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HISTORY OF EUROPE AND WORLD 1760 AD TO 1871 AD BA [History] Fifth Semester EDCN 803C [ENGLISH EDITION] Directorate of Distance Education TRIPURA UNIVERSITY Reviewer Dr Manvendra Kumar Associate Professor, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh Authors Dr Syed Mubin Zehra Units: (1.3-1.4, 2.2, 3.3, 4.2-4.3) © Dr Syed Mubin Zehra, 2016 Dr M Waseem Raja Units: (1.5, 3.2, 3.4) © Dr M Waseem Raja, 2016 Jaideep Majumdar Units: (2.4-2.5) © Reserved, 2016 Dr Shreeparna Roy Units: (2.6-2.7, 4.4-4.5) © Dr Shreeparna Roy, 2016 Vikas Publishing House Units: (1.0-1.2, 1.6-1.10, 2.0-2.1, 2.3, 2.8-2.12, 3.0-3.1, 3.4.1-3.4.2, 3.5-3.9, 4.0-4.1, 4.6-4.10) © Reserved, 2016 Books are developed, printed and published on behalf of Directorate of Distance Education, Tripura University by Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material, protected by this copyright notice may not be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form of by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the DDE, Tripura University & Publisher. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 • Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: 7361, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi – 110 055 • Website: www.vikaspublishing.com • Email: [email protected] SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE History of Europe and World 1760 AD to 1871 AD Syllabi Mapping in Book Unit - 1 1. 18th century as Age of Enlightenment: Features Unit 1: 18th Century European World and Impact on Society and Polity. (Pages 3-42) 2. French Revolution: Causes, Reign of Terror, Constituent Assembly. 3. Napoleon Bonaparte: Rise, Reforms and Downfall. 4. Era of Conservatism: The Congress of Vienna, Metternich System. Unit - 2 1. Industrial Revolution in England: Causes and Unit 2: Industrial Revolution, the Consequences. American War on Independence and 2. American War of Independence: Causes; Developments in China and Japan Institution of Slavery, American Civil War-causes (Pages 43-102) and Results, Role of Abraham Lincoln. 3. China: Opium Wars: Causes and Consequences; Unequal Treaties. 4. Japan: Commodore Perry and Opening of Japan; Impact on Shogunate. Unit - 3 1. The July Revolution of 1830-causes and Results. Unit 3: Developments in France and 2. The February Revolution of 1848: Causes and Russia in the 19th Century Results. (Pages 103-127) 3. Political Development in France between 1848 and 1871, Paris Commune. 4. Russia: Modernisation under Alexander II. Unit - 4 1. Unification of Italy-Background, Roles of Unit 4: Unification of Italy and Germany Mazzini, Garibaldi and Cavour. and Developments in China and Japan 2. Unification of Germany-Background from (Pages 129-173) Zollverein to Bismarck. 3. Chinese Response to Colonialism: Taiping Rebellion, Tungchi Restoration. 4. Japan: Meiji Restoration-Background, Impact. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 UNIT 1 18TH CENTURY EUROPEAN WORLD 3-42 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 18th Century as the Age of Enlightenment: Features and Impact 1.2.1 Factors Responsible for Enlightenment 1.2.2 Development in Arts 1.2.3 Developments in Architecture and Sculpture 1.2.4 Developments in Music 1.2.5 Reflections of the Age of Enlightenment in Literature 1.3 French Revolution: Causes, Reign of Terror and Downfall 1.3.1 Causes of the French Revolution 1.3.2 Course of the Revolution 1.4 Napoleon Bonaparte: Rise, Reforms and Downfall 1.4.1 Napoleonic Empire 1.4.2 Causes of Napoleon’s Failure 1.5 Era of Conservatism: The Congress of Vienna and the Metternich System 1.5.1 Reaction in Europe after 1815 1.6 Summary 1.7 Key Terms 1.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.9 Questions and Exercises 1.10 Further Reading UNIT 2 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, THE AMERICAN WAR ON INDEPENDENCE AND DEVELOPMENTS IN CHINA AND JAPAN 43-102 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Unit Objectives 2.2 Industrial Revolution in England: Causes and Consequences 2.2.1 Revolution in Textiles 2.2.2 The Iron and Coal Industry 2.2.3 Results of Industrial Revolution 2.3 American War of Independence 2.3.1 Ideologies behind the American Revolution 2.3.2 Causes of the American Revolution and War of Independence 2.3.3 Events of the American Revolution and War of Independence 2.3.4 Results and Significance of the American Revolution 2.4 Institution of Slavery 2.4.1 Origins of Abolitionism 2.4.2 Abraham Lincoln and Abolitionism 2.5 American Civil War and the Role of Abraham Lincoln 2.5.1 Causes of Defeat of the Confederacy 2.5.2 Conclusion 2.6 Opium Wars in China 2.6.1 First Opium War 2.6.2 Second Opium War 2.6.3 The Causes of the Opium Wars 2.6.4 Unequal Treaties 2.7 Developments in 19th Century Japan 2.7.1 Opening of Japan, Commodore Perry and the Impact on Shogunate 2.7.2 Unequal Treaties 2.8 Summary 2.9 Key Terms 2.10 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 2.11 Questions and Exercises 2.12 Further Reading UNIT 3 DEVELOPMENTS IN FRANCE AND RUSSIA IN THE 19TH CENTURY 103-127 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Unit Objectives 3.2 The July Revolution of 1830: Causes and Results 3.2.1 Objectives of the Revolution 3.2.2 Influence on Europe 3.3 The February Revolution of 1848: Causes and Results 3.3.1 Result of the Revolution 3.4 Political Developments in France between 1848 and 1871 3.4.1 Paris Commune 3.4.2 Russia: Modernisation under Alexander II 3.5 Summary 3.6 Key Terms 3.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 3.8 Questions and Exercises 3.9 Further Reading UNIT 4 UNIFICATION OF ITALY AND GERMANY AND DEVELOPMENTS IN CHINA AND JAPAN 129-173 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Unit Objectives 4.2 Unification of Italy 4.2.1 Joseph Mazzini 4.2.2 Cavour’s Rise 4.2.3 Movement in the South and Garibaldi’s Role 4.3 Unification of Germany 4.3.1 Role of Bismarck 4.4 Chinese Response to Colonialism: Taiping Rebellion 4.4.1 The Taiping Rebellion 4.4.2 Tungchi Restoration 4.5 Japan: Meiji Restoration 4.5.1 Meiji Constitution 4.5.2 Impact of the Meiji Restoration 4.6 Summary 4.7 Key Terms 4.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 4.9 Questions and Exercises 4.10 Further Reading Introduction INTRODUCTION NOTES For many historians, the history of modern Europe begins when the ideas of enlightenment began to germinate, culminating in the collapse of monarchies throughout the European continent. New ideas about how a nation should be governed resulted in the disintegration of the Ancient Régime of the Bourbons in France. From France, these ideas spread all over the continent. In the 18th and 19th century, Europe was to witness many revolutions, both social and political; these revolutions formed the foundation of the modern world as we know it and changed the lives of workers, peasants, aristocrats, the middle class, women and minorities living in European countries. However, modern European history was also witness to many tragedies. Wars were fought that killed more people than in any other point in history. China and Japan, two important countries in South-East Asia, were also witnessing changes with the arrival of imperial powers. Although they were once great ancient civilisations, the rise of Europe and the West resulted in the decline and regression of the great civilisations of Asia. By the nineteenth century, this decline had resulted in most Asian civilisations becoming essentially puppet states of western imperial powers. China and Japan were no different. However, by the time the 19th century ended, great churnings had taken place in China and Japan that would constitute the first steps to their re-emergence on the world stage. In this book, History of Europe and World 1760 AD to 1871 AD, you will learn in detail about the changes that took place in Europe and Japan and China in the 18th and 19th century. This book is written in a self-instructional format and is divided into four units. Each unit begins with an Introduction to the topic followed by an outline of the Unit Objectives. The content is then presented in a simple and easy-to-understand manner, and is interspersed with Check Your Progress questions to test the reader’s understanding of the topic. A list of Questions and Exercises is also provided at the end of each unit, and includes short-answer as well as long-answer questions. The Summary and Key Terms section are useful tools for students and are meant for effective recapitulation of the text. Self-Instructional Material 1 18th Century European UNIT 1 18TH CENTURY EUROPEAN World WORLD NOTES Structure 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 18th Century as the Age of Enlightenment: Features and Impact 1.2.1 Factors Responsible for Enlightenment 1.2.2 Development in Arts 1.2.3 Developments in Architecture and Sculpture 1.2.4 Developments in Music 1.2.5 Reflections of the Age of Enlightenment in Literature 1.3 French Revolution: Causes, Reign of Terror and Downfall 1.3.1 Causes of the French Revolution 1.3.2 Course of the Revolution 1.4 Napoleon Bonaparte: Rise, Reforms and Downfall 1.4.1 Napoleonic Empire 1.4.2 Causes of Napoleon’s Failure 1.5 Era of Conservatism: The Congress of Vienna and the Metternich System 1.5.1 Reaction in Europe after 1815 1.6 Summary 1.7 Key Terms 1.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.9 Questions and Exercises 1.10 Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION The French poet, novelist and dramatist Victor Hugo once said, ‘There is one thing stronger than all the armies in the world, and that is an idea whose time has come.’ The revolutionary ideas of 18th century France fundamentally changed the way one imagined society to be.
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