Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. realism. In main tradingpartnerforthenewlyindependentstates. from Spain.GreatBritain,whocontrolledtheseas,became such asMexico, Argentina,andVenezuela ledtoindependence from theircolonialpowers.Revolts inLatin Americancountries of thecentury, bothItalyandGermanybecameunifiedstates. governments, and society across continental Europe. In the course fueled socialreforms,suchasexpandedvotingrights. New industrialmiddleandworkingclassesalsoarose, which agricultural workinthecountrysidetofactorycities. social change, withpeople movinginincreasingnumbersfrom eighteenth century, theIndustrialRevolution spurredfundamental . OriginatinginGreatBritainattheendof social changeinEuropeandtheAmericas. The 1800swereatimeofextraordinaryeconomic,political,and Chapter Overview 1800–1870 Industrialization andNationalism, CHAPTER 23

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

literature andthearts,romanticmovementgavewayto Other socialchangescamewithagrowingfaithinscience. In theAmericas,independencemovementsfreedmanynations Nationalist and liberal movements transformed economies, New technologiesandproductionconceptsdrovetheIndustrial

TERMS

Industrial Revolution spinning jenny water-powered loom steam engine puddling locomotive urbanization industrial middle class class industrial working

socialism republic

liberalism nationalism unification creoles peninsulares caudillos cash crops imperialism romanticism Gothic realism

PEOPLE, PLACES, EVENTS

Robert Owen Simón Bolívar Prussia Count Otto von Bismarck Second German Empire Kaiser William I

SS.912.H.1.3 time. governments within continents over describe the change in boundaries and SS.912.G.4.9 and destination,includingborderareas. migration both on the place of origin and tools to analyze the effects of SS.912.G.4.3 migration withinandamongplaces. factors contributingtohuman and toolstoanalyzethepush/pull SS.912.G.4.2 for anygivenplace. growth andotherdemographicdata SS.912.G.4.1 differentiate regions. characteristics thatdefineand characteristics andthehuman SS.912.G.2.1 BENCHMARKS CHAPTER Martin, andL' Ouverture. led bypeopleincludingBolivar, deSan Caribbean independencemovements and effectsof19thLatin Americanand SS.912.W.5.7 to variouscultures.

Francois-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture Haiti Miguel Hidalgo José San Martín Simon Bolivar Ludwig van Beethoven Eugene Delacroix Charles Darwin Charles Dickens Gustave Courbet

Interpret population Identify thephysical Relate worksinthearts Describe thecauses Use geographic terms Use geographicterms Use political maps to 427 CHAPTER 23 Industrialization and Nationalism, 1800–1870

CHAPTER BENCHMARKS, continued SS.912.W.6.1 Describe the SS.912.W.6.3 Compare the SS.912.W.6.5 Summarize the causes, agricultural and technological philosophies of capitalism, socialism, key events, and effects of the innovations that led to industrialization and communism as described by Adam unification of and Germany in Great Britain and its subsequent Smith, Robert Owen, and Karl Marx. spread to continental Europe, the SS.912.W.6.6 Analyze the causes and United States, and Japan. SS.912.W.6.4 Describe the 19th and effects of imperialism. early 20th century social and political SS.912.W.6.2 Summarize the social reforms and reform movements and LAFS.910.RH.1.2 Determine the and economic effects of the Industrial their effects in Africa, Asia, Europe, the central ideas or information of a primary Revolution. United States, the Caribbean, and or secondary source; provide an accurate Latin America. summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text.

Use this section for notes or questions you may have.

Layered-Look Book

Create a Layered-Look Book titled Ideologies with sections labeled use. classroom for reproduce to McGraw-Hillgranted © is Permission Copyright Education. Conservatism, Nationalism, and Liberalism. Use the book to examine the political philosophies that influenced Europe and the Americas in the 1800s. Review the facts written under each tab and then write a summary on the influence of political philosophies on Europe and the Americas in the 1800s.

Ideologies

Conservatism

Nationalism

Liberalism

428 WORLD HISTORY LESSON 1 SUMMARY The Industrial Revolution

SS.912.G.2.1, SS.912.G.4.1, SS.912.G.4.2, SS.912.G.4.3, SS.912.W.6.1, SS.912.W.6.2, SS.912.W.6.3, SS.912.W.6.4 ANALYZING A MAP The Industrial Revolution What region of Great Britain contained most of the textile in Great Britain production? Why might textile The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1780s and production be centered there? spread to other nations during the next century. The introduction of new crops such as the potato and the expansion of farmland increased the food supply and lowered food prices. This meant people had money to spend on other goods such as manufactured products. The increased food supply also caused the population to grow. At the same time, many landowners cut off peasants’ access to common lands. As a result, many peasants moved to the cities, providing labor for the new factories.

Industry in Great Britain 1850

N Coalfield Dundee Major port W E SCOTLAND North Navigable river Major canal S Glasgow Sea Edinburgh Major railway 0 100 miles New Industries: Lanark 0 100 km Copper mining and smelting Lambert Conformal Conic projection Newcastle NORTHERN Tin mining IRELAND Sunderland and smelting Iron extraction and smelting 54°N Lead mining Isle of Man Halifax Leeds Hull Textile production Irish Sea Bury ATLANTIC Liverpool Shefeld IRELAND Manchester OCEAN Nottingham 12°W Derby Norwich Leicester Birmingham Coventry Cambridge WALES ENGLAND Harwich London Swansea Bristol Canterbury Cardif Chatham 51°N Bath Dover

Southampton Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. Exeter Portsmouth l FRANCE Plymouth ne Falmouth an Ch 9°W 6°W 3°W lish 0° 3°E Eng

Great Britain was the world’s first industrialized nation.

WORLD HISTORY 429 Name Date Class

LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued

DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Cotton Production and New Factories How did new technologies At the end of the eighteenth century, new technology made the contribute to the Industrial production of cotton cloth much more efficient and cheaper. Revolution in Britain? Previously, cotton thread had been spun by hand, and cotton cloth was woven by hand. Spinners and weavers worked in their homes. In 1764, a machine called the spinning jenny, which produced cotton thread, was invented. In 1787, a water-powered loom that wove cloth more quickly was invented. Streams and rivers powered these machines. Workers were brought to factories by waterways to work. Later, the factories began to use coal-powered steam engines for power, and factories were able to move away from waterways. British cotton cloth production soared, and cotton imports rose accordingly. The development of the factory system changed labor practices in Britain. Factory owners forced workers to work in shifts, so that the machines could be used constantly. Factory workers from rural areas had to adapt to performing repetitive tasks for the long factory day.

MAKING COMPARISONS Coal, Iron, and Railroads What differences explain the The use of steam engines in factories increased demand for coal. relative success of Germany’s Coal production rose. Coal was also needed to produce the high- industrialization compared to that quality iron used to build new machines. In the 1780s, Henry Cort of France? developed a process called puddling, which used coke, derived from coal, to burn away impurities in crude iron, producing a higher- quality iron. Over the next 70 years, iron production increased by almost 200 times.

Steam engines and iron-making technology enabled the use. classroom for reproduce to McGraw-Hillgranted © is Permission Copyright Education. development of the railroad, which was crucial to the success of the Industrial Revolution. Richard Trevithick, an English engineer, built the first steam locomotive, which began running on a rail line in 1804. The first locomotive was slow and could only pull light loads. Faster and stronger locomotives followed. By 1850 railroad tracks crisscrossed much of Britain. Goods became cheaper because transportation was less expensive. More people were able to buy goods, leading to increased demand for factories and machinery. Business owners invested in new machinery. Steady growth marked the British industrial economy. The Spread of Industrialization In the nineteenth century, other Western nations followed Great Britain’s industrial lead. Conditions around Europe influenced the speed at which each nation was industrialized. Political instability slowed the process of industrialization in France. Unlike Great Britain, France did not have good sources of coal to use to fuel factories and railroads. Many traditional industries resisted mechanization. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, the government began to promote industrialization by improving roads and expanding the rail system.

430 WORLD HISTORY Name Date Class

LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued

The German states, especially Industrialization in the West Prussia, were able to take advantage of iron and coal resources when they When Conditions Influencing Industrialization industrialized. German unification in 1870 accelerated industrial growth Political instability Lack of coal resources and facilitated railroad development. France Early 1800s Resistance from traditional industries Germany became a powerful Late government promotion industrial nation by the 1900s. Coal resources The United States industrialized in the Germany Mid 1800s Government promotion first half of the 1800s. Between 1800 Unification of Germany and 1860, the United States Urbanization population grew sixfold and United Former farmers work in factories. First half of 1800s urbanized. Many former farmers, States Roads, canals, and railroads move goods especially women and girls, became around the nation. workers in northeastern factories. Diferent nations took diferent paths to industrialization. Manufacturers needed ways to move manufactured goods to market. Roads and canals linked the country, and the invention of the steamboat in 1807 by Robert Fulton made transportation easier along American waterways. The railroad covered the eastern United States by 1860, allowing manufactured goods produced in the SUMMARIZING Northeast to move to markets around the nation. How did the invention of the steamboat help the United States Social Impact to industrialize? The Industrial Revolution fundamentally reshaped Europe. Population Growth and Urbanization The population of Europe doubled between 1750 and 1850. In addition, many Europeans moved to cities in a process called urbanization. This happened first in Great Britain. By 1850, more than half the population of Britain lived in towns and cities. Urbanization in the first half of the 1800s led to poor living conditions for many. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Urban reformers called on local governments to improve conditions, reforms that did not take place until later in the century. What does the population growth in Europe between 1750 and 1850 New Social Classes tell you about society at that time? During the Industrial Revolution, a new economic system arose in Europe: industrial capitalism. Along with the new economic system came two new social classes: the industrial middle class and the industrial working class. The industrial middle class included people who built factories, developed markets for products, and bought machines. Focused on gaining wealth, these were the industrial capitalists. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. The industrial working class worked for over 12 hours each day, often 6 days a week for low wages and without promise of future employment. Conditions were especially poor and dangerous in the coal mines and the cotton mills. Miners dug coal while facing cave-ins, explosions, and gas fumes. These conditions ruined miners’ lungs and bodies.

WORLD HISTORY 431 Name Date Class

LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued

ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES Women and children worked in the cotton mills, although the Factory Act of 1833 set working hours for children and forbade employment What industry was exempt from for children under the age of 9. Women who worked in the mills use. classroom for reproduce to McGraw-Hillgranted © is Permission Copyright Education. the child-labor laws passed in the received half the pay men received. Women also performed low- Factory Act of 1833? Why might paying jobs that could be done at home. that industry be exempt?

“. . . it shall not be lawful for any person whatsoever to employ in any factory or mill as aforesaid, except in mills for the manufacture of silk, any child who shall not have completed his or her ninth year of age . . .” —Factory Act of 1833

CONTRASTING How is socialism fundamentally different from the economic Early Socialism philosophy promoted by Adam The economic theory of socialism developed as a response to the Smith? poor conditions created in industrializing Europe. In socialism, society, usually the government, owns and controls the means of production, such as factories, and transportation. Intellectuals created early socialism, which later socialists called utopian socialism because of its ideal nature. One utopian socialist, Robert Owen, believed that humans should live in cooperative environments. He transformed a poor factory town in Scotland into a thriving community. He attempted to create a similar community in the United States but failed. The ideals of the socialist movement also influenced European governments, who at the end of the 1800s created social supports such as old-age pensions and unemployment insurance.

REVIEW LESSON 1

1. Use the graphic organizer below to record information about the Industrial Revolution.

GREAT BRITAIN EUROPE AND THE US EFFECTS

2. ASSESSING Use the information from your flowchart to write an essay that answers this question: Were the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution mostly positive or negative? Structure your essay as an argument with a clearly stated claim, supporting reasons, and relevant evidence.

432 WORLD HISTORY LESSON 2 SUMMARY Nationalism and Political

SS.912.W.6.4 The Revolutions of the 1830s SUMMARIZING During the 1830s four revolutions occurred within Europe that What were the key goals of the attempted to change the conservative domination in European of the 1830s and countries. In France, liberals overthrew the reactionary king 1848? and established a . In Belgium, nationalists rebelled against the former Dutch Republic and formed an independent nation. Reformers in Poland and Italy attempted to establish independent nations, but they were suppressed.

The Despite mixed success in the 1830s, the forces of liberalism and nationalism continued to grow. In 1848, new revolutions erupted across Europe. Another Starting in 1846, opposition to the French monarch grew amid economic hardships and an active middle class wanting suffrage. ANALYZING MAPS In 1848, the monarchy was overthrown and a new constitution was written establishing a republic, a government in which leaders are Look at the map on the next page. elected, in France. The Second Republic was established on What areas were free of November 4, 1848, and allowed all adult men to vote to elect revolutions in the 1830s and 1848? representatives to the legislature as well as the president. Revolt in the German States In 1848, in response to liberal , a number of German rulers ANALYZING MAPS promised liberal reforms such as constitutions, a free press, and jury Look at the map on the next page. trials. Liberals and nationalists also called for the unification of Why might these areas have not German states into one Germany under constitutional law. However, experienced revolts? talks to unify Germany under a liberal government failed. Revolutions in Central Europe and the Italian States In 1848, nationalist and liberal protests broke out in cities in the Austrian Empire. Reformers demanded a liberal constitution, and

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. nationalist groups such as the Hungarians and Czechs clamored for autonomous governments. Although the revolutionaries gained some concessions, the Austrians ultimately subdued the revolt. Revolts also broke out in the Italian states in 1848. Revolutionaries sought to create liberal constitutions and unify Italy into one state. However, by 1849, the revolts had been crushed by the conservative powers.

WORLD HISTORY 433 Name Date Class

LESSON 2 SUMMARY, continued The Failures of 1848 Although 1848 was a time of upheaval and widespread political

change, many of the revolutions fractured and were suppressed. use. classroom for reproduce to McGraw-Hillgranted © is Permission Copyright Education. Soon, the old order was re-established in most European states. However, the forces of nationalism and liberalism continued to influence politics in Europe as the century continued.

Revolutionary Outbursts and Political Revolutions 1830–1848

N SWEDEN Revolutions of 1830s W a e Revolutions of 1848 E North S IRELAND GREAT Sea S ic lt BRITAIN a B 0 400 miles 50°N 0 400 km Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

Berlin PRUSSIA RUSSIA BELGIUM POLAND ATLANTIC OCEAN Frankfurt Prague

FRANCE Vienna Budapest AUSTRIAN Milan Venice EMPIRE PARMA MODENA PORTUGAL 40°N Black Sea PAPAL O SPAIN T STATES T Rome O M MONTENEGRO A N Naples

E M Mediterranean P I R E Sea

SICILY GREECE 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E Nationalism and liberalism fueled political revolutions in the 1830s and again in 1848.

REVIEW LESSON 2

1. Use the chart below to list the key details of each wave of revolution in Europe.

Revolutions of 1830 Revolutions of 1848

2. ARGUMENT What reforms resulted from the revolutions of 1830 and 1848? How might those reforms have changed Europe?

434 WORLD HISTORY LESSON 3 SUMMARY Nationalism, Unification, and Reform

SS.912.G.4.9, SS.912.W.6.4, SS.912.W.6.5, SS.912.W.6.6 Toward National Unification Although Italy and Germany failed to become unified in 1848, the ANALYZING VISUALS Crimean War and its effects led to unification in these states by 1871. Study the chart. Which causes of the Crimean War were related to Breakdown of the imperialism? The Crimean War began as a conflict between Russia and the declining Ottoman Empire. Russia wanted to expand into Ottoman lands in the Balkans and gain access to the Mediterranean Sea, becoming the major power of Eastern Europe. In 1853, Russia invaded the Ottoman Empire, and the Ottoman Turks declared war on Russia. In 1854 France and Great Britain joined the war on the side of the Ottomans, to help limit Russian expansion. Eventually the Russians sought peace, and a treaty was signed in 1856. Austria had refused to support its chief ally, Russia, during the war. This left Austria without powerful allies. German and Italian states took advantage of Austria’s weakness and began the process of unification. SEQUENCING List the steps taken to unify Italy. THE CRIMEAN WAR 1. Causes Efects

• Decline of the Ottoman Empire • Both sides lost many troops. • Desire of Russia to expand • Russia lost the war • Moldavia and Walachia were • Interest in declining Ottoman 2. Empire by other European placed under joint protection powers • Austrians lost alliance with Russia. • Fear of Russian expansion by • Russia withdrew from European 3. France and Great Britain affairs The Crimean War broke the Concert of Europe established by the Congress of Vienna and led to the reshaping of European political boundaries.

Italian Unification 4. The northern Italian state of Piedmont led the process. The Piedmont prime minister formed an alliance with France, which supported Piedmont in a war with Austria in 1849. At the end of the war, Piedmont gave France two of its states, Nice and Savoy, and gained the Italian state of , which had been

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. under Austrian control. Nationalists in three other northern Italian 5. states overthrew their governments and joined with Piedmont. In 1860 a southern Italian patriot, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and his volunteer army of Red Shirts, invaded the Kingdom of Two Sicilies in . When Garibaldi overthrew the government, he turned the kingdom over to the rule of the king of Piedmont.

WORLD HISTORY 435 Name Date Class

LESSON 3 SUMMARY, continued

MAKING INFERENCES Italy gained control of Venetia by supporting Prussia in a war against Austria in 1866. They annexed Rome in 1870, when French troops Examine the map of Italian withdrew from the state. Italy was now unified and had a new capital unification. Why might the in Rome. have chosen to have their capital in Rome instead of somewhere in Unification Italy 1859-1870 Piedmont?

SWITZ. AUSTRIA FRANCE SAVOY LOMBARDY VENETIA 45°N Po R. Turin Venice A PIEDMONT PARMA N E Genoa D O NICE M A OTTOMAN d r EMPIRE Florence PAPAL ia ti STATES c To France Se in 1860 Talamone PAPAL a Corsica STATES KINGDOM OF Fr. Rome PIEDMONT Volturno Naples SEQUENCING 40°N TyrrhenianKINGDOM OF List the steps taken to unify Sea THE TWO Messina SICILIES Germany. Milazzo Mediterranean Sea Palermo Reggio N di 1. 5°E Calatafimi W E 0 200 miles S 0 200 km 10°E 2. Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 15°E

Kingdom of Piedmont Added to Kingdom of before 1859 Italy, 1866 3. Added to Kingdom of Added to Kingdom of Piedmont, 1859 Italy, 1870 use. classroom for reproduce to McGraw-Hillgranted © is Permission Copyright Education. Added to Kingdom of Route of Garibaldi’s Piedmont, 1860 Red Shirts, 1860

4. The Italian state of Piedmont led the unification of Italy.

5. German Unification After the failure to unify Germany in 1848, the German state of Prussia led unification efforts over the next 20 years. Prussia was an authoritarian state, and the king had tight control over the COMPARING government and army. The king and his prime minister, Count Otto How were Germany’s and Italy’s von Bismarck, enlarged Prussia’s army and navy and used a series processes of unification similar? of wars to unify Germany. Prussia gained control of the northern German duchies of Schleswig and Holstein in a war with Denmark in 1864. After defeating Austria in a war in 1866, Prussia organized northern German states into the North German confederation. Meanwhile, southern German states signed military alliances with Prussia for protection against France. In 1870 Prussian Prime Minister Bismarck pushed France into declaring war. The French lost, and Prussia gained control of the former French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. In addition, during the war, the southern German states agreed to join the Northern German Confederacy. In 1871, King William I of Prussia was declared kaiser, or

436 WORLD HISTORY Name Date Class

LESSON 3 SUMMARY, continued

emperor, of the Second German Empire. The new empire continued the ASSESSING militaristic and authoritarian practices of Prussia. With its strong military Which state was most effective at and growing industry, Germany was the strongest power in Europe. liberalizing its government? Why do you think that state was the Nationalism and Reform most effective? in Europe Italy and Germany were not the only states experiencing changes in the 1800s. Great Britain Great Britain did not experience the same unrest that faced other countries in Europe. Starting in the 1830s, Great Britain undertook a series of reforms, including expanding male suffrage to the middle class, which helped Great Britain avoid revolution. In addition, industrialization brought prosperity to the British middle class, making them reluctant to support revolution. France The Second Republic founded in 1848 lasted only four years before the president asked voters to create the Second Empire. The former president, Louis-, became Emperor Napoleon III. He completely controlled the government, the military, and the legislative process. He supported industrialization, offering subsidies to build railroads, canals, roads, and harbors. He also oversaw the rebuilding of Paris into a modern city with broad boulevards, an underground sewage system, and a public water supply. Although Napoleon III began to liberalize the empire in the 1860s, the Second Empire fell after France’s loss in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. The Austrian Empire The Austrian rulers continued their autocratic rule of their empire after the revolutions of 1848. However, in 1867, they agreed to split the empire into two monarchies, that of Austria and that of Hungary. Each monarchy had its own capital, legislature, government bureaucracy, and constitution. However, the Austrian ruler was the monarch for both new monarchies. Russia In the early 1800s, Russia was a largely rural nation run by an autocratic czar. However, after the loss of the Crimean War, the czar Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. decided to make some reforms, in the hope of modernizing Russia. Czar Alexander II started by emancipating the serfs and providing them with land. However, the lands given to the serfs were often not good for farming, and the Russian peasants remained poor. Alexander III’s reforms were highly divisive, and after his assassination by radicals, his son returned to old repressive methods.

WORLD HISTORY 437 Name Date Class

LESSON 3 SUMMARY, continued

IDENTIFYING POINT OF VIEW Nationalism in the United What reform did American States abolitionists want to happen? The U.S. Constitution was based on the principles of liberalism and nationalism. However, Americans were divided between Federalists, who wanted a strong central government, and Republicans, who wanted a weaker central government and stronger state governments. In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States fractured over the practice of slavery. The South’s economy depended on enslaved African Americans growing cotton on large plantations. Some Northerners supported the abolition, or end, of slavery. However, slavery was not abolished until the end of a in the 1860s.

REVIEW LESSON 3

1. Use the chart below to summarize unification and reform efforts in Europe.

Italy Germany

United States Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. classroom for reproduce to McGraw-Hillgranted © is Permission Copyright Education.

Russia Nationalism, Great Britain Unification, and Reform

Austrian Empire France

2. A NALYZING INFORMATION Use the information from your chart to write an essay that answers this question: How did the ideals of nationalism and liberalism influence European nations during the 1800s?

438 WORLD HISTORY LESSON 4 SUMMARY Nation Building in Latin America

SS.912.W.5.7, SS.912.W.6.4, SS.912.W.6.6 Nationalist Revolts At the end of the 1700s, creoles in Latin America were attracted to political ideals made popular by the , including free trade, equality of all under the law, and free press. Creoles (Latin American–born descendants of Europeans) resented the control peninsulares (Spanish and Portuguese officials in Latin America) had over Latin America. They resented that most of Latin America’s wealth benefited the peninsulares as well as the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Napoleon overthrew the monarchies of Spain and Portugal. Creoles seized this opportunity and revolted against Spanish and Portuguese control of Latin America. As a result, most of Latin America became independent.

Revolt in Haiti CONTRASTING The first revolt occurred in the French sugar colony of Saint How was the revolt in Haiti Domingue on the island of Hispaniola. Francois-Dominique different from revolts in other parts Toussaint-Louverture led more than 100,000 enslaved people in of Latin America? revolt. They established the nation of Haiti in the western part of Hispaniola in 1804. Haiti was the first independent state in Latin America.

Revolt in Mexico In 1810, a Mexican parish priest, Miguel Hidalgo, led an army of Native Americans and mestizos in a revolt against Spanish rule. His poorly equipped army was crushed by Spanish forces, but the revolt unified creoles and peninsulares in opposition to the revolution. Creoles and peninsulares then decided to overthrow Spanish rule and establish an independent monarchy. Mexico declared independence from Spain in 1821 but only remained a monarchy for a short time before becoming a republic in 1823.

Revolts in South America Two creoles, José San Martín of Argentina and Simón Bolívar of

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. Venezuela, led revolts against Spanish rule in South America. Bolívar led revolts in Venezuela, New Granada (Colombia), and Ecuador. These territories combined to form the independent nation of Gran Colombia in 1819.

WORLD HISTORY 439 Name Date Class

LESSON 4 SUMMARY, continued

ASSESSING Meanwhile, San Martín and his forces led revolts in Argentina and Chile in the south of the continent. Argentina became independent in Were the new Latin American 1810, and Chile declared independence in 1818. San Martín invited nations better off as independent Bolívar to help him liberate Peru, and by 1824, Bolívar had defeated states than they had been under the last powerful Spanish army in the Americas. colonial rule? Why or why not? By the end of 1824, South America was free of Spanish rule. In addition, the prince regent of Brazil had declared the colony’s independence from Portugal. Spanish colonies in Central America became independent in 1823 and eventually became the republics of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.

Threats to Independence The newly independent states faced a threat from the Concert of Europe, which supported restoring Spanish control of Latin America. However, Great Britain and the United States both independently opposed Spanish reconquest. The Monroe Doctrine in the United States warned against any European intervention in the Americas. The British navy also controlled the Atlantic Ocean, preventing European forces from invading the Americas.

Nation Building The years following independence posed many challenges for the new Latin American nations. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. classroom for reproduce to McGraw-Hillgranted © is Permission Copyright Education. Rule of the Caudillos and Inequality Although many nations began as republics, strong leaders called caudillos soon gained power. They enjoyed the support of elite landowners and ruled by force. Some were effective rulers, who unified and modernized their states. In Mexico, for example, President Benito Juárez separated church and state, gave land to the poor, and established a national education system. Other leaders were highly destructive, misusing state funds and creating disorder. Since caudillos generally ruled by force, civil wars often determined who would rule each nation. Latin American society was still dominated by landed elites who owned large estates and controlled the government and courts. These elites relied on peasant labor to grow cash crops such as coffee. The peasants did not have land to grow their own crops and lived in poverty.

Imperialism and Economic Dependence Although the new nations were economically independent from Spain and Portugal, Great Britain soon dominated the Latin American economy. Old trade relationships were reestablished—but with Great Britain.

440 WORLD HISTORY Name Date Class

LESSON 4 SUMMARY, continued

Latin America provided raw materials and agricultural products to industrialized nations in Europe as well as the United States. Latin America then imported finished consumer goods from Europe and the United States. Very little industry existed in Latin America. Latin America’s economy remained dependent on Western nations, even though they had achieved independence.

Latin Western America: nations: wheat, Finished tobacco, goods, coffee, sugar, especially wool, hides cotton cloth

Even after independence, Latin American nations remained economically dependent on Europe.

REVIEW LESSON 4

1. Use the chart below to note details about revolutions in Latin America.

REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA

Causes Events Effects

Haiti

Mexico

South America

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. 2. ANALYZING INFORMATION Why did the people of Latin America revolt against their colonial rulers? Did they achieve their goals once their nations were independent?

WORLD HISTORY 441 LESSON 5 SUMMARY Romanticism and Realism

SS.912.H.1.3, SS.912.W.6.2 ANALYZING VISUALS Romanticism Study the graphic organizer. How were the Enlightenment and A new intellectual movement, called romanticism, began at the end romanticism different? of the 1700s in Europe. This movement reacted against the ideals of the Enlightenment and emphasized emotion and imagination over reason. Romantics valued individualism rather than conformity and were very interested in the past Romanticism in Art and Music Romantic art sought to reflect the feelings and imagination of the DETERMINING CAUSE AND artist. It was warmer and more emotional than classical art. Romantic EFFECT music by composers such as Ludwig van Beethoven used powerful melodies to create dramatic intensity. How did the Industrial Revolution shape the beliefs of the romantics? Romanticism in Literature Romantic writers were fascinated by the past, especially medieval Europe, which they portrayed in stories that reflected their nationalism. Gothic literature, which focused on the unfamiliar and horrific, was another genre of romantic literature. Romantics valued poetry as the direct expression of the soul. Most Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. classroom for reproduce to McGraw-Hillgranted © is Permission Copyright Education. romantic poetry focused on a love of nature. Poems praised the natural world, which romantics believed helped humans to learn about themselves. Romantics criticized the scientists of the eighteenth century for merely studying Scientific Revolution nature rather than exploring its effects on the saw nature as an imagination or soul. object of study Romantics were also Industrial concerned by the effects of Revolution’s the Industrial Revolution, Enlightenment urbanization and which they believed both stressed reason industrialization separated people from nature harmed nature and damaged nature itself.

Romanticism focused on feelings and New Age of Science imagination and The Industrial Revolution revived interest in the sciences glorified history and expanded its study and impact beyond the educated and nature elite. During the mid-1800s, scientific discoveries, such as the theory of germs and the development of a primitive Romanticism was a reaction against the ideals of the Enlightenment and generator, led to benefits that Scientific Revolution and the efects of the Industrial Revolution. affected the lives of all Europeans.

442 WORLD HISTORY Name Date Class

LESSON 5 SUMMARY, continued Europeans began to have a growing faith in science, which COMPARING undermined religious faith in many. During the nineteenth century, Europeans became increasingly secular, as they sought answers What did the realists have in from science rather than religion. common with the romantics? Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859. The book introduced the theory of evolution, or that each species of plant and animal had evolved over long periods of time from simpler forms of life. Darwin believed that humans as well had evolved from other, simpler animals. Darwin’s ideas met great resistance, especially from those who felt he ignored God’s role in creating humans. However, many other intellectuals came to accept Darwin’s theory, which changed thinking in many fields of study. Realism Science influenced the development of a new movement in the mid-1800s called realism, which rejected the beliefs of the romantics. Realists believed that the world should be looked at realistically and not emotionally. Realist writers, such as Charles Dickens, portrayed the lives of Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. ordinary people and used their lives to examine social issues of the day. Dickens wrote novels that showed the harsh reality of life in the new industrial cities of Great Britain. His characters’ lives demonstrated the effects of the Industrial Revolution and urbanization on the poor industrial class. Realist artists, such as French painter Gustave Courbet, featured peasants and factory workers in their paintings.

REVIEW LESSON 5

1. Use the chart below to note important details of the movements of the 1800s.

ROMANTICISM NEW AGE OF SCIENCE REALISM

2. RECOGNIZING RELATIONSHIPS The Industrial Revolution of the late 1700s and 1800s had a wide impact on life in the West. How did the Industrial Revolution influence the movements of romanticism and realism?

WORLD HISTORY 443