DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 23 Workbook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 23 Workbook CHAPTER 23 Industrialization and Nationalism, 1800–1870 CHAPTER Chapter Overview BENCHMARKS The 1800s were a time of extraordinary economic, political, and SS.912.G.2.1 Identify the physical characteristics and the human social change in Europe and the Americas. characteristics that define and differentiate regions. New technologies and production concepts drove the Industrial SS.912.G.4.1 Interpret population Revolution. Originating in Great Britain at the end of the growth and other demographic data eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution spurred fundamental for any given place. social change, with people moving in increasing numbers from SS.912.G.4.2 Use geographic terms agricultural work in the countryside to factory work in the cities. and tools to analyze the push/pull factors contributing to human New industrial middle and working classes also arose, which migration within and among places. fueled social reforms, such as expanded voting rights. SS.912.G.4.3 Use geographic terms Nationalist and liberal movements transformed economies, and tools to analyze the effects of migration both on the place of origin governments, and society across continental Europe. In the course and destination, including border areas. of the century, both Italy and Germany became unified states. SS.912.G.4.9 Use political maps to describe the change in boundaries and In the Americas, independence movements freed many nations governments within continents over from their colonial powers. Revolts in Latin American countries time. such as Mexico, Argentina, and Venezuela led to independence SS.912.H.1.3 Relate works in the arts from Spain. Great Britain, who controlled the seas, became the to various cultures. main trading partner for the newly independent states. SS.912.W.5.7 Describe the causes and effects of 19th Latin American and Other social changes came with a growing faith in science. Caribbean independence movements In literature and the arts, the romantic movement gave way to led by people including Bolivar, de San Martin, and L' Ouverture. realism. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW PEOPLE, PLACES, EVENTS TERMS Robert Owen Francois-Dominique Industrial Revolution liberalism Toussaint-Louverture Crimean War spinning jenny nationalism Haiti unification Piedmont water-powered loom Miguel Hidalgo creoles Giuseppe steam engine Garibaldi José San Martín peninsulares puddling Simón Bolívar Simon Bolivar caudillos locomotive Prussia Ludwig van urbanization cash crops Beethoven Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. Count Otto von imperialism industrial middle class Bismarck Eugene Delacroix romanticism industrial working Second German Charles Darwin class Gothic Empire Charles Dickens socialism realism Kaiser William I Gustave Courbet republic 427 CHAPTER 23 Industrialization and Nationalism, 1800–1870 CHAPTER BENCHMARKS, continued SS.912.W.6.1 Describe the SS.912.W.6.3 Compare the SS.912.W.6.5 Summarize the causes, agricultural and technological philosophies of capitalism, socialism, key events, and effects of the innovations that led to industrialization and communism as described by Adam unification of Italy and Germany in Great Britain and its subsequent Smith, Robert Owen, and Karl Marx. spread to continental Europe, the SS.912.W.6.6 Analyze the causes and United States, and Japan. SS.912.W.6.4 Describe the 19th and effects of imperialism. early 20th century social and political SS.912.W.6.2 Summarize the social reforms and reform movements and LAFS.910.RH.1.2 Determine the and economic effects of the Industrial their effects in Africa, Asia, Europe, the central ideas or information of a primary Revolution. United States, the Caribbean, and or secondary source; provide an accurate Latin America. summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text. Use this section for notes or questions you may have. Layered-Look Book Create a Layered-Look Book titled Ideologies with sections labeled Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. Conservatism, Nationalism, and Liberalism. Use the book to examine the political philosophies that influenced Europe and the Americas in the 1800s. Review the facts written under each tab and then write a summary on the influence of political philosophies on Europe and the Americas in the 1800s. Ideologies Conservatism Nationalism Liberalism 428 WORLD HISTORY LESSON 1 SUMMARY The Industrial Revolution SS.912.G.2.1, SS.912.G.4.1, SS.912.G.4.2, SS.912.G.4.3, SS.912.W.6.1, SS.912.W.6.2, SS.912.W.6.3, SS.912.W.6.4 ANALYZING A MAP The Industrial Revolution What region of Great Britain contained most of the textile in Great Britain production? Why might textile The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1780s and production be centered there? spread to other nations during the next century. The introduction of new crops such as the potato and the expansion of farmland increased the food supply and lowered food prices. This meant people had money to spend on other goods such as manufactured products. The increased food supply also caused the population to grow. At the same time, many landowners cut off peasants’ access to common lands. As a result, many peasants moved to the cities, providing labor for the new factories. Industry in Great Britain 1850 N Coalfield Dundee Major port W E SCOTLAND North Navigable river Major canal S Glasgow Sea Edinburgh Major railway 0 100 miles New Industries: Lanark 0 100 km Copper mining and smelting Lambert Conformal Conic projection Newcastle NORTHERN Tin mining IRELAND Sunderland and smelting Iron extraction and smelting 54°N Lead mining Isle of Man Halifax Leeds Hull Textile production Irish Sea Bury ATLANTIC Liverpool Shefeld IRELAND Manchester OCEAN Nottingham 12°W Derby Norwich Leicester Birmingham Coventry Cambridge WALES ENGLAND Harwich London Swansea Bristol Canterbury Cardif Chatham 51°N Bath Dover Southampton Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. Exeter Portsmouth l FRANCE Plymouth ne Falmouth an Ch 9°W 6°W 3°W lish 0° 3°E Eng Great Britain was the world’s first industrialized nation. WORLD HISTORY 429 Name Date Class LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Cotton Production and New Factories How did new technologies At the end of the eighteenth century, new technology made the contribute to the Industrial production of cotton cloth much more efficient and cheaper. Revolution in Britain? Previously, cotton thread had been spun by hand, and cotton cloth was woven by hand. Spinners and weavers worked in their homes. In 1764, a machine called the spinning jenny, which produced cotton thread, was invented. In 1787, a water-powered loom that wove cloth more quickly was invented. Streams and rivers powered these machines. Workers were brought to factories by waterways to work. Later, the factories began to use coal-powered steam engines for power, and factories were able to move away from waterways. British cotton cloth production soared, and cotton imports rose accordingly. The development of the factory system changed labor practices in Britain. Factory owners forced workers to work in shifts, so that the machines could be used constantly. Factory workers from rural areas had to adapt to performing repetitive tasks for the long factory day. MAKING COMPARISONS Coal, Iron, and Railroads What differences explain the The use of steam engines in factories increased demand for coal. relative success of Germany’s Coal production rose. Coal was also needed to produce the high- industrialization compared to that quality iron used to build new machines. In the 1780s, Henry Cort of France? developed a process called puddling, which used coke, derived from coal, to burn away impurities in crude iron, producing a higher- quality iron. Over the next 70 years, iron production increased by almost 200 times. Steam engines and iron-making technology enabled the Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. development of the railroad, which was crucial to the success of the Industrial Revolution. Richard Trevithick, an English engineer, built the first steam locomotive, which began running on a rail line in 1804. The first locomotive was slow and could only pull light loads. Faster and stronger locomotives followed. By 1850 railroad tracks crisscrossed much of Britain. Goods became cheaper because transportation was less expensive. More people were able to buy goods, leading to increased demand for factories and machinery. Business owners invested in new machinery. Steady growth marked the British industrial economy. The Spread of Industrialization In the nineteenth century, other Western nations followed Great Britain’s industrial lead. Conditions around Europe influenced the speed at which each nation was industrialized. Political instability slowed the process of industrialization in France. Unlike Great Britain, France did not have good sources of coal to use to fuel factories and railroads. Many traditional industries resisted mechanization. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, the government began to promote industrialization by improving roads and expanding the rail system. 430 WORLD HISTORY Name Date Class LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued The German states, especially Industrialization in the West Prussia, were able to take advantage of iron and coal resources when they When Conditions Influencing Industrialization industrialized. German unification in 1870 accelerated industrial growth Political instability Lack of coal resources and facilitated railroad development. France Early 1800s Resistance from traditional industries Germany became a powerful Late government promotion industrial nation by the 1900s. Coal resources The United States industrialized in the Germany Mid 1800s Government promotion first half of the 1800s. Between 1800 Unification of Germany and 1860, the United States Urbanization population grew sixfold and United Former farmers work in factories. First half of 1800s urbanized. Many former farmers, States Roads, canals, and railroads move goods especially women and girls, became around the nation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1848 Revolutions Special Subject I READING LIST Professor Chris Clark
    1848 Revolutions Special Subject I READING LIST Professor Chris Clark The Course consists of 8 lectures, 16 presentation-led seminars and 4 gobbets classes GENERAL READING Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848-1851 (Cambridge, 1994) Dieter Dowe et al., eds., Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform (Oxford, 2001) Priscilla Smith Robertson, The Revolutions of 1848, a social history (Princeton, 1952) Michael Rapport, 1848: Year of Revolution (London, 2009) SOCIAL CONFLICT BEFORE 1848 (i) The ‘Galician Slaughter’ of 1846 Hans Henning Hahn, ‘The Polish Nation in the Revolution of 1846-49’, in Dieter Dowe et al., eds., Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform, pp. 170-185 Larry Wolff, The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture (Stanford, 2010), esp. chapters 3 & 4 Thomas W. Simons Jr., ‘The Peasant Revolt of 1846 in Galicia: Recent Polish Historiography’, Slavic Review, 30 (December 1971) pp. 795–815 (ii) Weavers in Revolt Robert J. Bezucha, The Lyon Uprising of 1834: Social and Political Conflict in the Early July Monarchy (Cambridge Mass., 1974) Christina von Hodenberg, Aufstand der Weber. Die Revolte von 1844 und ihr Aufstieg zum Mythos (Bonn, 1997) *Lutz Kroneberg and Rolf Schloesser (eds.), Weber-Revolte 1844 : der schlesische Weberaufstand im Spiegel der zeitgenössischen Publizistik und Literatur (Cologne, 1979) Parallels: David Montgomery, ‘The Shuttle and the Cross: Weavers and Artisans in the Kensington Riots of 1844’ Journal of Social History, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Summer, 1972), pp. 411-446 (iii) Food riots Manfred Gailus, ‘Food Riots in Germany in the Late 1840s’, Past & Present, No. 145 (Nov., 1994), pp. 157-193 Raj Patel and Philip McMichael, ‘A Political Economy of the Food Riot’ Review (Fernand Braudel Center), 32/1 (2009), pp.
    [Show full text]
  • History of International Relations
    3 neler öğrendik? bölüm özeti History of International Relations Editors Dr. Volkan ŞEYŞANE Evan P. PHEIFFER Authors Asst.Prof. Dr. Murat DEMİREL Dr. Umut YUKARUÇ CHAPTER 1 Prof.Dr. Burak Samih GÜLBOY Caner KUR CHAPTER 2, 3 Asst.Prof.Dr. Seçkin Barış GÜLMEZ CHAPTER 4 Assoc.Prof.Dr. Pınar ŞENIŞIK ÖZDABAK CHAPTER 5 Asst.Prof.Dr. İlhan SAĞSEN Res.Asst. Ali BERKUL Evan P. PHEIFFER CHAPTER 6 Dr. Çağla MAVRUK CAVLAK CHAPTER 7 Prof. Dr. Lerna K. YANIK Dr. Volkan ŞEYŞANE CHAPTER 8 T.C. ANADOLU UNIVERSITY PUBLICATION NO: 3920 OPEN EDUCATION FACULTY PUBLICATION NO: 2715 Copyright © 2019 by Anadolu University All rights reserved. This publication is designed and produced based on “Distance Teaching” techniques. No part of this book may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means of mechanical, electronic, photocopy, magnetic tape, or otherwise, without the written permission of Anadolu University. Instructional Designer Lecturer Orkun Şen Graphic and Cover Design Prof.Dr. Halit Turgay Ünalan Proof Reading Lecturer Gökhan Öztürk Assessment Editor Lecturer Sıdıka Şen Gürbüz Graphic Designers Gülşah Karabulut Typesetting and Composition Halil Kaya Dilek Özbek Gül Kaya Murat Tambova Beyhan Demircioğlu Handan Atman Kader Abpak Arul HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS E-ISBN 978-975-06-3603-5 All rights reserved to Anadolu University. Eskişehir, Republic of Turkey, October 2019 3328-0-0-0-1909-V01 Contents The Emergence The International of the Modern System During CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 th International the Long 19 System Century Introduction ................................................... 3 Introduction .................................................. 29 History of the State System: From The Revolutions and the International System .
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY of EUROPE and WORLD 1760 AD to 1871 AD Directorate Of
    HISTORY OF EUROPE AND WORLD 1760 AD TO 1871 AD BA [History] Fifth Semester EDCN 803C [ENGLISH EDITION] Directorate of Distance Education TRIPURA UNIVERSITY Reviewer Dr Manvendra Kumar Associate Professor, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh Authors Dr Syed Mubin Zehra Units: (1.3-1.4, 2.2, 3.3, 4.2-4.3) © Dr Syed Mubin Zehra, 2016 Dr M Waseem Raja Units: (1.5, 3.2, 3.4) © Dr M Waseem Raja, 2016 Jaideep Majumdar Units: (2.4-2.5) © Reserved, 2016 Dr Shreeparna Roy Units: (2.6-2.7, 4.4-4.5) © Dr Shreeparna Roy, 2016 Vikas Publishing House Units: (1.0-1.2, 1.6-1.10, 2.0-2.1, 2.3, 2.8-2.12, 3.0-3.1, 3.4.1-3.4.2, 3.5-3.9, 4.0-4.1, 4.6-4.10) © Reserved, 2016 Books are developed, printed and published on behalf of Directorate of Distance Education, Tripura University by Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material, protected by this copyright notice may not be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form of by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the DDE, Tripura University & Publisher. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Art in the Age of Revolution and Reaction
    Art in the Age of Revolution European Art 1800–1880 and Reaction Hippolyte-Jean Flandrin. René-Charles Dassy and His Brother Jean-Baptiste-Claude Amédé Dassy, 1850. Sweeping historical events shaped the character Oil on canvas. Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund 2000.17 of European art of the 1800s, beginning with the Napoleonic wars, and continuing through the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. The unification of Italy in 1861 and Germany in 1871, along with expansion of the British and Russian Empires, were accompanied by rising nationalism and waves of counter-revolutionary reaction. As the industrial revolution brought tremendous wealth, the European powers fought to control trade and colonies across the globe. The romantic idea of overthrowing tyrannical oppression through violent uprisings first unleashed by the American and French Revolutions fired the imaginations of poets and artists. French painter Eugène Delacroix, like the British poet Lord Byron, became an ardent supporter of the Greeks during their war for independence (1821–29) against the Ottoman Empire. Many Europeans regarded the Greek uprising as an effort to reclaim the birthplace of democracy for Western Eugène Delacroix. Greek Cavalry Men Resting in a Forest, 1858. Oil on canvas. Gift of Mr. and civilization. The war even influenced French fashion, as reflected Mrs. J. H. Wade 1916.1032 in the man wearing a black velvet suit in the exotic à la Grec mode in Hippolyte-Jean Flandrin’s portrait of two brothers Francisco de Goya. The Disasters of War: (to the right). And There Is No Remedy, 1810–20.
    [Show full text]
  • History and Humanities Reader: the Modern World II 1850 to the Present
    Oral Roberts University Digital Showcase College of Arts and Cultural Studies Faculty Research and Scholarship College of Arts and Cultural Studies 2020 History and Humanities Reader: The Modern World II 1850 to the Present Gary K. Pranger Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalshowcase.oru.edu/coacs_pub Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Pranger, Gary K., "History and Humanities Reader: The Modern World II 1850 to the Present" (2020). College of Arts and Cultural Studies Faculty Research and Scholarship. 12. https://digitalshowcase.oru.edu/coacs_pub/12 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts and Cultural Studies at Digital Showcase. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Arts and Cultural Studies Faculty Research and Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Showcase. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ORAL ROBERTS UNIVERSITY HISTORY – HUMANITIES READER THE MODERN WORLD II 1850 TO THE PRESENT Gary K. Pranger, Editor and Contributor 1 THE MODERN WORLD II: 1850 To The Present TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 THE LATE 19TH CENTURY 1. THE VICTORIAN ERA G. Pranger 7 2 NATIONALISM G. Pranger 12 3. IMPERIALISM G. Pranger 35 4. 19th CENTURY PHILOSOPHERS David Ringer 41 5. REALISM IN LITERATURE David Ringer 78 6. IBSEN, STRINDBERG AND 19TH CENTURY DRAMA 92 7. IMPRESSIONISM TO EXPRESSIONISM 104 THE 20TH CENTURY 8. CAUSES & MEANING OF WORLD WAR I J. Franklin Sexton 122 9. WORLD WAR I Gary K. Pranger 129 10. FACISM G. Pranger 142 11. COMMUNISM: MARX TO LENIN AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION G.
    [Show full text]
  • The Revolutions of 1830
    VIAULT The Revolutions of 1830 TIME LINE 1824-1830 Reign of King Charles X of France 1829 King Charles X appoints the Prince of Polignac as premier 1830 The French July Revolution overthrows King Charles X 1830-1848 The July Monarchy of King Louis Philippe in France 1830-1837 Reign of King William IV of Great Britain 1832 The British Parliament passes the Reform Bill of 1832 1837-1901 Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain 1839 The People's Charter is presented to Parliament for the first time 1846 The British Parliament repeals the Corn Laws 1848 The French February Revolution results in the overthrow of King Louis Philippe France King Charles X (r. 1824-1830) In 1824, the Count of Artois succeeded his brother, becoming King Charles X. The new king’s actions quickly angered the bourgeoisie. In 1825, he reduced the interest on government bonds, held mainly by the bourgeoisie, from 5 to 3 percent in order to get money to compensate the aristocracy for the land they had lost during the revolution. In 1827, he disbanded the National Guard, whose members were drawn chiefly from the bourgeoisie. When liberals and moderate royalists gained control of the Chamber of Deputies in 1827, Charles X sought for a time to govern in association with them. In 1829, however, he abandoned this policy and named the reactionary Prince of Polignac (1780- 1847) as premier. This enraged the liberals, who won a majority in the Chamber of Deputies in the May 1830 elections. Charles X and Polignac responded by enacting the Four Ordinances without parliamentary approval.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit-1 French Revolution of 1789
    Unit-1 French Revolution of 1789 Index 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Subject interpretation 1.2.1 Causes of French revolution of 1789 - Political, Social, Religious, Intellectual and Economic. 1.2.2 Course of revolution - Work of National Assembly, First French Republic, Reign of Terror, Directory and Consulate. 1.2.3 Effects of the revolution on France and Europe. 1.3 Technical terms and meaning of words 1.4 Self-study Questions - Answers 1.5 Summary 1.6 Exercise for practice 1.7 Reference Books 1.0 Objectives - After the study of this topic - We will be able to know causes of revolution We will be able to get information about Louis 16th and Marie Antainet. We can know work of Rousseau, Montesque and voltainre. We can take review of the work of French National Assembly. Able to know first French Republic. Able to know Reign of Terror in France. The work of Directory and to know about consulate. We can know the effects of revolution on France as well as on Europe. 1 1.1 Introduction The French revolution of 1789 is great changeable event in the history of world. The unlimited monarchy in France, despotic rule of Burbo dynasty, anarchy in administration, inefficiency of Louis 16th, arrogent queen Marie Antainet such bad political condition and in addition to it climax of unequality was in Frane. The French Philosophers like Rousseau Montesque, Voltaire awakened people against this injustice and inspired them for revolution. So the revolution took place in France on 1789. Many events happened in the course of revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • SARAH HOROWITZ FRIENDSHIP and POLITICS
    FRIENDSHIP and POLITICS IN POST-REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE SARAH HOROWITZ FRIENDSHIP and POLITICS in POST- REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE FRIENDSHIP and POLITICS in POST- REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE SARAH HOROWITZ The Pennsylvania State University Press University Park, Pennsylvania Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Horowitz, Sarah, 1978– author. Friendship and politics in post-revolutionary France / Sarah Horowitz. p. cm Summary: “Explores the place of friendship in helping French society and the political system recover from the upheaval of the Revolution. Examines the interdependence of public and private in post-revolutionary France, as well as the central role of women in political reconstruction”—Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-271-06192-4 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Friendship—Political aspects—France—History—19th century. 2. France—Politics and government—19th century. 3. Political culture—France—History—19th century. 4. Politicians—France—Social life and customs—19th century. 5. Politicians—Social networks—France—History—19th century. 6. Women—Political activity—France—History—19th century. I. Title. dc252.h67 2013 306.20944'09034—dc23 2013027155 Copyright © 2013 The Pennsylvania State University All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Published by The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA 16802-1003 The Pennsylvania State University Press is a member of the Association of American University Presses. It is the policy of The Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid- free paper. Publications on uncoated stock satisfy the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Material, ansi z39.48–1992. This book is printed on paper that contains 30% post-consumer waste.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1830-31 Revolutions in Belgium, Poland and Italy
    The 1830-31 Revolutions in Belgium, Poland and Italy Adapted and edited extract from Murphy et al Europe 1760-1871 www.internationalschoolhistory.net Europe in 1815 In 1830, there was another revolution in France. The 'legitimate' Bourbon monarchy, Matters grew tense in the spring of 1831, when the French called up 80,000 men. However, Russia's which had been established in 1814-15, was overthrown, and Louis-Philippe came to inclination to act was curbed by the revolution in Poland from November 1830 to October 1831. power. He was regarded as a 'middle-class' king, and he ruled with a more restricted Once again, Austria could not act alone, and Prussia was anxious to avoid confrontation with Britain. constitution. Rather than King of France, he was King of the French, owing his legitimacy to the people rather than God. The revolution soon spread to Belgium, Meanwhile, the arguments continued. It was obvious that the union could not be maintained, but the Poland and Italy. French argued that Belgium should not have a settlement it disliked forced upon it. Britain, for its part, was horrified by a French proposal that the Duke de Nemours, Louis-Philippe's second son, Belgium should be made king. Fortunately for international peace, Louis-Philippe chose to decline the offer and by April 1831 agreed to accept Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, uncle of the future Queen The Kingdom of the Netherlands, created in 1815, had not worked. By the 1820s, there Victoria and a neutral candidate. He swore allegiance to the constitution in front of the Saint Jacob's was considerable discontent among the Belgians who resented the enforced use of the Church at Coudenbergh Place in Brussels on 21 July 1831.
    [Show full text]
  • The Revolution of 1830 As a European Media Event by Julia A
    The Revolution of 1830 as a European Media Event by Julia A. Schmidt-Funke Similar to the earlier revolution in 1789 and the subsequent one in 1848, the revolutionary upheaval in Paris in July 1830 served as a signal for further revolutionary movements in other countries, which shook the European states to their foundations up to the spring of 1831. These rebellions were brought about, influenced and accompanied by an intensive transfer of news and ideas, by the reactivation of a system of revolutionary symbols and by numerous declarations of international solidarity. In this way, Europe emerged in the revolutions of 1830/1831 as a communicative space, and a space of memory and action. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. The European Revolutions of 1830/1831 2. Revolution and European News Transfer 3. Revolution, Memory and the Political Public 4. 1830/1831 as a European Media Event 5. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Literature 3. Notes Indices Citation The European Revolutions of 1830/1831 In 1830 and 1831, several European states were shaken by revolutionary protests which – similar to the revolutions of 1848/1849 though the initial situation and result differed – were connected with one another and were related to one another by contemporaries.1 Within a few months, unrest and rebellions broke out in France, Belgium, the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund), Poland and the Italian states (➔ Media Link #ab), which in many places resulted in the government being restructured, and in the case of Belgium even resulted in the foundation of a new state. A large portion of the continent was in a state of flux, which called into question the reordering of the system of European states that the European powers had negotiated 15 years previously at the Congress of Vienna.
    [Show full text]
  • The Construction of Nation States During the Nineteenth Century: the Case of Italy
    National Construction and European Issues The construction of nation states during the nineteenth century: the case of Italy Pierre-Marie DELPU ABSTRACT The construction of the Italian nation state was one of the primary national movements in Europe during the nineteenth century. Initially driven by patriots opposed to the European order of the Congress of Vienna, it was later harnessed by the Piedmontese monarchy, which in 1848 transformed a community-based project into a territory-based one, with itself at the head. However, the limits of this national movement, revealed by the numerous conflicts that marked the Italian peninsula during the 1860s, called the national policy of a united Italy into question; opposing the monarchy’s efforts, which were deemed insufficient, were the development of alternative conceptions of the nation that sought to defend its role in the highly recomposed international order of the late nineteenth century. The actors that the Risorgimento mobilized, in addition to its chronology and limits, were connected to powerful transnational dynamics, and were emblematic of the processes on which the construction of European nation states were based during the nineteenth century. Gaetano Capone, Viva il Re !, oil on canvas, 1884, Naples, Capodimonte Museum. The construction of nation states was one of the primary political dynamics of the nineteenth century in Europe, in a diplomatic context highly determined by the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815). The case of Italy helps to better grasp the methods, temporalities, and limits of national construction in Europe at the time. In a context that saw the restoration of the traditional monarchies of the Italian states in 1815, the construction of the Italian nation was firstly that of an imagined community united by converging cultural and historical dynamics.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 4. Liberalism and Nationalism
    UNIT 4. LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM The changes in the 18th century were crowned with the bourgeois revolutions in the 19th. The bourgeois revolutions, where all the social classes took part, put and end to the Ancien Régime, although the privileged classes that were favoured by the absolute monarchy opposed those changes violently. THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA The enlightened ideas flourish in the 18th century, but halfway through that century they had got limited success in changing any political system in Europe. The bourgeoisie defending these ideals, needed to break the structure of the class society based on the three estates (nobility, clergy and Third Estate), in order to gain political presence. This happened for the very first time, not in Europe, but in the 13 British colonies of northern America, from 1765 to 1783. The American colonists of British origins enjoyed a reasonable self-government due to the long distance from England. Besides, as new communities, there were no class privileges and therefore a greater equality prevailed. By 1760 over 2 million European colonists and 300,000 black slaves lived in the 13 colonies. In the southern ones the economy was based on agricultural plantations while in the north the manufactures were more usual. In theory the colonists had the same rights that their fellow citizens in Great Britain but they were not really taken into account in the Parliament of London. Since 1765, the taxes the British Parliament had passed throughout the years were increasingly damaging the relations between the American colonists and the British authorities.
    [Show full text]