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Building Resilience and Reducing Vulnerability Cover Page from the graphics i To cite the proceeding Jemal Y., Mengistu K., Wassu M., Tesfaye L., Kibebew K., Nega A., Kidesena S., Nigussie A., (eds.), 2016. Proceeding of the National Workshop on 'Building Resilience and Reducing Vulnerability in Moisture Stress Areas through Climate Smart Technologies and Innovative Practices', January 15-16, 2016, Haramaya University, Ethiopia ii Office of the Vice-president for Research Affairs Theme: Building Resilience and Reducing Vulnerability in Moisture Stress Areas through Climate Smart Technologies and Innovative Practices Edited and Compiled By: Jemal Yousuf (PhD) Mengistu Ketema (PhD) Wassu Mohammed (PhD) Tesfaye Lemma (PhD) Kibebew Kibret (PhD) Nega Assefa (PhD) Kidesena Sebesibe (MSc) Langauge Editor: Nigussie Angessa (MA) iii Copyright ©Haramaya University All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in, or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without prior written permission of Haramaya University Printed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Inquiries should be addressed to: Office of Research Affairs P. O. Box 116, Haramaya University, Ethiopia Tel: (+251) 25 553 0324 / (+251) 25 553 0329 Fax: (+251) 25 553 0106 / (+251) 25 553 0325 iv Table of Contents Page No Keynote Address by President of Haramaya University VII Keynote Address by Zoa Program Manager IX I LEAD PAPERS 1 1 Greening the Economy through Climate Smart Agriculture: A Brief Review 1 of Global Experience Gebre Kiross 2 Institutional Arrangements for Enhancing Resilience in the Arid and Semi- 15 Arid Regions Fekadu Beyene 3 Conservation-Based Improvement of Livelihoods through Mung Bean Seed 27 Multiplication and Production in Midega Tola Woreda, Ethiopia Tsegaye Abegaz, Sabine Houwen, Corien Janssen, David Bock, Fikre Mulugeta, and Mathew Abang II MUNG BEAN AND OTHER DROUGHT RESISTANT CROPS 37 4 Disease Resistant and Drought Tolerant Wheat Varieties for Small Scale 37 Production in Eastern Ethiopia Temam Hussien, and Ketema Belete 5 Evaluation of Sequential Cropping System for Diversification of Different 47 Crops in Fedis and Mieso, Eastern Ethiopia Fuad Abduselam, Tamado Tana, Jamal Abdulahi, and Habte Nida 6 Effect of Iron Fertilization on Nodulation, Yield and Yield Related Traits of 55 Different Maturity Groups of Soybean [Glycine Max (L.) Merrill] Varieties Inoculated with Bradyrhizobium at Shinille, Eastern Ethiopia Anteneh Argaw 7 Evidences on Climate Smart Agricultural Practices in Central Rift Valley of 73 Ethiopia Abera Assefa, Fitih Ademe, Habtamu Admasu, Mesfin Hundesa, Melat Eshetu, and Ermiyas Alemu 8 Assessment of the Effects of In-Situ Rain Water Harvesting Techniques on 91 Soil Moisture Conservation and Grain Yield Of Maize (Zea Mays L.) in Fedis District, Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia Amisalu Milkias, Habtamu Zeleke, and Teshale Tadesse III ENHANCING AGRICULTURAL WATER PRODUCTIVITY 97 9 Effects of In-Situ Rainwater Harvesting Techniques on Yield and Yield 97 Components of Field Crops Grown in Babile, Eastern Ethiopia Mengesha Kebede, Kindie Tesfaye, and Kibebew Kibret 10 Innovative Watershed Management and Water Harvesting Practices in 111 Northern Ethiopia: The Cases of Erob Sand Storage Checkdam, Abraha We Atsbeha Watershed Management, and Raya Valley Spate Irrigation in Tigray Region Solomon Habtu v IV INNOVATIVE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND PRACTICES FOR 127 ENHANCING RESILIENCE 11 Climate Change Related Hazards, Early Warning Indicators, and User 127 Requirements of Climate Forecast Information in Pastoral Areas of Ethiopia Lemma Zemedu, and Bewket Amdu 12 Policy and Practice in Land Use and Administration in Pastoral Areas: 137 Analysis of Implication on Development Intervention Ashenafi Negash, Habtamu Hailemeske, and Mulugeta Getu 13 Smallholder Farmers‘ Choice of Climate Change Adaptation Options: The 157 Case of East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia Wondimagegn Mesfin, and Lemma Zemedu 14 Does Drought Risk Perception Lead to Coping and Adaptation Decision 173 among Smallholders? An Empirical Analysis Yoseph Melka, Habtemariam Kassa, Mengistu Ketema, Degnet Abebaw, and Ute Schmiedel 15 Impacts of Climate Variability and Change on Maize Production in Adama 187 District, Ethiopia Fikadu Getachew, Robel Takele, and Yemane Kahsai 16 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rainwater Harvesting Technology in Dryland 201 Agriculture of Northern Ethiopia Abadi Teklehaimanot 17 An Extent of Household Responses to Drought in Fentale Pastoral Woreda 215 of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia Abera Bekele, and Aklilu Amsalu 18 Climate Change/Variability, Perceptions and Livelihood Strategies by 235 Pastoral Community in Karrayu Area, Oromia Region, Central Ethiopia Haji Kedir, and Solomon Tekalign vi Keynote Address by Professor Chemeda Fininsa President of Haramaya University Excellencies, Distinguished Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is a great pleasure for me to make an opening speech on this important workshop with the theme ‗Building Resilience and Reducing Vulnerability in Moisture Stress Areas through Climate Smart Technologies and Innovative Practices‟. Food security is a critical issue for Africa today, as the continent struggles with declining agricultural stocks and high food prices. The Horn of Africa, especially, is one of the world's most food-insecure regions with large proportion of the population living in areas prone to extreme food shortages.In the future, the impacts of climate change, as well as growing population and declining per capita agricultural capacity, will further threaten already weakened productivity and the situation is precarious. The current trend also shows a rapid increase in demand and consumption of agricultural products. To satisfy this growing demand, it is therefore necessary to increase production by improving productivity and/or increasing land under cultivation though the later has a limited scope. These require, among others, utilization of important inputs including water. However, it has become a well-established fact that scarcity of water resources is the most severe constraint to agricultural development. Arid and semi-arid areas, in particular, are susceptible to devastating droughts and hence to high risk of food insecurity. This is especially serious in countries like ours where the vast majority of the land area is under pastoral and agro-pastoral systems with high moisture deficit. As you all know, the current drought compounded by the occurrence of the El Niño weather conditions has affected millions and worsens food insecurity in the country. Delayed seasonal rains are causing livestock loss and risk of food shortage in some parts of Ethiopia especially in the Eastern and Southern Oromia, Afar, Somali and Southern nations.Unfortunately, this has happened when the country officially launched the second Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP II), following the success of GTP I. We are also aware of the tremendous effort being made by the government and some NGOs for ameliorating the problem by mobilizing resources from within and outside for humanitarian support of the people affected by drought. Other than humanitarian emergencies, it is in fact necessary to strengthen the ability of the community to build long-term resilience and tackle the root causes of vulnerability. Efforts are underway in this regard as well.If we pursue agricultural development as a multi-dimensional concept, encompassing the economic, social, institutional and physical elements, in a wider sense, it would be possible to effect positive changes in the livelihoods of the communities in moisture deficit areas and beyond. Besides the efforts being made by the governmental and non-governmental organizations, a lot is expected from the academic and the scientific community in terms of proposing science-based solutions as knowledge is a crucial tool for overcoming problems of economic development. These expectations may include, among others, generating and disseminating climate smart technologies and practices for building resilience and reducing vulnerabilities of the local communities to moisture stress. In this regard, the theme of this workshop is very pertinent. Using Haramaya‘s tradition of working with various institutions and organizations, we are happy to co-organize this workshop with the ZOA, an organization focusing on Relief, Hope, and Recovery in moisture stress areas. In fact, organizing such scientific forum is among the very important inputs for our triple mandates of teaching, research, and community services. As we are aspiring to become a research university, we must be part of an active wider community; we need to contribute to the development efforts through the production and distribution of knowledge; and we must involve in research endeavours carried out in collaboration with funding and sponsorship from non-university sources. We appreciate the steps taken by ZOA in this regard. Indeed, it is gratifying to note that the agenda of the current workshop covers a wide range of very interesting topics for you to attentively follow, comment, enrich, share ideas, and engage in thoughtful scientific dialogue. In addition, I feel that the workshop provides adequate opportunities for researchers to share the information they generated through rigorous research. This is because undertaking a research cannot be an end by itself, if the outcomes are not adequately and timely shared to the users and policy makers. In this regard, I assure you that the
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