History of International Relations
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3 neler öğrendik? bölüm özeti History of International Relations Editors Dr. Volkan ŞEYŞANE Evan P. PHEIFFER Authors Asst.Prof. Dr. Murat DEMİREL Dr. Umut YUKARUÇ CHAPTER 1 Prof.Dr. Burak Samih GÜLBOY Caner KUR CHAPTER 2, 3 Asst.Prof.Dr. Seçkin Barış GÜLMEZ CHAPTER 4 Assoc.Prof.Dr. Pınar ŞENIŞIK ÖZDABAK CHAPTER 5 Asst.Prof.Dr. İlhan SAĞSEN Res.Asst. Ali BERKUL Evan P. PHEIFFER CHAPTER 6 Dr. Çağla MAVRUK CAVLAK CHAPTER 7 Prof. Dr. Lerna K. YANIK Dr. Volkan ŞEYŞANE CHAPTER 8 T.C. ANADOLU UNIVERSITY PUBLICATION NO: 3920 OPEN EDUCATION FACULTY PUBLICATION NO: 2715 Copyright © 2019 by Anadolu University All rights reserved. This publication is designed and produced based on “Distance Teaching” techniques. No part of this book may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means of mechanical, electronic, photocopy, magnetic tape, or otherwise, without the written permission of Anadolu University. Instructional Designer Lecturer Orkun Şen Graphic and Cover Design Prof.Dr. Halit Turgay Ünalan Proof Reading Lecturer Gökhan Öztürk Assessment Editor Lecturer Sıdıka Şen Gürbüz Graphic Designers Gülşah Karabulut Typesetting and Composition Halil Kaya Dilek Özbek Gül Kaya Murat Tambova Beyhan Demircioğlu Handan Atman Kader Abpak Arul HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS E-ISBN 978-975-06-3603-5 All rights reserved to Anadolu University. Eskişehir, Republic of Turkey, October 2019 3328-0-0-0-1909-V01 Contents The Emergence The International of the Modern System During CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 th International the Long 19 System Century Introduction ................................................... 3 Introduction .................................................. 29 History of the State System: From The Revolutions and the International System .. 29 The Impact of the Industrial Revolution Ancient Era to the Renaissance.................... 3 upon the International System ........... 29 The Impact of the Renaissance and the The Impact of the American Revolution Reformation on the Emergence of the upon the International System ........... 31 Modern State System ................................... 5 The Impact of the French Revolution upon the International System ........... 32 The Renaissance .................................... 5 The End of Napoleonic Europe: The The Reformation ................................... 7 Congress of Vienna .............................. 35 The Birth of the Modern International The Metternich System and the Concert of System: The Peace of Westphalia ............... 9 Europe .......................................................... 36 Challenges to the Concert of Europe ......... 39 International Law and Diplomacy ....... 11 The Revolutions of 1830-1848 and their The International System During the 17th impact upon the international system .. 39 and 18th Century ............................................. 13 The Foreign Policy of Napoleon III and its impact on the European System ... 41 Mercantilism and Colonialism ............. 14 The Unification of Italy ....................... 42 Absolute Monarchies ............................ 15 The Unification of Germany ............... 43 The War of the Spanish Succession ..... 18 The Bismarck System and Its Downfall ..... 44 1713 Utrecht Peace ................................ 18 The Bismarck System: A Second Concert of Europe? .............................. 44 The Downfall of the Bismarck System ... 46 World Politics The First World CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 in The Interwar War 1914-1918 Years 1919-1939 Introduction ................................................... 55 Introduction .................................................. 87 The Causes and Origins of the First The Rise and Fall of The League of World War .................................................... 55 Nations .......................................................... 87 The First World War as a Failure Paris Peace Conference ........................ 87 of the European States System ........... 55 The League of Nations ....................... 89 Other Main Causes of the First Peace Treaties ...................................... 91 World War ............................................. 62 The Implementation of the Peace in The Outbreak of the First World War and the 1920s ............................................... 92 Its Development ........................................... 64 The Great Depression and Its Impact on The Impact of the First World War Upon World Politics ............................................... 95 the International System ............................. 68 The Rise of Revisionist Powers in the The End of the First World War and International System .................................... 98 Peace Treaties ............................................... 69 Nazi Germany ....................................... 98 Fascist Italy ........................................... 101 Imperial Japan ...................................... 102 The Soviet Union .................................. 103 The Spanish Civil War .................................. 105 iii The Second The Cold CHAPTER 5 World War CHAPTER 6 War: Global 1939-1945 Developments Introduction .................................................. 117 Introduction .................................................. 149 The Outbreak of the Second World War ... 118 The Emergence of the Cold War ................. 149 The Invasion of Poland ....................... 118 Origins and Causes of Cold War ......... 149 The Invasion of Finland, Denmark, The Strategy of Containment and the and Norway ......................................... 120 Formation of the Western Alliance ... 151 The German Attack on Western The formation of the Eastern bloc: The Europe .................................................. 121 Soviet Union and Eastern Europe ...... 155 The Battle of Britain ............................ 122 The Cold War in the 1950s: The Axis Invasion of the Balkans ....... 125 Institutionalization and Confrontation ...... 157 From European War to Global War ........... 126 The Communist Victory in China ....... 158 The German Invasion of the Soviet The Korean War ................................... 158 Union ..................................................... 126 The Death of Stalin and The Policy of The War in Asia-Pacific and the US Peaceful Coexistence .......................... 158 Entry into the War .............................. 132 Containment in Asia-Pacific ................ 159 The War in North Africa ..................... 134 The Baghdad Pact ................................ 159 Inter-Allied Conferences During The 1956 Suez Crisis ............................. 160 the War and the Establishment The Eisenhower Doctrine ................... 160 of the United Nations .................................. 135 The Cold War in the 1960s and 1970s: From The Establishment of the United Confrontation to Détente ........................... 161 Nations ................................................. 137 U-2 Spy Plane Incident: The End of the The End of the Second World War ............. 138 Peaceful Coexistence .......................... 161 The Defeat of Germany in April and The Berlin Wall .................................... 161 May of 1945 .......................................... 138 The Cuban Missile Crisis: the Edge of The Potsdam Conference Nuclear War? ....................................... 162 (July 17-August 2, 1945) ....................... 138 The Détente Era ................................... 163 The Use of the Atomic Bomb and The Vietnam War: a Crisis to Upend the Japanese Surrender ....................... 139 Détente ................................................ 164 A General Assessment of the Ostpolitik and Superpower Détente . 164 Second World War and Its Legacy ..... 140 The “Second” Cold War and its End ............ 167 A Last Attempt to Save the Union: Glasnost and Perestroika, and the Second Détente ................................................. 168 The End of the Cold War: The Collapse of the Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe and the Disintegration of the Soviet Union .................................. 169 iv The Cold War The World Since 1945-1989: the End of the CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 Regional Cold War 1989- Developments 2019 Introduction ................................................... 179 Introduction .................................................. 207 The Era of Decolonization ............................ 179 The End of the Cold War and “a New World The Bandung Conference and Non- Order” ............................................................ 207 Aligned Movement ........................................ 182 The Dissolution of the Soviet Union .. 207 The Cold War and European Integration .... 186 The Collapse of the Communist Effects of the Cold War on Developing Regimes in Eastern Europe and the Regions ........................................................... 189 Fall of the Berlin Wall ......................... 209 The Cold War in the Middle East ......... 189 Debating the Nature of the Post-Cold The Cold War in the Balkans ................ 195 War Order ............................................. 210 The Cold War in Latin America ............ 196 The Era of Liberal Internationalism: the US-led International Order of the 1990s .... 211 The Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait and the First Gulf War (1990-1991) ................. 211 The Breakup of Yugoslavia and NATO Interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo . 212 Rwandan Genocide .............................. 214 The Oslo Accords—a