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Thesis Zal Trachten De Complexe Politieke Situatie Van De Periode 1553-1558 Op Het Diplomatieke Vlak Te Ontleden

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Thesis Zal Trachten De Complexe Politieke Situatie Van De Periode 1553-1558 Op Het Diplomatieke Vlak Te Ontleden Universiteit Gent Academiejaar 2009-2010 Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte Vakgroep Geschiedenis (Nieuwe Tijd) ‘The Finest Match in the world’: De Anglo-Habsburgse relaties tijdens de regering van Mary Tudor (1553-1558) Masterscriptie, voorgelegd met het oog op het behalen van de academische graad van ‘Master in de Geschiedenis’ Vincenzo De Meulenaere Promotor: Prof.Dr. René Vermeir 00606049 Leescommissarissen: Prof.Dr. Andries Zuiderhoek Drs. Klaas Van Gelder 1 Inhoudstafel Dankwoord ………………………… ……………………………………………………………. 5 Inleiding en vraagstelling ……..…………………………………………………….. .......................6 Inleidend Hoofdstuk (I): Politiek/religieuze schets en de crisis van juli 1553…………9 Hoofdstuk II: Het beste verbond ooit: De Habsburgse diplomatie, het huwelijk en de weerstand…22 II.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................. 22 II.2 Henry VIII en Karel V: rivalen? ........................................................................ 22 II.3. De Noailles vs. Renard: twee diplomaten, twee stijlen ?....................................24 II.4 De eerste diplomatieke stappen .......................................................................... 30 II.5 De positie van Filips ........................................................................................... 31 II.6 De Habsburgse broedertwist .............................................................................. 35 II.7 Martín de Guzmán: storend element in Londen? ............................................... 38 II.8 Reginand Pole en Edward Courtenay: rivalen van Filips? ................................. 40 II.9 De Engelse staatsstructuur en The Queen Regnant. ........................................... 41 II.10. De triomf van Renard. ........................................................................................ 45 II.11 De Nederlandse diplomaten in Engeland: meer invloed dan de Spaanse gezanten?..........................................................................................................................49 II.12 Henri II en Mary de Guise. ................................................................................. 53 II.13 De Wyatt-rebellie. .............................................................................................. 55 II.14 Renard vs. The Lady Elizabeth en de eerste onderlinge onenigheden ............... 59 II.15 Philippus Rex ..................................................................................................... 62 II.16 To be married on St.James’s day: Filips’ eerste dagen in Engeland ................. 65 II.17 Voorlopig besluit ................................................................................................ 68 Hoofdstuk III: De religieuze hervorming en de Habsburgers…………………………..70 III.1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................. 70 III.2. Een radicale hervorming? ................................................................................... 70 III.3 Engelse reacties op de nieuwe religieuze situatie. ............................................. 74 III.4. The Catholic Coronation and the Catholic Parliament. ...................................... 79 III.5. Marriage does not fit a priest. ............................................................................. 84 2 III.6. Filip, Pole en de Church Lands .......................................................................... 84 III.7. Radicalisering tegen wil en dank: het einde van een gematigde politiek? ......... 88 III.8. Absolutie en de hernieuwde antiketterij wetten. ................................................ 93 III.9. De Habsburgse gezant en de Marian Persecutions: Renards invloed ten einde? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………96 III.10. Filips en Stephen Gardiners Catholic Revival Scheme .................................... 100 III.11. De Spaanse broeders in het land van Amadis: een succesverhaal? .................. 103 III.12. Voorlopig besluit .............................................................................................. 111 Hoofdstuk IV: Buitenlandse politiek: Engelse neutraliteit vs. het Franco-Habsburgse conflict ................................................................................................................................ 113 IV.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................... 113 IV.2. Adriaan Crole: een gevaar voor de Engelse neutraliteit? ................................. 113 IV.3. De weg naar de vrede?...................................................................................... 118 IV.4. Twijfels in diplomatieke kringen. .................................................................... 120 IV.5. De onderhandelingen te Marcq: succes van de Engelse neutraliteitspolitiek? . 122 IV.6. Filips’ invloed in Engeland .............................................................................. 126 IV.7. Rome en de Habsburgers .................................................................................. 130 IV.8. De gesel Gods: Paulus IV ................................................................................. 133 IV.9. Een bewuste Romeinse clash met Engeland? .................................................. 134 IV.10. Mary,volgzame gemalin van King Philip? ..................................................... 136 IV.11. Engelands nieuwe rol in de Habsburgse plannen. ............................................ 141 IV.12. Het Schotse vraagstuk: een Habsburgs probleem? ........................................... 147 IV.13. ‘When I am dead and opened, you will find Calais written on my heart’. ....... 150 IV.14. Het verlies van Calais: An Act of Treason? ...................................................... 153 IV.15. Engeland na januari 1558: een minimum aan bereidwilligheid? ..................... 155 IV.16. De onderhandelingen te Cercamp: Habsburgse steun voor Engeland? ............ 159 IV.17. Voorlopig besluit: naar een complete breuk met Engeland? ............................ 163 Algemeen Besluit…………………………………………………………………………… 165 Bijlage……………………………………………………………………………………..... 170 Bibliografie…………………………………………………………………………………. 173 Index……………………………………………………………………………………….. .185 3 ‘’Those who said that the perfect ambassador could only be found in the service of the perfect prince were thinking, of course, of the shadowry figure cast by medieval idealism on the vapours of humanistic rhetoric’s, the shadow of a prince brave, wise, clement, but above all, just, a prince who never sought anything not rightfully his, never acted out of pride or anger or greed, and never preferred his own profit to the general good. In the service of such a prince, an ambassador could take the longest and hardest step towards perfection.’’ Garrett Mattingly, in Renaissance Diplomacy (p. 213) 4 Dankwoord Na een jaar lezen, opzoeken, transcriberen, schrijven en vooral teksten bijschaven, is deze scriptie eindelijk een feit. Natuurlijk zou dit niet tot stand gekomen zijn, zonder de hulp van veel mensen, die allemaal bijgedragen hebben tot het resultaat dat hier voor u ligt. Via deze weg wil ik vooral mijn promotor, Prof.dr. René Vermeir, bedanken, die telkens opnieuw interessante aanwijzingen gaf inzake het hanteren van het meest aangewezen primaire en secundaire bronnenmateriaal. Zodoende kon het opzoekwerk uiteraard een stuk gerichter verlopen. Ook wil ik de medewerkers van de verscheidene binnen – en buitenlandse archieven, gaande van Brussel, over Rijsel, tot Londen, bedanken die het grasduinen in de immense archivalia hielpen begeleiden. Taalfouten brengen uiteraard ook geen prettige leeservaring met zich mee, en daarom wil ik mijn dank betuigen aan de mensen die de tijd namen om deze tekst te onderwerpen aan een nauwkeurige taalcontrole. Ten slotte lijkt het mij aangewezen om mijn familie te bedanken, die het afgelopen jaar in goede en — vooral — kwade dagen steeds opnieuw klaarstond om mij te steunen en zo nodig moed in te spreken. 5 Inleiding en vraagstelling Mary Tudor staat in de geschiedenis grotendeels geboekstaafd als de vorstin wier regering gelijkstaat met de radicale vervolging van protestanten, het weinig populaire huwelijk met Filips van Spanje en het schandelijke verlies van Calais. Hoewel de negatieve bijklank van Mary’s regering vooral te wijten is aan de antikatholieke propagandateksten van de welbekende Engelse reformatoren John Foxe en Christopher Goodman, zijn vele andere socio-economische en politieke aspecten van de periode 1553-1558 verloren gegaan in de nevelen van de geschiedenis. De welbekende bijnaam ‘ Bloody Mary’ die sinds de uitgave van Foxe’s ‘The Actes and Monuments of these latter and perilous days’ een waar begrip was geworden, bleef lang hardnekkig een negatieve stempel drukken op de manier waarop de geschiedenis van Marian England geschreven werd. Moderne Britse historici zoals James Anthony Froude of Albert Frederick Pollard, die pogingen ondernamen om een uitgebreide geschiedenis te schrijven over die controversiële periode in het Engelse verleden, bleken ook niet in staat om de traditionele kijk op religieuze politiek te overstijgen of verder te gaan dan de assumptie dat de periode 1553-1558 een ware stilstand was. Het Anglo-Habsburgs verbond werd als een algemene mislukking beschouwd, hoewel er gewezen moet worden op de weinig dankbare positie die Mary innam in de chronologie van de Engelse vorsten.
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