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England in the Literature of the Tudor Imperial Age, 1509-1553 Stewart Reforming Nationhood: England in the Literature of the Tudor Imperial Age, 1509-1553 By Stewart JamesMottram Submitted in accordancewith the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) University of Leeds School of English May 2005 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own, and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material, and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. For Bex, and for my parents, Jean and David Mottram 1 Acknowledgements I owe a great debt of gratitude to my supervisor Professor David Lindley. His guidance and advice has had an enormous influence on the architecture and argument of the thesis, and his comments on drafts have helped curb my natural tendency towards discursiveness. Always generous with his time, and willing to listen to the many ideas I have thrown at him over the past few years, he more than anyone else has helped make this thesis what it is today. Many other members of staff at the School of English have offered help and advice on specific areas of research. I have greatly appreciated the comments of staff at the RenaissanceResearch Group, chaired by Professor Paul Hammond. Their feedback on papers has helped influence my approach to Udall's Respublica and Morison's Lamentation. Thanks also to Professor Andrew Wawn, for his constructive criticism, and to Dr Catherine Batt, for her help with translating the French coronation oath of Edward II, to which I refer in Chapter One. Dr Syrithe Pugh offered some useful starting-points for my investigation of the late classical concept of imperium, and Dr Anthea Fraser Gupta offered advice on People's dialect in Respublica. I would also like to thank Dr Anthony Wright of the School of History, with whom I discussed the apologetics of Antonio de Guevara and Mercurino de Gattinara. The thesis could not have been written without the financial support of the University of Leeds and Brotherton Trust. I was awarded a three-year Research Scholarship in October 2001, and a grant from the Brotherton Library Scholarship Fund in March 2004, to cover the cost of research visits to London and Cambridge. Members of staff in the manuscripts and early printed books departmentsat the British and Cambridge University Libraries were all incredibly friendly and helpful, as was Ms Gill Cannell at The Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Many thanks are also due to the assistanceof staff at the Brotherton Library, in Special Collections and Document Supply. Various parts of the thesis are about to appear in print. Some material from Chapters One and Two is included in my forthcoming article for Renaissance Studies, `Reading the rhetoric of nationhood in two Reformation pamphlets by Richard Morison ii and Nicholas Bodrugan' (currently at press). Most of Chapter Three is being published later this year, as `Imagining England in Richard Morison's pamphlets against the Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)', in Comitatus, 36 (2005). for Of course, a great debt is due to friends and family - to my parents, their unwavering support and enthusiasm, and particularly to Dr Eric Langley, who has not only been a great friend to me these past ten years, but who this last week has been busy proof-reading the thesis. Thanks also to Dr Gillian Roberts, and to Yeliz Biber. Last, but by no means least, thanks to Becky. Her love and support has made all of this possible. All errors that remain, I acknowledge mine. 111 Abstract The thesis explores the relationship between empire and nationhood in the literature of the Royal Supremacy. In so doing, it contests the assumptionsof the social historians Michel Foucault, Benedict Anderson, Jürgen Habermas, and Ernest Gellner - all of whom have dated the dawn of the nation-event on our Western political horizons from the end of the eighteenth century. The thesis invites important outcomes for our perception of early Tudor political culture, and for our wider appreciation of the origins of English national identity. It differentiates the Habsburg imperial idea from the Tudor ideology of empire inherited by Henry VIII upon his accession in 1509. It then distinguishes both these imperial ideologies from Henry's pretensions, as enshrined in the 1533 Appeals Act, to empire in the English Church. Despite these differences between the Habsburg and Tudor ideologies of empire, each received identical expression in propagandathat identified both England and the Holy Roman Empire with Virgil's Golden Age. The first two chapters explore the Golden Age motif in pageantry produced for the joint London Entry of Henry VIII and Charles V (1522), and for the Entry of Anne Boleyn in 1533. Chapter Two concludes that the function of the 1533 Entry as propagandafor the Royal Supremacy was undermined by the similarities between its stagecraft and that of the 1522 Entry. The thesis responds in its final three chapters to the problems posed by these similarities in the staging of empire at this time. Chapters Three and Four explore the significance of the character England in two of Richard Morison's political pamphlets, both written in 1536, and in John Bale's play King Johan (c. 1538). The development of this character coincides with the dissemination of the English Bible in the later 1530s.The thesis argues that the character England embodies an English national identity - an identity based on Bible-reading, and on obedience to scriptural passagesthat command obedience to kings. Mary's accessionin 1553 marked the end of England as a character in Royal Supremacy literature. The final chapter, on Nicholas Udall's Respublica, a play performed before Mary at Christmas 1553-54, explores disillusionment with the English Bible as an instrument for social reform, and with the English national community that Morison and Bale had constructed around this Bible's readership. iv Contents Acknowledgements i Abstract iii Contents iv Abbreviations and Conventions v Introduction 1 PART I: EMPIRE 1 `An Empire off hitselff : 14 Exploring the Habsburg and Tudor Ideas of Empire in the Entry of Charles V and Henry VIII (1522) 2 `This Realme of Englond is an Impire': 51 Royal Supremacyand the Rhetoric of Empire in the Entry of Anne Boleyn (1533) PART II: ENGLAND 3 `If England coude speake': 98 Rebellion and the Rhetoric of Nationhood in Richard Morison's Pamphlets against the Pilgrimage of Grace (1536) 4 `Enter Ynglond': 123 Staging Nationhood in John Bale's King Johan (c. 1538) 5 Commonwealth in Crisis: 168 Riot, Rebellion, and Nicholas Udall's Respublica (1553) Conclusion 217 Bibliography 222 V Abbreviations and Conventions BL British Library CCCC Corpus Christi College, Cambridge CSP (Edward VI) Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Edward VI, 1547-1553, Preserved in the Public Record Office, ed. by C. S. Knighton, rev. edn (London: HMSO, 1992) CSP (Spanish) Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, Preserved in the Archives at Simancas and Elsewhere, ed. by Gustav Adolph Bergenroth and others, 13 vols in 20 parts (London: HMSO, 1862-1954) CSP (Venetian) Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts, Relating to English Affairs, Existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice, and in other Libraries of Northern Italy, ed. by Rawdon Brown and others, 38 vols (London: Longman, Green, Reader, and Dyer, 1864-1947) CWE The Collected Works of Erasmus, ed. by R. J. Schoeck, B. M. Corrigan, and others, 86 vols (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974- ) DNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: From the Earliest Times to the Year 2000, ed. by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison, 60 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) Douai Douai Old Testament: The Holie Bible Faithfvlly Translated Into English, Ovt Of The Avthentical Latin (... J By the English College of Doway, 2 vols (Douai: Laurence Kellam, 1609-10; STC 2207) EETS Early English Text Society LP Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII: Preserved in the Public Record Office, the British Museum, and Elsewhere in England, ed. by J. S. Brewer and others, 21 vols of 35 parts (London: Longman, 1862-1910) vi NCE New Catholic Encyclopedia, ed. by Thomas Carson and Joann Cerrito, 2nd edn, 15 vols (Detroit: Gale, 2003) ODP The Oxford Dictionary of Popes, ed. by J. N. D. Kelly (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986) SP (Henry VIII) State Papers Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Commission: King Henry VIII, 11 vols ([London]: [His Majesty's Commission for State Papers], 1830-52) Statutes The Statutes of the Realm, 9 vols (London: printed by George Eyre and Andrew Strahan, 1810-1828) STC A Short-title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland & Ireland and of English Books Printed Abroad, 1475-1640, ed. by A. W. Pollard and G. R. Redgrave, 2nd edn, rev. by W. A. Jackson, F. S. Ferguson, and Katharine F. Pantzer (London: Bibliographical Society, 1976) TRP Tudor Royal Proclamations: Volume 1, The Early Tudors (1485- 1553), ed. by Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964) TRP 2 Tudor Royal Proclamations: Volume 2, The Later Tudors (1553- 1587), ed. by Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961) Vulgate Biblia (Venice: Hieronymus de Paganinis, 1492) Original spelling and punctuation have been maintained in all quotations. If the slash (/) occurs in manuscript and early printed material, then it is reproduced in quotations. My use of the slash in this respect is distinguishable from my use of the spacedupright stroke (I ), which marks line divisions in verse quotations.
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