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JOHN WANSBROUGH, CHRISTOPH LUXENBERG Ve GERD-R. PUIN

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JOHN WANSBROUGH, CHRISTOPH LUXENBERG Ve GERD-R. PUIN T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TEMEL İSLAM BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ TEFSİR ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ KUR'AN TARİHİNDE REVİZYONİST ORYANTALİSTLER: JOHN WANSBROUGH, CHRISTOPH LUXENBERG ve GERD-R. PUIN Merve AKGÜN 2501170897 TEZ DANIŞMANI Prof. Dr. Necmettin GÖKKIR İSTANBUL – 2020 ÖZ KUR'AN TARİHİNDE REVİZYONİST ORYANTALİSTLER: JOHN WANSBROUGH, CHRISTOPH LUXENBERG ve GERD-R. PUIN MERVE AKGÜN Kur’an-ı Kerim’in metin tarihi Batılı Oryantalistler tarafından çeşitli yaklaşım ve yöntemlerle incelenmektedir. Bu çalışmamız “revizyonist” olarak nitelenen ve İslam kaynaklarındaki rivayetlere şüpheyle yaklaşan Oryantalistlerden John Wansbrough, Christoph Luxenberg ve Gerd-R. Puin’i ele almakta, Kur’an tarihine dair varsayımlarını, metotlarını ve varmış oldukları sonuçlarını araştırmaktadır. Çalışmamız bir giriş ve üç ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde John Wansbrough’nın, ikinci bölümde Christoph Luxenberg’in, üçüncü bölümde ise Gerd- R. Puin’in Kur’an tarihine dair yaklaşımları, kaleme almış oldukları eserler ile kendilerine dair yapılan değerlendirmeler üzerinden ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmamızda sonuç olarak, söz konusu revizyonist araştırmacıların farklı yaklaşım, metot ve sonuçlara sahip olmaları hasebiyle Kur’an tarihine dair ortak bir anlatı üzerinde birleşmelerinin mümkün olmadığı neticesine ulaşılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: John Wansbrough, Christoph Luxenberg, Gerd-R. Puin, Kur’an Tarihi, Revizyonizm ii ABSTRACT THE REVISIONIST ORIENTALISTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE QUR’AN: JOHN WANSBROUGH, CHRISTOPH LUXENBERG AND GERD-R. PUIN MERVE AKGÜN The history of the Qur’an as a text is examined by Western Orientalists through various approaches and methods. This thesis deals with John Wansbrough, Christoph Luxenberg and Gerd-R. Puin who, as “revisionists” are skeptical of the narratives found in Islamic sources. It explores their assumptions, methods and conclusions about the history of the Qur’an. This study consists of an introduction and three main sections. The first section covers John Wansbrough’s approach to the history of the Qur’an through his works and the evaluations made about him by others. The second and third sections deal with Christoph Luxenberg’s and Gerd-R. Puin’s approaches respectively. In this thesis, I concluded that it is not possible for these revisionist researchers, given their different approaches, methods and arguments on this subject, to come together in creating a shared, common narrative about the history of the Qur’an. Key words: John Wansbrough, Christoph Luxenberg, Gerd-R. Puin, History of the Qur’an, Revisionism iii ÖNSÖZ Kur’an-ı Kerim’in tarihi Müslümanlar nezdinde İslam kaynaklarındaki rivayetler üzerinden oluşturulmuş olup bu konuda genel bir kanaat söz konusudur. Ancak Batılı Oryantalistler arasında özellikle “revizyonist” olarak nitelenen bazı Kur’an araştırmacıları İslam kaynaklarındaki rivayetlere şüpheyle yaklaşmış ve oluşturmuş oldukları metodolojileri üzerinden Kur’an tarihine dair birtakım önerilerde bulunmuşlardır. Bu araştırmacıların Kur’an tarihindeki varsayım ve metodolojilerinin, varmış oldukları sonuçları ne şekilde belirlediğinin tespit edilmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmamız söz konusu araştırmayı revizyonist oryantalistlerden John Wansbrough, Christoph Luxenberg ve Gerd-R. Puin üzerinden yapmaktadır. Ayrıca çalışmamız, revizyonist söylemin Kur’an tarihi özelinde varsa ortak hususiyetlerini ve bu konuda ortak bir anlatı oluşturma imkanına sahip olup olmadığını tespit etmeyi hedeflemektedir. Araştırmamız, bir giriş bölümü ile üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde ilk olarak Kur’an tarihine dair genel bir bilgilendirme yapıldıktan sonra Oryantalizm bağlamında revizyonizm ve revizyonist kavramları incelenmekte, revizyonistlerin, oryantalistlerin yapıldığı tasniflerde neye tekabül ettiği sunulmaya çalışılmaktadır. Ayrıca revizyonist yaklaşımın postmodern tarihçiler ile örtüşen hususiyetleri incelenmektedir. Araştırmamızın birinci bölümünde ilk olarak John Wansbrough’nın tarih yazımı ve İslam kaynaklarına dair görüşleri sunulmakta, ardından Kur’an tarihine yaklaşımı Qur’anic Studies isimli eseri ve edebi eleştiri metodu üzerinden incelenmektedir. Wansbrough’nın yazılarının, kompleks bir dile sahip olması ve düzensiz metin yapısı nedeniyle anlaşılması güç metinler olduğu ifade edilebilir. Çalışmamızın ikinci bölümünde ise Christoph Luxenberg’in Kur’an’a dilbilimsel yaklaşımı ve Kur’an tarihine dair tespitleri, kaleme almış olduğu The Syro-Aramaic Reading of The Koran isimli eseri üzerinden sunulmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde ise Gerd-R. Puin’in Kur’an tarihine yaklaşımı, yazma mushaf metinleri ile Kur’an imlası üzerine yazmış olduğu makaleleri üzerinden incelenmektedir. iv Tez yazım süreci boyunca kıymetli tavsiye ve desteklerini esirgemeyen saygıdeğer Hocam Prof. Dr. Necmettin Gökkır’a, tezle ilgili düzenlemelerde kendilerinden istifade ettiğim Arş. Gör. Dr. Sümeyye Sevinç’e, kız kardeşim Erva Sağlam’a ve eğitim hayatım boyunca maddi-manevi desteklerini her zaman yanımda hissettiğim anne ve babama teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Çalışmamız TÜBİTAK 1001- 117K345 başlıklı proje kapsamında yapılmıştır. Projenin sunmuş olduğu imkanlar için de ayrıca teşekkür ederim. Revizyonist Oryantalistlerin Kur’an tarihi yaklaşımlarının ele alındığı bu çalışmanın Oryantalizm araştırmalarına mütevazı bir katkı sunmasını umarım. Merve Akgün İstanbul 2020 v İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ ........................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iii ÖNSÖZ .................................................................................................................. iv İÇİNDEKİLER ..................................................................................................... vi KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ ................................................................................ viii GİRİŞ………………………………………………………………………………...1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM JOHN WANSBROUGH’NIN KUR’AN TARİHİNE YAKLAŞIMI 1. JOHN WANSBROUGH’NIN TARİH YAZIMI VE KUR’AN TARİHİNE YAKLAŞIMI ..................................................................................................... 15 1.1. John Wansbrough’nın Tarih Yazımı ve İslam Kaynaklarına Yaklaşımı .... 15 1.2. John Wansbrough’nın Qur’anic Studies İsimli Eseri ve Kur’an Tarihine Yaklaşımı........................................................................................................... 20 1.2.1. John Wansbrough’nın Qur’anic Studies İsimli Eseri’nde Kur’an’a Yaklaşımı ................................................................................................... 20 1.2.2. John Wansbrough’nın Kur’an Tarihine Yaklaşımı ............................ 24 1.2.2.1. John Wansbrough’nın Edebi Eleştiri Yönteminin Kur’an Tarihi Yazımındaki Kullanımı .......................................................................... 24 1.2.2.2. John Wansbrough’ya Göre Tefsir Eserlerinin Kur’an Tarihindeki Karşılığı ................................................................................................. 35 2. JOHN WANSBROUGH’YA YÖNELTİLEN ELEŞTİRİLER ....................... 40 vi İKİNCİ BÖLÜM CHRISTOPH LUXENBERG’İN KUR’AN’A DİLBİLİMSEL YAKLAŞIMI 1. CHRISTOPH LUXENBERG’İN KUR’AN-I KERİM’E DİLBİLİMSEL YAKLAŞIMI VE KUR’AN’IN SÜRYANİCE VERSİYONU İDDİASI ............ 45 1.1. Christoph Luxenberg’in The Syro-Aramaic Reading of The Koran İsimli Eseri ve Kur’an-ı Kerim’e Dilbilimsel Yaklaşımı ........................................... 45 1.2. Christoph Luxenberg’in Kur’an’ın Süryanice Versiyonu İddiasının Kur’an’daki Süryanice Kelimelerle İlgili Çalışmalar Arasındaki Yeri ............. 61 2. CHRISTOPH LUXENBERG’E YÖNELTİLEN ELEŞTİRİLER ................... 69 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM GERD-R. PUIN’İN KUR’AN TARİHİNE YAKLAŞIMI 1. SAN’A YAZMALARI VE GERD-R. PUIN’İN KUR’AN TARİHİNDE YAZMA MUSHAFLARI KULLANMASI ........................................................ 75 1.1. San’a’da Bulunan Yazma Mushaflar........................................................ 75 1.2. Gerd-R. Puin’in Kur’an Tarihinde Yazma Mushafları Kullanması ........... 77 2. GERD-R. PUIN’E YÖNELTİLEN ELEŞTİRİLER ........................................ 89 SONUÇ ..................................................................................................................92 KAYNAKÇA.........................................................................................................95 vii KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ a. g. e. : Adı geçen eser a. e. : Aynı eser bkz. : Bakınız c. : Cilt çev. : Çeviren ed. : Editör Hz. : Hazreti No : Sayı s. : Sayfa numarası TDV : Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı yy. : Yüzyıl y. y. : Basım yeri yok viii GİRİŞ I. ARAŞTIRMANIN KONUSU VE ÖNEMİ Kur’an tarihini ele alan eserler, vahyin metinleşme sürecinin ne şekilde tamamlandığını ortaya koymaya çalışan eserlerdir. İslami ilimlerde Kur’an tarihi ile ilgili olarak “Kitabu’l-Mesahif” türü eserler telif edilmesine rağmen bu alandaki bilgiler müstakil bir alan olarak değil, tefsir, hadis ve fezâilü’l-Kur’an gibi alanlarda yazılan eserlerde söz konusu edilmiştir.1 Kur’an tarihinin müstakil bir alan olarak ortaya çıkması ise on dokuzuncu yüzyılda Batılı araştırmacılar eliyle olmuştur. 2 Batılı Kur’an Tarihi çalışmaları, Alman Oryantalistlerden Theodore Nöldeke3’nin 1860 yılında yayınladığı Geschichte des Qurans4 isimli eseri ile başlamıştır.5 Bu çalışmada Batılı araştırmacılardan Revizyonist geleneğe sahip John Wansbrough, Christoph Luxenberg ve Gerd R. Puin’in Kur’an tarihi alanındaki çalışmaları
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