INTEGRATION OF VARIABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE NATIONAL ELECTRIC SYSTEM OF ETHIOPIA ABSTRACT FEBRUARY 2019 The study frame has been crafted and developed in close coordination with the Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP), coordinated by RES4Africa in 2018 in partnership with Enel Foundation and with the technical support of CESI.

Acknowlegments

Supervisor: Luca Marena, RES4Africa

Working group members: Ulderico Bagalini, Bruno Cova, Andrea Prudenzi, CESI – Leonhard Braun, Daniele Paladini, RES4AFRICA – Tesfaye Batu, Daniel Mulatu, Bizuayehu Tesfaye, Mulat Azene, Melaku Yigzaw, Estifanos Gebru, Ethiopian Electric Power – Mirko Armiento, Giuseppe Montesano, Enel Foundation

Special thanks to Carlo Papa (Enel Foundation) for supporting the study.

Executive Summary

Ethiopia is endowed with outstanding and diversified renewable energy resources, namely hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. For many decades, the development of the electricity sector was based on the exploitation of huge hydro resources that made the electric power system dependent on water and particularly exposed to the climate change. The non-hydro renewable sources can be efficiently exploited in the power sector to improve energy diversification and support both short- and long-term power system resilience, in order to cope with current and future water challenges related to climate change and to support the national strategy to become a world class exporter of large amounts of clean and cheap renewable energies. However, the deployment of RES generation, especially if variable as in the case of PV and wind, shall be accurately designed to ensure the compliance with reliability standards and security constraints. The following study is focused on the integration of variable renewables into the Ethiopian electrical grid considering the development scenario until 2030. It analysed the maximum VRES capacity, as a proper combination of wind and PV capacity, that can be installed in Ethiopian system considering both technical and economic constraints (i.e. balancing resources, reserve requirements, generation fleet flexibility, security of supply, grid loadability and economic competitiveness of VRES technologies in the regional power pool). In this framework, the network interconnections with neighbouring countries and the generation fleet flexibility have been studied because they play a role of utmost importance to maximize VRES integration in Ethiopia, following the load pattern and dealing with the intermittency of wind and PV generation when a high penetration level is achieved in a Country. The analyses clearly highlight that additional capacity from VRES generation can be integrated, on top of the projects already in the Country’s pipeline, thanks to the exploitation of the future interconnection capacity and the operational flexibility ensured by the hydroelectric power plants. In 2025, the Country can integrate an installed capacity up to 2,400 MW from wind and 3,350 MW from PV; these capacities can be increased in 2030 up to 3,600 MW from wind and 5,300 MW from PV. This outlook of VRES generation development will allow to achieve a well-balanced energy mix with 25% of energy produced by wind and PV power plants, both in 2025 and in 2030. The additional VRES capacity will allow to increase the power export providing economic benefits for stakeholders; furthermore, it will ensure high standards of security of supply also improving the system resilience in case of extreme climate conditions.

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Introduction while the irradiation decreases towards the southern and western areas (Fig. 1). The Government of Ethiopia (GoE) aims at diversifying renewable energy sources to develop a cheap and clean energy mix for a sustainable development of the electricity sector. As highlighted by the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE) in the Ethiopian National Electrification Program, the GoE is focused on attaining a more balanced energy mix between hydro resources and solar, wind and geothermal sources. A diversified mix of energy resources will improve the security of supply and will help mitigate the effects of climate change. Pillar three of Ethiopia’s 2011 “Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy” requires that 15-20% of the energy supply i loal oriontal rradiation in thiopia should come from non-hydropower based he orld an olar resource data olaris renewable resources by 2020. Ethiopia is endowed with outstanding and The country has also a promising wind power diversified renewable energy resources, potential. The average wind speed in the namely hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, and whole country is greater than 6.5 m/s, with biomass. Concerning hydro resources, favourable locations where the average wind 10 river basins (including important speed achieves 10 m/s. The locations with international rivers like Blue Nile, Omo, Wabi the highest level of wind potential are the Shebelle, Genale and Dawa) with huge south-east and far south of the Country, but catchment areas and suitable rainfall ensure these are remote from the grid and the highest water availability in Africa behind correspond to areas with a low population Democratic Republic of Congo. Large and density. Nevertheless, there are also locations small hydro potential is estimated to be with good potential (mean wind speed 45 GW and only less than 5% is exploited between 7.5 m/s and 9 m/s) close to the grid, today. with higher levels of population density in the area around Addis Ababa and in East The approximately perpendicular incidence Shewa and Dire Dawa (Fig. 2). Wind potential of sunshine, thanks to its latitude near the is estimated to be 1,350 GW but less than 1% equator, confers to Ethiopia very high solar is exploited. resources. The average value of global horizontal irradiation (GHI) is about 2,000 In addition, Ethiopia has a good potential of kWh/m²/year; in favourable regions, GHI geothermal resources (7 GW) located in the reaches 2,400 kWh/m²/year. The sites with rift valley. Biomass resources from wood the highest solar irradiation are in the residues and sugar waste can also contribute northern and eastern areas of the Country to the energy diversification.

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thans to the technical epertise of CES in close collaoration ith EE

The Ethiopian power system

Ethiopia’s total electricity generation in 2017 as eal to 1 h ot of hich for omestic eman an netor losses 11 for eport (EE) he pea poer eman ecling eport as aot 22 G

nne 1 epicts the generation capacity mi i ean ind speed at heiht aoe in 201 he generation heaily relies on round leel s source he orld an – hyropoer ith 00 eal to of total generation capacity n important he aoe reneale energy sorces can e proect of ater resorces eploitation is efficiently eploite to cope ith the strong ongoing the Gran Ethiopian Renaissance eman groth eceeing 12 per year am (GER) hich represents the largest rthermore they can oost the eploitation am in frica he proect is close to e of international interconnections an the complete an 000 hyro capacity ill strategic role of Ethiopia as cost competitie e progressiely integrate in the perio poer eporter in the regional poer pool 2020202 in is the secon electricity hilst hyro poer is largely eploite in sorce ith 2 eal to of total Ethiopia in poer plants ere only generation capacity hile iomass recently introce hile solar poer plants geothermal an lii fossil fels proie are still not ery common ie only 2 of total generation capacity eployment of ariale reneale energy Concerning the interconnections ith the sorces (RES) reires proper integration neighoring contries the Ethiopian electric strategies so to arrant sfficient secrity poer system is crrently interconnecte margins an reliaility leels ith San an ioti for a total of 00 he aim of this sty is to estimate the net transfer capacity t an aitional optimal amont of RES that can e interconnection ith enya (2000 C integrate into the Ethiopian electric poer lin) is in an aance stage of constrction system in the mi an longterm (years 202 an the implementation of a ne Ethiopia an 200) ientifying possile criticalities San interconnection is aot to start an sggesting remeial measres (000 ) he commissioning of these ig concerning oth the operation of the interconnection proects an the signatre of generation system an the netor oer rchase greements (s) ith the neighoring contries are to actions flly he eection of this sty has een coherent ith the GoE’s strategy to ecome a reeste y Ethiopian Electric oer (EE) orl class eporter of large amonts of sperise an coorinate y RESfrica clean an cheap reneale energies RES an Enel onation an carrie ot in 201 ol play an important role in GoE’s vision

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Scenario conitions inally the impact o a loer eman groth has also een investigate he sty covers the perio ntil 200 ith special ocs on to target years a miterm he analysis has een carrie ot aopting a year 202 an a long term year 200 complete generation an transmission netor moel o the Ethiopian electric he sty perorme y EE an poer system hile simpliie poer system oer Africa named “USAID Grid moels have een eine or the anagement pport rogram – ystem neighoring contries etaile Integration Study” has been taen as a asis generation moel has een consiere or to set p the reerence scenario name an an enya hile only an eivalent “ moel o s has een aopte or ioti ”. he reerence an anania scenario is ase on the olloing main assmptions • reerence eman groth pattern • average hyropoer availaility eman orecast in the reerence scenario is accoring to the historical ata ase on the EE ata1 he total omestic • aoption o the crrent ater resorce eman incling netor losses epecte management policies y 202 is aot 2 hyear G • programmale generation leet hyro ompon nnal Groth ate trns ot to geothermal iomass an ossil els e 1 ith a pea poer eman o accoring to the EE ystem 7 G n 200 the omestic eman reaches ntegration ty hyear G 7 in 202200 • high integration o in an ith a pea loa o 10 G ig generation incling the easile aitional capacity that oes not aect the reliaility integrity an eiciency o the electric poer system tarting rom the reerence scenario a set o sensitivities has een investigate ne sensitivity is relate to the impact on the system operation o lo rainall perios ith a prolonge roght as a conseence o the climate change hyropoer availaility compare to normal conitions the eneits o E generation in this conition are assesse hen a mltiprpose sensitivity scenario has een eamine increasing ater eploitation or agricltre an hosehol consmptions in Ethiopia at the epenses o the electricity sector 10 hyropoer availaility compare to normal 1 Source: Power Africa, “USAID Grid Management pport rogram – System Integration Study”

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An additiona demand is estimated in the P , M and biomass M mid and ongterm due to ower eort he oth in and , no fossi fue future PPAs that wi be signed with anania generation is eected in P generation and Sudan to eoit the new eansion an interconnections wi be added to the eisting eferring to the aboe generation scenario, PPAs with Sudan M firm caacity with the annua hydroower is higher than the annua oad factor, Dibouti M domestic demand: about hyear and firm caacity with annua oad factor hyear are estimated in and and enya M firm caacity with from hydro ower ants In this annua oad factor contet, the interconnections and the An imortant growth of energy demand is integration between countries are crucia for eected aso in Sudan: AG in the the integration of additiona S caacity eriod , with h in and h in he demand forecast is ower in enya, with a AG aue of in the eriod h are eected in and h in An assessment of the eeied cost of eectricity from wind and hotootaic technoogies has been carried out roing an indication of their identy, such an imortant demand growth cometitieness aacity factors of wind and sha be sustained by a corresondent and P ower ants hae been considered robust ower generation growth roadma together with the inestment costs, oerating costs and ifetime of these technoogies to he master an eaborated by P and roide a uaitatie assessment of that USAID for the deeoment of the eectric was considered in the costbenefit anaysis ower system was the basis of the generation ig growth roadma for SAIA reference scenario he master an foresees the decommissioning of od fossi fue units and the commissioning of new rogrammabe ower ants hydro, geotherma, sugar and wastetoenergy Anne shows the rogrammabe caacity considered in reference scenario and , and the S estimated caacity wind and P he time intera from now to sha witness a raid growth of S ower ants . . instaations in hydro , M, geotherma , M, wind , M,

3 Lifetime has been assumed equal to the duration of PPAs that will be signed with the independent power producers; 2 USAID: United States Agency for Internationa hence, 20 years instead of 25 years which is the typical Deeoment lifetime of wind and PV power plants.

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✓ are the thioian hydro ower ants sufficienty feibe to coe with the ith the deeoment of new imortant ariabiity of wind and P roductions interconnection roects and the PPAs with ✓ is the transmission networ suitabe to the neighbouring countries, Go is utting in integrate additiona S caacity ace its ationa ision to become a word ✓ is there a cost oortunity in S cass eorter of cean and chea renewabe inestments to increase eort towards energies thioia aims to be the energy hub the neighbouring countries where the in the astern Africa Power Poo APP ig eectricity generation cost is higher shows the maimum echange caacities, reated to the eisting and new ence, an integrated aroach has been interconnection roects that hae been deeoed for the indeth anaysis of considered in S integration study technica and economic constraints that coud hae an imact on the enhanced deoyment of wind and P sources in the thioian interconnected system Sudan 3000 MW Djibouti Methodology 200 MW 100 MW he aroach adoted to eauate the Ethiopia maimum wind and P caacities that can be instaed in thioia in and incudes different hases in which, 1600 MW rogressiey, technica and economic Kenya constraints are integrated and anaysed ig 400 MW shows the summary scheme of the 500 kV Tanzania 230 kV integrated mutihase aroach e get to Wheeling anayse grid constraints as starting from the energy baance constraints and the . . resere reuirements as , assing through the economic constraints as

as aowed a reiminary assessment of Interconnection roects foow the the maimum theoretica S caacity that imortant deeoment an of the thioian can be instaed in thioia considering ony transmission networ in which seera energy baance constraints and the imact of interna reinforcements are anned by P S on the oerating resere reuirements to imroe the adeuacy and the system by means of a simified mode of the security thioian interconnected system negecting A ey uestion arises on whether such any economic and networ constraints he generation eansion an is feasibe, and the main achieement of as was erified by grid deeoment an is adeuate In means of more indeth technicaeconomic articuar, the ey uestions to be addressed anayses in as he economic constraints are: aied to a detaied generation feet mode and the otima coordinated hydro

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disatching erformed to minimie the Wind and PV integration outlook system costs aowed to seect the cost effectie S caacity mi that coud be he study showed that additiona caacity integrated in thioia A costbenefit anaysis from S can be integrated in the thioian was erformed focusing on the margina net eectric ower system, on to of the roects benefit of additiona S caacity inay, in already in the Country’s pipeline Anne as , a grid imact study of the S he foowing wind and P caacities can be caacity seected in as has been instaed in thioia in the mid and ong erformed, eamining the system adeuacy term: and the grid oadabiity, to define the otima • u to , M from wind and , M amount from both a technica and economic from P in oint of iew of wind and P that can be • u to , M from wind and , M integrated in and in the thioian from P in eectric ower system, maintaining high hese caacities can integrate the standards of security of suy and deeoment an of rogrammabe imroing the system resiience generation feet hydroower, geotherma

Ta sk 2 Ta sk 3 Ta sk 4 and biomass defined by P reference scenario with norma weather conditions and reference growth of energy demand thans NTC to a greater eoitation of the future NTC interconnection caacity, mainy with Sudan Wheeling NTC In fact, the additiona S caacity wi aow to increase the ower eort roiding

Integrated Modelling Phases economic benefits for staehoders furthermore, it wi ensure high standards of Energy balance Economic Technical (grid) constraints constraints constraints security of suy aso imroing the system • High level generation • Det ailed generat ion • Detailed Ethiopian model with economic transmission network resiience in case of etreme cimate • Focus on operating performance • Focus on grid reserve requirement s • Focus on net benefits loadability and conditions of VRES integration security of supply Anne shows the generation caacity mi . . that coud be achieed in thioia in and : S instaed caacity attains he anayses were erformed through the of the tota generation feet in and aication of stateoftheart comutationa it grows u to in he oera non toos, deeoed by SI, simuating the hydroower renewabe caacity is estimated maret mechanisms with a deterministic to grow from recorded in u to agorithm and the system reiabiity with a in and in his outoo of S robabiistic agorithm generation deeoment aows to achiee a webaanced caacity mi In , of energy wi be roduced by hydroower ants hyear, 4 PromedGrid software for market modelling. See hyear by P and www.cesi.it 5 GRARE software (Grid Reliability and Adequacy Risk hyear by wind ower ants In Evaluator). See www.cesi.it/grare , the ercentages of P and wind

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eneration apaity reain unhaned ith taret years iniiin prodution an inrease o enery up to hyear urtailents due to netor oerloads or and hyear respetiely oereneration phenoena hydropoer inreases up to hyear

prodution urtailents are neliile and not ery reuent o potential prodution he uantitatie ealuation o stati he ind and poer plants already in reliaility o the eletri poer syste pipeline ere assued to e onneted to the adeuay proed that a proressie rid in the sustations listed in nne he deployent o eneration notaly additional apaity as distriuted in the and ind ill not orsen the seurity o syste onsiderin the sites ith hiher supply oth in and o ris o ind and solar potential i shos the enery not supplied resulted ro the loation o proets and the aiu siulations sine the hih aailaility o ind and apaities that an e interated enery soures and the suitale ehane at eah sustation uh apaities oply apaity eteen thiopia and the ith the thiopian reliaility standards neihourin ountries allo to oer oth netor loadaility and they allo the the doesti deand and the s sined aiu enery interation at the ith the neihourin ountries

Humera Mekele Max wind capacity [MW]

Ashegoda S/S 2025 2030 Adama 205 503 Weranso Adigala 280 470 Ditcheto Ashegoda 230 230 Assela 125 127 Denbel Adigala Aysha 240 320 Aysha Denbel 600 600 Dire Dawa 170 470 Hurso Adama Gode 400 730 Dire Dawa Iteya 150 150 TOTAL 2,400 3,600 Dire Dawa Max PV capacity [MW]

Welenchiti S/S 2025 2030

Metehara Dire Dawa 300 600 Ditcheto 125 250 Iteya Humera 450 550 Hurso&Gad 700 1,000 Mekele 400 400 Assela Gode Metehara 150 400 Metema 700 750 Welenchiti 100 1,100 Weranso 125 250 TOTAL 3,550 5,300

. .

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The role of the interconnections and in ith enya is aout the transmission grid in and in

3500 n a ountry ith a hue reneale potential lie thiopia the interonnetions and the 3000 interation eteen ountries are ruial or 2500 the eploitation o the heaper enery 2000

soures he interation o the aoe [MW] 1500

entioned apaities ill allo 1000 thiopia to eport hyear in to 500 udan enya anania and iouti and up 2025 2030 Ethiopian power exchanges to Sudan Sudan to power exchanges Ethiopian 0 to hyear in 0 1500 3000 4500 6000 7500 9000 Hours of the year he ain iportin ountry ould e udan ith hyear in and . . hyear in udan is epeted to

e stronly dependent y ossil uel 3500 eneration that ould e replaed y heaper 3000 enery iported y thiopia hereas 2500 enya’s deand ill e ainly oered y its on reneale soures hene no roo or 2000 1500 additional iport ro thiopia is epeted [MW] in enya oer the eistin 1000 ithout the additional apaity despite 500 2025 2030

thiopia ould result a net eporter it Kenya to power exchanges Ethiopian 0 0 1500 3000 4500 6000 7500 9000 should iport poer ro udan in soe Hours of the year hours to alane the deand he . . eploitation o the ne interonnetion ith udan is lo ithout enery hereas i an enhaned deployent o enery is ahieed in and thiopia ill e a port to the neihourin ountries in ull eporter ountry as hihlihted in the presene o additional apaity ould duration ures o poer ehanes epeted lead net eneits up to illion oer the eteen thiopia and udanenya shon in lietie duration o the hole installed i and i he euialent operatin apaity in years ro the ator o the interonnetion thiopia oissionin date net eneits ro up to udan is eual to in roin up to illion in s hihlihted in i the deelopent o proets ill allo an eiient eploitation o the iportant interonnetion proet ith udan lue ile 6 is the ratio eteen the atual enery loin nery Corridor proidin eonoi throuh the interonnetion iport or eport oer a period typially one year and the aiu enery eneits oth or thiopia and or udan that ould e et i the interonnetion is operated at thiopia ould inrease the eport o heaper ull apaity oer the sae period

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s The role of hydropower s s s s ss ss ss s s s s ss s s ss s s s ss s s s s s s ss s s s sss s s ss s s s ss s s s ssss s s s ss s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s ss e EEP’s grid development s s ss s 14 s without new VRES with new VRES 12

s 10 8 6 s 4

s 2 Ethiopian hydro power profile power profile hydro [GW] Ethiopian

ss s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 sss 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 hours of the day s . . ss

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s igligted in ig E integrtion or Etiopi tt old strengten ot sort nges te dil poer dispting P nd nd longterm resiliene o te poer sstem ind poer disple dropoer dring nd m e rrent nd tre ter dtime ors llenges relted to limte nge E poer plnts re less impted limte oordinted mngement o renele nge nd te n ompenste te l o energ sores in Etiopi old llo te dropoer i lo rinll periods or dro genertion leet to lne te drogts or rtermore dditionl vriilit o ind nd P genertion E pit p to it respet to mintining te serit o sppl is te reerene senrio old e integrted in improves te integrtion o E energ in te sstem to e drogt periods Etiopi nd llos te pe sving o inresing ot te eonomi eneits nd epensive ossil el genertion in dn te sstem resiliene E energ mens o eper energ it eneits or eploittion old llo to limit te poer ot Etiopi nd dn import rom dn in se o lo ter 14 2030 vililit 12 e integrtion o E pit in te 10 Etiopin eletri poer sstem old lso e 8 n importnt mesre to rede te ter 6 eploittion in te eletriit setor nd to

4 inrese te se o ter in oter setors improving te soil elre E 2 eploittion is gret opportnit to

Ethiopian power generation bysource [GW] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 accelerate the achievement of GoE’s trgets to hours of the day ieve more dvned irrigtion model Others Hydro PV Wind Load Load+exp sing modern tenologies e nlses . . rried ot on senrio sed on ne ter eploittion strteg ve proven tt o te pstrem ter onsmptions o droeletri poer plnts old e sed or e Etiopin genertion sstem is losel griltre nd oseold onsmptions nd dependent rom dropoer nd ver ig tt E pit old lne te missing eploittion o ter or eletriit setor ill dropoer ensring iger serit o ontine in te tre n tis ontet ot sppl nd mintining ig eploittion o longlsting limti nges nd etreme te interonnetion eg it dn te ntrl events i re eoming more eivlent operting tor nder eport reent in te lst dedes re epeted to ondition ieves in it onl et te demnd prodtion nd e ors o import trnsmission o eletriit more generll te serit o sppl n energ diversiition strteg in te eletriit setor inlding tenologies it lo ter se needs s s ind nd potovolti old oer n importnt tenil soltion

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Conclusions and recommendations of the electric oer sstem hese strateies ill avoi critical sitations e to E hans to the ver favorale in an solar intermittenc recin the ris of roction otential in the contr the rection of crtailments e to overeneration E investment costs the onoin henomena ie hen the eneration interconnection roects an the fleiilit of availale in the sstem is hiher than the the hro eneration fleet in an eman n articlar to actions shol e technoloies can la a e role to rece the consiere rin the interation rocess of eenence on ater of the Ethioian E ener to rece the riss concernin electricit sector the oer sstem oeration in resence of a he analses clearl hihliht that aitional i amont of E oer lants caacit from E eneration can e • central control room for E oer interate on to of the roects alrea in lants ith clsters of ifferent lants the Country’s pipeline. he folloin in ol allo a etter forecast of an caacities can e installe in Ethioia eneration loerin forecast errors in the mi an lonterm an minimiin reserve nee reater • to from in an enetration of E eneration is from in ossile if the ncertaint of its • to from in an reiction is rece from in • articiation of E to ancillar ih E enetration levels can e achieve services marets for instance increasin the oer echanes toars the availailit to ecrease their neihorin contries an ensrin at the roction onar reserve to same time hih stanars of secrit of ensre the stailit of the oer sl an imrovin the sstem resilience sstem n this a E onar in case of etreme climate conitions he reserve can relace the hro one lonterm transmission ri eansion lan hese actions are sall aresse rin estalishe EE allos the eveloment of the shortterm an realtime oeration of the E eneration otline in this st oer sstems Eeriences in avance ithot an maor restrictions marets ith hih E enetration sho sinificant rooms for recin E ener he achievements of this st rovie an crtailments hen aroriate real time estimation of the otimal in an control sstems are t in lace caacit that col e technicall an economicall interate in the Ethioian electric oer sstem rther analses are reire eectin eicate feasiilit sties for each in an roect to e interate in the sstem oreover innovative strateies for the control an oeration of E oer lants are recommene to maimise E eloitation an maintain a secre oeration

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Annex 1

Source 2017 2025 2030 yropoer eotherl in hotoolti ioss Conentionl Total 4,242 20,783 24,600 Capacity Mix 2017 Year 2017

2.2% 8.4% 0.6% 0.3% Hydropower Geothermal 4,242 Wind MW Biomass MSD (Gasoil)

88.5% Capacity Mix 2025 Capacity Mix 2030 Year 2025 Year 2030

2.5% 2.1% 16.1% 21.5% Hydropower Hydropower Geothermal Geothermal Wind Wind 11.5% 20,783 24,600 PV PV MW MW 57.4% 14.6% 4.1% 65.7% Biomass Biomass 4.3%

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Annex 2

Wind and PV projects in the pipeline

Wind Project Pmax [MW] Substation eistin eistin sheo eistin sheo ssel ssel ysh ysh ysh ysh tey ssel TOTAL 814

PV Project Pmax [MW] Substation etehr etehr itheto itheto urso TOTAL 350

14 Who we are

RES4AFRICA RES4Africa promotes the deployment of large-scale and decentralized renewable energy and energy efficiency in Sub-Saharan African countries to meet local energy needs. Since its inception in 2012, the association gathers the perspectives and expertise of a member network from across the sustainable energy value chain. RES4Africa functions as a platform for members and partners of emerging markets to foster dialogue and partnerships, share knowledge and build capacity to advance sustainable energy investments in Sub-Saharan African countries. RES4Africa works with local, regional and international partners, agencies and organizations to pursue its mission and promote renewable energy and energy efficiency deployment in the region of focus.

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