The Global Assemblage of Multi-Centred Stowaway Governance Amaha Feleke Senu This thesis is submitted in candidature for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2018 Cardiff School of Social Sciences Cardiff University Declaration This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed: (candidate) Date: 25 January 2018 STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed: (candidate) Date: 25 January 2018 STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed: (candidate) Date: 25 January 2018 STATEMENT 3 I, hereby, give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available online in the University’s Open Access repository and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed (candidate) Date: 25 January 2018 ii Dedication To my beloved parents and to those trapped in the ‘stowaway limbo’ chasing an elusive dream iii Acknowledgement This thesis is made possible by the generous funding I received from the Nippon Foundation in collaboration with the Seafarers International Research Centre (SIRC) at Cardiff University. I am hugely indebted to these two organisations for the generous financial, material and intellectual support they provided me throughout my academic journey. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to my supervisors, Professor Helen Sampson and Dr Adam Edwards, who supported and encouraged me throughout this journey. By showing sincere interest in my research, guiding me, nurturing my intellectual growth, reading and correcting my drafts, stimulating and challenging my thinking over the years, and by always keeping their doors open to me, they have been instrumental in bringing this thesis to fruition. I could not ask for better supervisors. I am also very grateful to my progress reviewer, Professor Amanda Robinson, who always maintained a keen interest in my research and stimulated my thinking without fail throughout my PhD. I have always found our meetings very useful, and her insights very incisive, which helped me immensely in improving this thesis. I am indebted to Professor Christian Bueger for his mentorship, for introducing me to research areas, disciplinary and professional circles beyond my research, as well as for throwing research assistant ‘gigs’ my way which proved to be a lifeline during my financial woes at the later stages of the PhD. This research would have been inconceivable, had it not been for my research participants who went out of their ways to share their personal experiences with me and provided valuable insights and materials, often putting up with long hours of interviews, gruelling phone/Skype conversations, and leaving their doors open for further clarifications. I am very grateful for their enthusiastic support, and I hope I have produced an output they will find worthwhile. I also like to thank Sean Christie for his friendship and facilitating access to some of my research participants, helping me to overcome one of the major hurdles in my research in the process. I am blessed to have the most understanding and supportive family one can wish for. They tolerated my prolonged absence, unanswered phone calls, missed weddings and birthdays without ever raising objections. Instead, they have always encouraged me throughout this journey and beyond. Nothing would be possible if it were not for their love, support and unfathomable understanding. Although doing a PhD can at times feel like a lonely journey, I have been fortunate to have numerous close friends who never ceased to care, encourage, support and keep a smile on my iv face even when the going got tougher. Colleagues and friends at SIRC: Isaac, Louise, Kate, Mark, Polina, Helen, Sanley, Manasi, Amewu, Ralph, Jean, Carolyn, Iris, Nelson, Neil and Sarah, I am very thankful for their support and making the vagaries of a PhD research bearable. I would also like to thank Desai for her support including in interpreting interviews even amidst her hectic schedule as a fellow PhD candidate. I am also indebted to Lijun for his friendship, material and intellectual support, as well as for helping me with my interviews. I owe Captain Shariar and Victor a huge gratitude for their friendship, support, understanding and advices. My stay in Cardiff has been most enjoyable in the company of close friends: Luis, Melissa, Jonathan, Jan, Grace, Geraint, Musty, Argie, Rohit, Kerstin and Robert. I am very grateful for their support, company and all the good times. I also would like to thank my close friends from a young age, from my days in Ghana and from my time at sea: Michael, Elleni, Eyoel, Bisrat, Yonas, Habtamu, Yonathan, Tewodros, Wondwossen, Elias, Natnael, Ashenafi, Melaku, Teshome, Capt. Wubshet, Capt. Dawit, Abenet and Eyassu. They have always rooted for my success, and have always been there for me. My second family in the UK: Ammy, Mimi, Dessu, Samy and Hiruy, I am very grateful for their support, encouragement and love. Jacob and Rediet, I would like to thank them for their love, friendship, support, encouragement and understanding. I would also like to thank Laurel for her encouragement, love and understanding. I have benefitted immensely from a number of conferences, seminars and workshops in academic circles within Cardiff University and beyond. I am particularly thankful to the participants of the Cardiff Centre for Crime, Law and Justice seminar series. They have enriched my thesis, thinking and intellectual growth. Last but not least, I would like to thank Raggy, not only for turbocharging my writing by encouraging me to ‘keep the chapters flowing’ during the final stages, but also for the profound ethical inspirations through her kind and caring personality. v Abstract This thesis explores the global governance of stowaways in the shipping industry involving multiple actors, and the implications for the dynamics between seafarers and stowaways on board ships. The governance of stowaways has only been marginally explored in studies of migration governance with much of the limited empirical focus confined to analyses of the policies and practices of states and institutions. An empirical investigation into the maltreatment of stowaways has also been lacking. For the purpose of exploring the global governance of stowaways more holistically and explaining why some seafarers maltreat stowaways, including casting them off on makeshift rafts or throwing them into the sea, a multi- method qualitative research design was used underpinned by an adaptive approach to data collection and analysis. The findings offer insights into how governing efforts by a range of actors impinge upon seafarers and stowaways. The global governance of stowaways is conceptualised in this study as an assemblage involving multiple actors whose asymmetric interrelationships lead to the emergence of the causes for the maltreatment of stowaways. vi Table of Contents Declaration ................................................................................................................................. ii Dedication ................................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................... iv Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... vi Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ xiii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................................................................... xiv Chapter One ............................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Scope of the Study....................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Thesis Structure ........................................................................................................... 3 Chapter Two............................................................................................................................... 7 Stowaways, Shipping and Migration ......................................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Scale of the Problem ................................................................................................... 7 2.3 The Economic