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Claiming the Bonin Islands: Captain Beecheys Plaque

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Claiming the Bonin Islands: Captain Beecheys Plaque The Journal of Pacific History ISSN: 0022-3344 (Print) 1469-9605 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cjph20 Claiming the Bonin Islands: Captain Beechey’s Plaque David Chapman To cite this article: David Chapman (2017): Claiming the Bonin Islands: Captain Beechey’s Plaque, The Journal of Pacific History, DOI: 10.1080/00223344.2017.1410600 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2017.1410600 Published online: 06 Dec 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 5 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=cjph20 Download by: [UQ Library] Date: 12 December 2017, At: 18:05 The Journal of Pacific History, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2017.1410600 NARRATIVES AND DOCUMENTS Claiming the Bonin Islands: Captain Beechey’s Plaque DAVID CHAPMAN ABSTRACT In 1827, Captain Beechey arrived at what are known today as the Ogasawara Islands and quickly claimed the islands for Britain by attaching a copper plaque to a tree on Peel Island, or present-day Chichijima Island. However, this claim was later complicated by a Japanese assertion of earlier possession. In this article, I trace the provenance of the Beechey Plaque demonstrating that, although the plaque was a powerful tool of sovereign claim over the Bonin Islands, its significance soon diminished and it became merely an object of curiosity shuffled around various private and public collections. However, I argue that the plaque requires greater recognition and attention because it was used as a symbol of sovereign claim that led to some of the earliest Anglo-Japanese diplomatic interactions and Japan’s first negotiations over sovereign territorial claim with the West. Moreover, the plaque represents a territorial assertion by Britain that pinpoints the common origin for the transnational pasts of the descendants of early settlers on the main island of the Osagawara archipelago, Chichijima. Key words: Ogasawara, Pacific, Beechey Plaque, Japan, Chichijima, Britain, sovereignty My first introduction to the Beechey Plaque1 was in 2009 during a research fieldwork visit to the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, approximately 1000 kilometres south of Tokyo Downloaded by [UQ Library] at 18:05 12 December 2017 (Figure 1). Whilst there, I was approached by a descendant of the original settler com- munity of the islands to see if it was possible to acquire the plaque for display in the Visitor Centre on Chichijima, the main island in the group.2 He was a government David Chapman − School of Languages and Cultures, University of Queensland. david. [email protected] Acknowledgements: I would like to thank the editors of JPH and anonymous reviewers for their com- ments on the original submission. 1 I refer to the copper plate as the ‘Beechey Plaque’ after Captain Frederick William Beechey, who claimed the Bonin Islands in the name of the British Empire. 2 The visitor centre features, amongst other things, historical exhibits of artifacts relating to the history of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands. My acquaintance was interested in including the plaque for temporary display within these exhibits. © 2017 The Journal of Pacific History, Inc. 2 JOURNAL OF PACIFIC HISTORY FIGURE 1: Copper plaque commemorating Capt. F.W. Beechey taking possession of the Bonin Islands. Source: National Library of Australia, PIC CZ 1/1/4 #A40000893. employee working for the local board of education and this was something that he had been trying to achieve since discovering the plaque was part of the Nan Kivell Collec- tion at the National Library of Australia (NLA) in Canberra.3 I was approached about the plaque because I was Australian and this was seen as being advantageous to this Downloaded by [UQ Library] at 18:05 12 December 2017 project. After some initial inquiries to the NLA I found that, although the transpor- tation and housing would need to follow strict conditions that were aimed at preser- vation and protection, it would be possible to acquire the plaque and house it on the islands for a limited period. At the time of my inquiry the plaque was about to be placed in a special Nan Kivell exhibition in Canberra, meaning it would not be avail- able for loan for an extended period. However, the library was willing to send the plaque after the exhibition was concluded once the required paperwork had been pro- cessed. This news excited my acquaintance and I passed on to him copies of the appli- cation forms necessary for having the plaque sent to Chichijima. Although the plaque never made it to Chichijima, this encounter set me on a journey to trace its path from its original location on the island to its present home in 3 The plaque’s location had been a mystery to many on the Bonin Islands until researcher David Odo found it in the early 2000s. CLAIMING THE BONIN ISLANDS 3 the National Library of Australia. Along the way I came to realize that the importance of the plaque as a historical artifact had been lost and I was motivated to resurrect its past so that its place in Anglo-Japanese and Pacific history and its connection to the small group of descendants of Pacific Islander and European settlers on the Ogasa- wara Islands could be more deeply understood and recognized. The plaque, although originally an object used to assert sovereign claim, explains the existence of a small group of descendants of Pacific Islander and European settlers on the Ogasawara Islands. The story of the Bonin Islanders, although part of Japanese history, is differ- entially placed within larger national narratives, and the plaque represents the begin- ning of this unique and important historical lineage within Japan’s trajectory as a modern nation. This article, as far as I know, provides the first account of the plaque from its initial construction and placement in 1827 to its present home in Can- berra, Australia. The plaque symbolizes a different historical course for a community of Japanese nationals at the same time that it signifies a point in the early history of British and Japanese diplomatic negotiations over sovereign control of a small island archipelago that was first ‘discovered’ by Japan, then ‘claimed’ by Britain and then ‘reclaimed’ by Japan. During the 1850s, Japan’s interests in reclaiming the islands began in earnest and steadily gained momentum with an attempt at rec- lamation in 1862 that was not opposed by Britain, but in fact encouraged.4 This first attempt was during the last years of the Tokugawa Period (1603–1867) when Japan was making early forays into the international arena and dealing with the outside world after more than 200 years of isolation from the West. For various reasons,5 the first reclamation attempt and occupation of the islands by Japanese officials and settlers was over in 18 months, and the islands were placed in an ambiguous space where Japan forwent possession and Britain was left unsure of Japan’s intentions.6 There was another attempt in 1875 by Japan that resulted in official annexa- tion of the islands in 1876. This was during the Meiji Period (1868–1912) at a time when Japan’s emergence as a modern nation meant delineating borders and staking territorial claims that would be officially recognized internationally. The Downloaded by [UQ Library] at 18:05 12 December 2017 plaque therefore represents some of the earliest contexts in which Japan had forged its way in a global context as an emerging modern nation in its own right. Some of the earliest Anglo-Japanese diplomatic interactions were in relation to the sovereign right to possession over the Bonin Islands. The plaque, although peripheral as an object in these negotiations, nevertheless powerfully represents the instrument of ter- ritorial assertion and sovereign claim that led to Japan and Britain becoming 4 David Chapman, ‘Britain and the Bonins: Discovery, Recovery and Reclamation’, Japan Forum 29:2 (2017): 154–79. 5 This was around the time of the Namamugi incident in 1862, when a samurai slaughtered a British subject, Charles Leonard Richardson. This led to worsening relations between Japan and Britain that resulted in the bombing of Kagoshima by British ships in the Anglo-Satsuma War of 1863. 6 Letter from St John Neale to Earl Russell, 29 July 1863, FO 46/247, The National Archives, Surrey UK (hereinafter TNA). 4 JOURNAL OF PACIFIC HISTORY entangled in dialogue over the Bonins. Furthermore, the plaque remained on the islands for 48 years from its initial placement in 1827 until a Japanese envoy was dis- patched to recover this territory in 1875. Although the plaque was merely symbolic at the time, it is mentioned in relation to British claim in various accounts in both Japa- nese and English during this period. SYMBOLIC ACTS AND OBJECTS AND THE CLAIM OF SOVEREIGNTY There is a long history of the use of symbolic acts and objects to claim sovereign right over territory by colonizing powers. In the West, the Portuguese used cer- emony, religious acts and objects such as stone and marble pillars, wooden crosses and stone cairns to represent possession and claim. Such sovereign assertions were made over many geographical formations that included islands, mountains, rivers and land, and often entitlement was declared in the name of royalty. Pronouncements were made for kings and queens and the reporting of these actions was often documented through acta. In a study of the symbolic acts used for sovereign claims, Wagner argues that: [The] setting up of some sign of the possession taken, in the form of a cross or plaque, merely served to give notice to later comers that the spot had passed into the possession of some other Euro- pean power.7 Metal plaques attached to local sites became important symbols to use in these declarations because they would last and be noticed.
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