CHAPTER 23 Industrialization and Nationalism, 1800–1870 CHAPTER Chapter Overview BENCHMARKS The 1800s were a time of extraordinary economic, political, and SS.912.G.2.1 Identify the physical characteristics and the human social change in Europe and the Americas. characteristics that define and differentiate regions. New technologies and production concepts drove the Industrial SS.912.G.4.1 Interpret population Revolution. Originating in Great Britain at the end of the growth and other demographic data eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution spurred fundamental for any given place. social change, with people moving in increasing numbers from SS.912.G.4.2 Use geographic terms agricultural work in the countryside to factory work in the cities. and tools to analyze the push/pull factors contributing to human New industrial middle and working classes also arose, which migration within and among places. fueled social reforms, such as expanded voting rights. SS.912.G.4.3 Use geographic terms Nationalist and liberal movements transformed economies, and tools to analyze the effects of migration both on the place of origin governments, and society across continental Europe. In the course and destination, including border areas. of the century, both Italy and Germany became unified states. SS.912.G.4.9 Use political maps to describe the change in boundaries and In the Americas, independence movements freed many nations governments within continents over from their colonial powers. Revolts in Latin American countries time. such as Mexico, Argentina, and Venezuela led to independence SS.912.H.1.3 Relate works in the arts from Spain. Great Britain, who controlled the seas, became the to various cultures. main trading partner for the newly independent states. SS.912.W.5.7 Describe the causes and effects of 19th Latin American and Other social changes came with a growing faith in science. Caribbean independence movements In literature and the arts, the romantic movement gave way to led by people including Bolivar, de San Martin, and L' Ouverture. realism. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW PEOPLE, PLACES, EVENTS TERMS Robert Owen Francois-Dominique Industrial Revolution liberalism Toussaint-Louverture Crimean War spinning jenny nationalism Haiti unification Piedmont water-powered loom Miguel Hidalgo creoles Giuseppe steam engine Garibaldi José San Martín peninsulares puddling Simón Bolívar Simon Bolivar caudillos locomotive Prussia Ludwig van urbanization cash crops Beethoven Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. Count Otto von imperialism industrial middle class Bismarck Eugene Delacroix romanticism industrial working Second German Charles Darwin class Gothic Empire Charles Dickens socialism realism Kaiser William I Gustave Courbet republic 427 CHAPTER 23 Industrialization and Nationalism, 1800–1870 CHAPTER BENCHMARKS, continued SS.912.W.6.1 Describe the SS.912.W.6.3 Compare the SS.912.W.6.5 Summarize the causes, agricultural and technological philosophies of capitalism, socialism, key events, and effects of the innovations that led to industrialization and communism as described by Adam unification of Italy and Germany in Great Britain and its subsequent Smith, Robert Owen, and Karl Marx. spread to continental Europe, the SS.912.W.6.6 Analyze the causes and United States, and Japan. SS.912.W.6.4 Describe the 19th and effects of imperialism. early 20th century social and political SS.912.W.6.2 Summarize the social reforms and reform movements and LAFS.910.RH.1.2 Determine the and economic effects of the Industrial their effects in Africa, Asia, Europe, the central ideas or information of a primary Revolution. United States, the Caribbean, and or secondary source; provide an accurate Latin America. summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text. Use this section for notes or questions you may have. Layered-Look Book Create a Layered-Look Book titled Ideologies with sections labeled Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. Conservatism, Nationalism, and Liberalism. Use the book to examine the political philosophies that influenced Europe and the Americas in the 1800s. Review the facts written under each tab and then write a summary on the influence of political philosophies on Europe and the Americas in the 1800s. Ideologies Conservatism Nationalism Liberalism 428 WORLD HISTORY LESSON 1 SUMMARY The Industrial Revolution SS.912.G.2.1, SS.912.G.4.1, SS.912.G.4.2, SS.912.G.4.3, SS.912.W.6.1, SS.912.W.6.2, SS.912.W.6.3, SS.912.W.6.4 ANALYZING A MAP The Industrial Revolution What region of Great Britain contained most of the textile in Great Britain production? Why might textile The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1780s and production be centered there? spread to other nations during the next century. The introduction of new crops such as the potato and the expansion of farmland increased the food supply and lowered food prices. This meant people had money to spend on other goods such as manufactured products. The increased food supply also caused the population to grow. At the same time, many landowners cut off peasants’ access to common lands. As a result, many peasants moved to the cities, providing labor for the new factories. Industry in Great Britain 1850 N Coalfield Dundee Major port W E SCOTLAND North Navigable river Major canal S Glasgow Sea Edinburgh Major railway 0 100 miles New Industries: Lanark 0 100 km Copper mining and smelting Lambert Conformal Conic projection Newcastle NORTHERN Tin mining IRELAND Sunderland and smelting Iron extraction and smelting 54°N Lead mining Isle of Man Halifax Leeds Hull Textile production Irish Sea Bury ATLANTIC Liverpool Shefeld IRELAND Manchester OCEAN Nottingham 12°W Derby Norwich Leicester Birmingham Coventry Cambridge WALES ENGLAND Harwich London Swansea Bristol Canterbury Cardif Chatham 51°N Bath Dover Southampton Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. Exeter Portsmouth l FRANCE Plymouth ne Falmouth an Ch 9°W 6°W 3°W lish 0° 3°E Eng Great Britain was the world’s first industrialized nation. WORLD HISTORY 429 Name Date Class LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Cotton Production and New Factories How did new technologies At the end of the eighteenth century, new technology made the contribute to the Industrial production of cotton cloth much more efficient and cheaper. Revolution in Britain? Previously, cotton thread had been spun by hand, and cotton cloth was woven by hand. Spinners and weavers worked in their homes. In 1764, a machine called the spinning jenny, which produced cotton thread, was invented. In 1787, a water-powered loom that wove cloth more quickly was invented. Streams and rivers powered these machines. Workers were brought to factories by waterways to work. Later, the factories began to use coal-powered steam engines for power, and factories were able to move away from waterways. British cotton cloth production soared, and cotton imports rose accordingly. The development of the factory system changed labor practices in Britain. Factory owners forced workers to work in shifts, so that the machines could be used constantly. Factory workers from rural areas had to adapt to performing repetitive tasks for the long factory day. MAKING COMPARISONS Coal, Iron, and Railroads What differences explain the The use of steam engines in factories increased demand for coal. relative success of Germany’s Coal production rose. Coal was also needed to produce the high- industrialization compared to that quality iron used to build new machines. In the 1780s, Henry Cort of France? developed a process called puddling, which used coke, derived from coal, to burn away impurities in crude iron, producing a higher- quality iron. Over the next 70 years, iron production increased by almost 200 times. Steam engines and iron-making technology enabled the Education. Copyright Permission is © grantedMcGraw-Hill to reproduce for classroom use. development of the railroad, which was crucial to the success of the Industrial Revolution. Richard Trevithick, an English engineer, built the first steam locomotive, which began running on a rail line in 1804. The first locomotive was slow and could only pull light loads. Faster and stronger locomotives followed. By 1850 railroad tracks crisscrossed much of Britain. Goods became cheaper because transportation was less expensive. More people were able to buy goods, leading to increased demand for factories and machinery. Business owners invested in new machinery. Steady growth marked the British industrial economy. The Spread of Industrialization In the nineteenth century, other Western nations followed Great Britain’s industrial lead. Conditions around Europe influenced the speed at which each nation was industrialized. Political instability slowed the process of industrialization in France. Unlike Great Britain, France did not have good sources of coal to use to fuel factories and railroads. Many traditional industries resisted mechanization. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, the government began to promote industrialization by improving roads and expanding the rail system. 430 WORLD HISTORY Name Date Class LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued The German states, especially Industrialization in the West Prussia, were able to take advantage of iron and coal resources when they When Conditions Influencing Industrialization industrialized. German unification in 1870 accelerated industrial growth Political instability Lack of coal resources and facilitated railroad development. France Early 1800s Resistance from traditional industries Germany became a powerful Late government promotion industrial nation by the 1900s. Coal resources The United States industrialized in the Germany Mid 1800s Government promotion first half of the 1800s. Between 1800 Unification of Germany and 1860, the United States Urbanization population grew sixfold and United Former farmers work in factories. First half of 1800s urbanized. Many former farmers, States Roads, canals, and railroads move goods especially women and girls, became around the nation.