masjid Jami's patronage by a monarchy. 2 This mosque was constructed in 1888 and was the first mosque in any Australian capital city. It has four minarets which were built in 1903 for 150 pounds by local cameleers with some help from Islamic sponsors from Melbourne. Its founding members lie in the quiet part of the South West corner of the city. 3 The Cyprus Turkish Islamic Community of Victoria was established in Richmond, Clifton Hill, and was then relocated to Ballarat Road, Sunshine in 1985 The Sunshine Mosque is the biggest Mosque in Victoria, and has extended its services to cater for ladies, elderly and youth groups. -
Syria: Playing Into Their Hands
Syria Playing into their hands Regime and international roles in fuelling violence and fundamentalism in the Syrian war DAVID KEEN Syria Playing into their hands Regime and international roles in fuelling violence and fundamentalism in the Syrian war DAVID KEEN About the author David Keen is a political economist and Professor of Conflict Studies at the London School of Economics (LSE), where he has worked since 1997. He is the author of several books on conflict and related problems, includingUseful Enemies, Complex Emergencies, Endless War? and The Benefits of Famine. Saferworld published a discussion paper by Professor Keen in 2015 entitled Dilemmas of counter-terror, stabilisation and statebuilding, on which this paper builds. Acknowledgements This discussion paper was commissioned as part of Saferworld’s work to challenge counterproductive responses to crises and critical threats and promote peacebuilding options. It has been managed and edited by Larry Attree and Jordan Street for Saferworld. Very valuable comments and advice, on all or parts of the text, were additionally provided by Rana Khalaf, Henry Smith, Fawaz Gerges, Rajesh Venugopal, Stuart Gordon, Paul Kingston, Sune Haugbolle, Leonie Northedge, Shelagh Daley and David Alpher. Any errors are solely the responsibility of the author. The author is grateful to Mary Kaldor at LSE for supporting the fieldwork component of this research, funded by the European Research Council. I am particularly grateful to Ali Ali for his guidance and inside knowledge during fieldwork on the Turkey-Syria border and for subsequent comments. Some people have helped greatly with this report who cannot be individually acknowledged for security reasons and my sincere gratitude extends to them.