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Representations of Anne Boleyn in the English Written Word, 2000-2012

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Representations of Anne Boleyn in the English Written Word, 2000-2012 THE UNBLEMISHED CONCUBINE: REPRESENTATIONS OF ANNE BOLEYN IN THE ENGLISH WRITTEN WORD, 2000-2012 Submitted by Laura Saxton BA (Hons) A thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy National School of Arts Australian Catholic University (Melbourne) Graduate Research Office Level 5, 250 Victoria Parade East Melbourne VIC 3000 9 January 2015 i DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY This thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma. No parts of this thesis have been submitted towards the award of any other degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgment in the main text of the thesis. All research procedures reported in the thesis received the approval of the relevant Ethics/Safety Committees (where required). Signed: Laura Saxton Date: 9 January 2015 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to offer my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Prof. Shurlee Swain, Prof. Peter Sherlock and Dr Matthew Ryan for their invaluable guidance, expertise, advice and enthusiasm throughout my research. My family and, in particular, my parents have been unwavering in their encouragement and support, and I thank them for this. The postgraduate community of ACU Melbourne have offered a constant source of camaraderie, and I would particularly like to thank my ‘postgrad posse’: Amy Cumper, Sian Dunn, Christin Quirk, Helen Anderson, Sarah Dowling, Jo Bird and, especially, Ros Almond. Finally, I wish to thank my husband, Geoffrey Bramley, for his love, patience and laughter. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ........................................................................................... I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. V A NOTE ON THE TEXT ....................................................................................................... VII INTRODUCTION: ANNE BOLEYN IN THE ENGLISH WRITTEN WORD, 2000-2012 .................. 1 History, Narrative and Fiction ........................................................................................................ 11 Constructing Gender and Constructing Narrative ...................................................................... 22 Thesis Outline ................................................................................................................................... 37 PART ONE: FILLING IN THE GAPS ......................................................................................... 39 1.“IT IS A GOOD STORY. BUT IS IT TRUE?” HISTORIOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND FICTION ..... 41 Accuracy and Authenticity ............................................................................................................... 50 Marketing Methodologies ................................................................................................................ 55 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 68 2. THE SPANISH AMBASSADOR: EUSTACE CHAPUYS AND THE PROBLEM OF EVIDENCE ..... 71 A Catholic Ambassador in Henrician England ............................................................................ 75 “The Power of Rumour” ................................................................................................................. 81 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 87 PART TWO: THE UNBLEMISHED CONCUBINE .................................................................. 91 3.“SHE RADIATED SEX”: ANNE BOLEYN AS MAIDEN AND MISTRESS ................................. 93 The Other Woman ........................................................................................................................... 95 “D’You Think She Will be Happier than You?” ......................................................................... 98 Flirting with Power ......................................................................................................................... 112 Henry’s Abstinence ......................................................................................................................... 118 “Harry Percy’s Lady” ...................................................................................................................... 121 “Not the Easy Armful” .................................................................................................................. 132 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 141 iv 4. “I AM JEZEBEL”: ANNE BOLEYN AS QUEEN ................................................................. 145 “The Po-Faced Bastard-Daughter”.............................................................................................. 148 “She Takes It Personally. Women Do.” ...................................................................................... 159 “Send that Little Martyr to Tyburn” ............................................................................................ 170 “Learning to Make Cheese and Skin a Chicken” ....................................................................... 178 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 190 5. “SHE WAS DEAD MEAT”: THE EXECUTION OF ANNE BOLEYN .................................... 195 The Shadow of Death .................................................................................................................... 196 “Anne the Headless, Anne sans Tête” ........................................................................................ 199 “A Tyrant Runs Mad” .................................................................................................................... 208 “Out with the Old, In with the New” ......................................................................................... 216 “How Did Henry’s Great Love Turn to Ruins?” ...................................................................... 221 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 231 CONCLUSION: “THERE ARE NO ENDINGS”...................................................................... 236 WORKS CITED .................................................................................................................... 253 v ABSTRACT Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII, has been the subject of fictional and non- fictional historical narratives since her execution in 1536. Although already a contentious figure for her role in Henry VIII’s annulment of his first marriage and England’s ensuing break from the Roman Catholic Church, the nature of her death ensured that she would become a focus of examination, intrigue and scrutiny. This fascination is, in part, fuelled by limited primary source materials, particularly from Boleyn’s perspective; there is an accepted, familiar narrative of her life that is defined by landmark events, however we cannot know precisely how she experienced these events. The reasons for her death are unclear because conclusive evidence confirming either her guilt or her innocence is yet to be uncovered. This combination of fascination and ambiguity means that Anne Boleyn is an apt case study for a consideration of the tensions between history and fiction that appear in all historical narratives. In recent decades, postmodern historiography has highlighted the literary qualities of histories, and scholars such as Hayden White have drawn attention to the narrativisation, emplotment and characterisation that occur in both fictional and non-fictional histories. The role of the historian as author—rather than as objective observer—has been integral to such scholarship. This study examines ten twenty-first- century historical narratives, encompassing a range of historical writing, including academic histories, popular biographies, historiographic metafiction and historical fiction. In spite of variations in style, audience, genre and veracity, each of the focus texts constructs both a characterisation of Boleyn and a narrative of her life. A close textual analysis of these narratives reveals that there are representational techniques and practices that are shared by the authors, regardless of their claims to authenticity and accuracy. Thus, the thesis rejects the apparent disjuncture between fictional and non-fictional histories on the basis of their capacity to relate truth, and argues that these texts should each be considered examples of historical writing. The limits of representation are a central concern of the thesis, and it argues that interpretations of the textualised past and the social norms surrounding a text’s production vi inexorably impact the nature of a representation. It draws on current historiographical and literary theories to critique the representational practices at work in these narratives, demonstrating that generic tropes, conventions and archetypes significantly
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