DOCSLIB.ORG

THE HITTITE EMPIRE (C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE HITTITE EMPIRE (C http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~rauhn • CLASSICS 181: CLASSICAL WORLD CIVILIZATIONS • FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE WEBSITE The Roman Empire in 117AD Senatorial provinc es C:::JImperial provinces C J Cl ient states O c e a n u s ·1.--·-- Tributaries • Capital City Other Ciies Edic ts of Ashoka Buddhist Sites Synchronous Collapse of Ancient World Systems Civilization Synchronous Conservation Collapse Collapse Roman 235-284 AD Later Roman Invasions of Mediterranean Barracks Empire 284-565 outsiders (Huns, Principate 27 BC Emperors BC Germans, Arabs, – 180 AD etc) Kushan India ca. Collapse of Gupta Dynasty White Huns 150 BC – 200 AD Kushan Empire 320-535 AD Ca. 200-320 AD Han Dynasty Era of Disunity Sequence of Tang Dynasty China ca. 200 BC 220-588 AD Disturbances 618-907 AD – 220 AD PREVIOUS ERAS OF SYNCHRONOUS COLLAPSE • EARLY BRONZE AGE CA. 2100 BC • LATE BRONZE AGE CA. 1200 BC • ROMAN ERA COLLAPSE CA. 500 AD Working Definitions: • Culture • State Formation • Civilization • World System • Globalism • Resilience Theory Seven Criteria for Civilization URBAN CENTERS, Cities or large dense settlements PROFESSIONS or the separation of population into specialized occupational groups ELITES or a social hierarchy that was exempt from subsistence labor PUBLIC WEALTH or the ability to extract and store surpluses in the form of taxes and tribute CANONICAL EXPRESSIONS OF AESTHETIC ACHIEVEMENT (fine arts and monumental architecture) CREATURE COMFORTS or the development of permanent forms of domestic shelter LITERACY or a System of Writing Resilience Theory – Societal Development Resembles Patterns in Organic Life Conservation Release Rapid Growth Reorganization Memory (Recursive Institutions) • Long Fore Loops of Growth and Conservation; Rapid Back Loops of Release and Reorganization Archaeological Means of Dating 1. Remote Sensing 2. Pedestrian Field Survey 3. Field Excavation 4. Artifacts 5. Features 6. Assemblage 7. Absolute chronologies 8. Carbon 14 dating 9. Relative Chronology 10. Stratigraphy 11. Seriation • WRITTEN TEXTS • literary texts, inscriptions, and coin legends • Survival of texts • Literacy • Aristocratic bias – “great men; great events” • Archaeological data eventless, la longue durée Chapter 3: Prehistory Paleolithic Era (6.5 million – 10000 BP) Neolithic Era - 8000 – 3300 BC Pleistocene Era (2 million – 12000 BP) Modes of Inquiry DNA Mapping Paleoclimatology Language Families Primates 35 million BP Baboons 30 million BP Gorilla 10 million BP 97% Chimpanzee 8 million BP 99% Hominids 6.5 mill. B 100% Significance of upright posture – larger brains, fashioning of tools DATA FOR PLEISTOCENE ERA (2 MILLION - 9000 BP) AMOUNTS OF OXYGEN 18 ISOTOPE CAPTURED IN ICE CORES IN NORTH ATLANTIC (LAST GLACIAL ERA the more Oxygen 18 in the Ice, the colder the climate) EXTENT OF LAND SURFACES AND ICE MASS DURING DNA Mapping – Anatomically correct humans (homo sapiens sapiens), ca. 200,000 BP, Eve and the 10 male haplotypes 3 Waves of Human Migration out of Africa: 150000 BP, 80,000 BP, 50000 BP 71000 BP 40000 humans total Genetic Drift / Genetic Bottlenecks Origins of Race – 500 generations LGM – 20000-18000 BP Glaciers 3 miles tall Sea level minus 130 meters Younger Dryas 12900-9500 BP Warming trend 10000 BP => dessification Geographic Determinism two thirds of domesticable cereals and grasses occur naturally in western Eurasia, only 6 grow naturally in east Asia, and only 2 in Australia and South America. Of the 14 domesticable animals, nine resided in the Near East, 1 (the llama) in S. America, and none in N. America, Australia, or sub-Saharan Africa. Prepottery Neolithic A (PPNA, 9500-8500 BC) Gobekli Tepe (PPNB, 8700 - 6000 BC). Tel el Jarmo; Gobekli Tepe (11-10000) Oldest Cities Jericho (10-9000 BC), Chatal Huyuk (7300-6200 BC) I. POLYTHEISTIC COSMOLOGY - PANTHEON OF GODS SKY GODS (Olympic); EARTH GODS (Chthonic): Anthropomorphic deities • NUMINA – spirit forces • HUBRIS – arrogance, to deny the existence of the gods • SYNCRETISM = merging of religious world views II. Principle Means of Communication with Ancient Deities: Ritual, Sacrifice, and Divination • Oaths – combined prayer and curse • Templum – ritually cleansed precinct for divine communication III.AFTER LIFE BELIEF SYSTEMS – Ancestor Cults, Hero Cults, Mystery Cults Sumerian gods: Anu - sky god (Uruk) Enlil (Marduk, Zeus) air god (Nippur) Inanna (Ishtar, Aphrodite) - love and fertility Enki (EA) earth and water, life giving (Eridu) Utu (Shamash) - Justice Nanna (Sin) - mood goddess (UR) Hadad - storm god Bronze Age World Chronology Early Bronze Age 3100-2100 BC – Sumer and Akkad Middle Bronze Age 2100-1600 - Babylon Late Bronze Age - 1600-1200 BC Bronze Age Near Eastern Chronology Pre-Dynastic Sumer: Uruk Phase 3700-3300; Jemdet Nasr Phase 3300-3000 [Early Bronze Age 3100-2200] Early Dynastic Sumer 3300-2300 BC (Death Pit at Ur, 2600 BC) Akkadia 2300-2150 (Sargon the Great, 2334-2279 BC, Naram-Sin 2190-2154) Climate flicker - Akkadian regional collapse 2150 (Collapse of Old Kingdom Egypt 2180) Third Dynasty of Ur 2119-1940 Early Bronze Age Regional Collapse ca. 1940-1750 [Middle Bronze Age 2100-1600] Rise of Assyria, Babylonia, and Mari ca. 1800 Hammurabi's Babylonia ca. 1790-1750 (dynasty lasted until 1590) Middle Bronze Age Regional Collapse ca. 1600-1500; More Invasions, Hurrians, Kassites, Mitanni (Indo-Europeans) (Collapse of Egyptian Middle Kingdom, ca. 1720; Hyksos Invasions) Minoan destruction c. 1600) [Late Bronze Age 1600-1200 BC] Competing Territorial States, Mitanni (1600-1400), Assyria (1800-through end of Bronze Age) and Kassite Babylonia (1600-1200), New Kingdom Hittite Empire (1450?-1100), New Kingdom Egypt (1550-1070), the Mycenaeans (1600-1200 BC) Collapse of Late Bronze Age world system ca. 1200-1000 BC • Hydraulic Civilizations • Sumerian Kings’ List and Sargon of Akkad • Language Families • Semitic languages, Sumerian, Elamite, Indo-European • Hammurabi’s Law Code: status / women Writing Technology – cuneiform Language families: Sumerian – agglutinative languages Akkadian Semitic languages Hittite- Indo-European languages Elamite – Dravidian languages. The Behistun inscription of the Persian King Darius I (522 BC) discovered by Sir Henry Rawlinson, in 1838. Mesopotamian social organization: Households – ration bowls Hammurabi’s Law Code, ca. 1750 BC Mesopotamian Social Status According to Hammurabi’s Law Code KING NOBLES CITY COUNCIL PRIESTS SCRIBES, HIERODULES, SOLDIERS MERCHANTS, ARTISANS, TRADERS SERVANTS FARMERS FARMERS FARMERS Dependents and Slaves Dependents and Slaves Dependents and Slaves Mesopotamian Society: Farmers – laoi – Corvée labor Slavery – warfare, debts, impoverishment Women - separate but parallel - women were not regarded as equals, but they were recognized as crucial to the wellbeing of Babylonian society. Marriage – contractually based trial by ordeal; women outside the family were of “ill repute” • women enjoyed social status best described as separate but parallel in this era. Since women could not serve in the military nor engage in public life, they lacked commensurate socio-political status. However, they were recognized as the social agents most responsible for the reproduction of the family, the maintenance of household, and the preservation of society. Respectable, free-born, property- holding women were accorded enormous respect. • in Mesopotamia marriages were arranged and the agreements were decidedly contractual, with women being exchanged as commodities. In essence, the woman was sold to the husband to furnish him with children and to establish and maintain his household. The tendency of early agricultural societies to view women as property appears to explain the uniquely separate” character of female status. • most ancient societies were patriarchal; the oldest surviving male controlled everyone and everything in his household. The male patriarch was the dominant figure at the core of most ancient social structures. • the range of freedom enjoyed by a woman in ancient society depended very much on her status. Female aristocrats and members of royal dynasties, enjoyed considerable freedom and opportunity; those in the middle of society were constrained by norms of propriety, but their status was protected and accorded respect. Those living at the bottom of society survived at a low threshold of existence. CHRONOLOGY OF BRONZE AGE EGYPT Old Kingdom - 2700-2200 BC (dynasties 4-6; era of pyramids; and the godlike Pharaoh) First Intermediate Period (collapse of unified kingdom, anarchy, return to nomic levels of hierarchy) Middle Kingdom - 2120-1780 (dynasty 12; the classic era of Egyptian scribal culture) Second Intermediate Period (the period of Hyksos Invasions and the likely time of Hebrew infiltration of Egypt, as recorded in the Old Testament) New Kingdom (1550-1069) (dynasties 18-20; era of external empire, expansion into Canaan and Mesopotamia, mercenary armies and imported wealth from conquest and tribute) Collapse of Bronze Age Mediterranean Societies (abandonment of external empire; invasion of Sea Peoples; survival of Egypt as isolated population EGYPTIAN POPULATION ESTIMATES THROUGH TIME Before 3100 BC, less than 1/2 million 3000 - 1 million 2500 - 1.5 million New Kingdom (1400 BC) - 3 million 100 AD - 7.5 million 1882 AD - 7 million Today - over 90 million Hieroglyphics - Rebus script – Rosetta Stone – Champollion Egyptian Ruler cult –sympathetic transference: Ma’at, Creation Myth (Atum), Cult of Dead Pharaoh (Osiris Cult) Ka – vital essence or soul; Akh – glorified being of light Ba – personality,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sea Peoples of the Bronze Age Mediterranean C.1400 BC–1000 BC
    Sea Peoples of the Bronze Age Mediterranean c.1400 BC–1000 BC RAFFAELE D’AMATO ILLUSTRATED BY GIUSEPPE RAVA & ANDREA SALIMBETI© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com &MJUFt Sea Peoples of the Bronze Age Mediterranean c.1400 BC–1000 BC ANDREA SALIMBETI ILLUSTRATED BY GIUSEPPE RAVA & RAFFAELE D’AMATO Series editor Martin Windrow © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 CHRONOLOGY 6 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND & SOURCES 7 5IFXBSTPG3BNFTTFT** .FSOFQUBIBOE3BNFTTFT*** 0UIFSTPVSDFT IDENTIFICATION OF GROUPS 12 Sherden Peleset 5KFLLFS %FOZFO 4IFLFMFTI &LXFTI Teresh ,BSLJTB-VLLB 8FTIFTI .FSDFOBSZTFSWJDF 1JSBDZ CLOTHING & EQUIPMENT 31 $MPUIJOH %FGFOTJWFFRVJQNFOUIFMNFUToTIJFMEToCPEZBSNPVST 8FBQPOTTQFBSTBOEKBWFMJOToTXPSET EBHHFSTBOENBDFT̓ MILITARY ORGANIZATION 39 $PNQPTJUJPOPGUIFIPTUEFQJDUFEJOUIF.FEJOFU)BCVSFMJFGT Leadership TACTICS 44 8BSDIBSJPUT 4JFHFXBSGBSF /BWBMXBSGBSFBOETFBCPSOFSBJET ‘THE WAR OF THE EIGHTH YEAR’, 1191 OR 1184 BC 49 5IFJOWBTJPO The land battle The sea battle "GUFSNBUI BIBLIOGRAPHY 61 INDEX 64 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com SEA PEOPLES OF THE BRONZE AGE MEDITERRANEAN c.1400 BC–1000 BC INTRODUCTION The term ‘Sea Peoples’ is given today to various seaborne raiders and invaders from a loose confederation of clans who troubled the Aegean, the Near East and Egypt during the final period of the Bronze Age in the second half of the "QSJTPOFSDBQUVSFECZUIF 2nd millennium BC. &HZQUJBOT QPTTJCMZB1FMFTFU XBSSJPS XFBSJOHBUZQJDBM Though the Egyptians presumably knew the homelands
    [Show full text]
  • The Sea Peoples the Creators of History: a Study of Influence
    Fig. 2:1. Interpreting the research presentations of the ‘Sea Peoples’. (Illustrator: Stina Larsson, author). The Sea Peoples The Creators of History: a Study of Influence Stina Larsson Stina Larsson Vt 2015 Examensarbete, 30 hp Arkeologiprogrammet, 180 hp Stina Larsson Vt 2015 Examensarbete, 30 hp Arkeologiprogrammet, 180 hp Contents Contents ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Aim and Problems ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Aim .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Problems ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Questions .............................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ¬Small Kingdoms and Mighty Empires of the Near East
    Small Kingdoms and Mighty Empires of the Near East: Chapter 2 I. Decline of Great Kingdom’s: Hittite’s and Egyptian’s. A. Migrations occurred throughout region, a natural phenomenon, with reasons ranging from: i. Poverty: ii. New Land: Hyskos iii. Random raids: Sea Peoples iv. Harsh political rule: Hebrews B. Migration produced different results: i. Assimilation: ii. Destruction of civilizations: Egypt II. Egypt: a Shattered Kingdom. A. Sea Peoples damaged Egypt in 13th century, didn’t destroy empire but brought its golden age to an end. Results: i. Political fragmentation ii. Dark age: Third Intermediate or Final Decline iii. Foreign affair decline: Egyptian loss of power B. Rash of new kingdoms in region had little or no regard for the legacy that was Egypt at that time. C. Invasion by neighbors: Libyans ruled independent dynasties in the delta of Egypt from 950‐730 BCE. Ruled by Libyan pharaohs! Built cities and created an urban culture that Egypt was not familiar with. Adopted many Egyptian traits. D. Nubian expansion occurred in South. Not a destructive influence. Nubians very similar to Egyptians as they had admired and adopted Egyptian culture. E. Kush: a kingdom of Ancient Africa that arose in the Sudan with a capital at Nepata. The Kushites like the Libyans and Nubians worshipped and behaved much like Egyptians. The cultures were highly comparable. i. In the 8th century BCE Kushian king Pianky swept through the entire Nile valley and united Egypt. This unification did not restore the luster of the old empirical ways however. Egypt returned to a certain level of strength but was no longer the big kid on the block as their civilization had to compete with the Greeks (Minoans/Myceneans), and the other Near East kingdoms.
    [Show full text]
  • "The Greeks in the History of the Black Sea" Report
    DGIV/EDU/HIST (2000) 01 Activities for the Development and Consolidation of Democratic Stability (ADACS) Meeting of Experts on "The Greeks in the History of the Black Sea" Thessaloniki, Greece, 2-4December 1999 Report Strasbourg Meeting of Experts on "The Greeks in the History of the Black Sea" Thessaloniki, Greece, 2-4December 1999 Report The opinions expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 5 Introductory remarks by James WIMBERLEY, Head of the Technical Cooperation and Assistance Section, Directorate of Education and Higher Education.................................................................................................................... 6 PRESENTATIONS -Dr Zofia Halina ARCHIBALD........................................................................11 -Dr Emmanuele CURTI ....................................................................................14 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Dr Constantinos CHATZOPOULOS..........................................................................17 APPENDIX I LIST OF PARTICIPANTS.........................................................................................21 APPENDIX II PROGRAMME OF THE SEMINAR.........................................................................26 APPENDIX III INTRODUCTORY PRESENTATION BY PROFESSOR ARTEMIS XANTHOPOULOU-KYRIAKOU.............................................................................30
    [Show full text]
  • 150506-Woudhuizen Bw.Ps, Page 1-168 @ Normalize ( Microsoft
    The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples 1 2 THE ETHNICITY OF THE SEA PEOPLES DE ETNICITEIT VAN DE ZEEVOLKEN Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam op gezag van de rector magnificus Prof.dr. S.W.J. Lamberts en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op vrijdag 28 april 2006 om 13.30 uur door Frederik Christiaan Woudhuizen geboren te Zutphen 3 Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr. W.M.J. van Binsbergen Overige leden: Prof.dr. R.F. Docter Prof.dr. J. de Mul Prof.dr. J. de Roos 4 To my parents “Dieser Befund legt somit die Auffassung nahe, daß zumindest für den Kern der ‘Seevölker’-Bewegung des 14.-12. Jh. v. Chr. mit Krieger-Stammesgruppen von ausgeprägter ethnischer Identität – und nicht lediglich mit einem diffus fluktuierenden Piratentum – zu rechnen ist.” (Lehmann 1985: 58) 5 CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................................................................................................9 Note on the Transcription, especially of Proper Names....................................................................................................11 List of Figures...................................................................................................................................................................12 List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Standing the Test of Time: Impact of the Sea Peoples on Phoenician Cultural Development
    Standing the Test of Time: Impact of the Sea Peoples on Phoenician Cultural Development. By Marc Groenewald 26273706 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MA Ancient Languages and Cultures Faculty Humanities University of Pretoria Supervisor: Prof G. Prinsloo Co-supervisor: Prof W. Boshoff Submission Date: 08 November 2013 1 © University of Pretoria TABLE OF CONTENTS I. ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 10 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 16 EGYPT AND THE HITTITES............................................................................................................ 16 2.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 16 2.2 THE EGYPTIANS .................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.1 Start of a Structured Society ........................................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Historical Sources on Egypt...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Philistines and the "Sea Peoples" Not the Same Entity
    THE PHILISTINES AND THE "SEA PEOPLES" NOT THE SAME ENTITY We have already indicated the opinion of Rowley and others1 who believe that the mention of the Philistines in the Bible proves the Exodus occurred after the Philistines settled in the land. Since it is generally considered that they settled about the period of Raamses III,2 we are accordingly obliged to date the Exodus about 1100 B. C. This dating condenses the whole period of the wandering in the desert, the conquest of Canaan the period of the judges as well as Saul's reign into a time–lapse of about 50–80 years3. Such an estimate is in complete contradiction with the biblical narrative. Some scholars try to settle this difficulty by stating that the Philistines settled in the land several generations after the Israelite conquest,4 and their mention in the patriarchal period is anachronistic. Those scholars who so vehemently reject the possibility of anachronism when dealing with Raamses, are prepared without hesitation to accept such a possibility with the name "Philistines". The view which holds that the Philistines Settlement occurred at a late historical period is based on various factors. The Bible calls "Caphtor' the original Philistine homeland, and regards them as being of Egyptian descent: "And Mizrayim (=Egypt) begot Ludim, and Anamim, and Lehavim and Naftuhim, and Patrusim and Kasluhim (out of whom came Pelishtim) and Kaftorim"(Gen. 10: 13–14). Elsewhere Caphtor is mentioned as "Iy – is understood to signify "אי – Jer. 47: 4). The word "Iy אי כפתור) "Caphtor 1 Petrie, Palestine and Israel, p.
    [Show full text]
  • “The Sherden in His Majesty's Captivity”: a Comparative Look At
    1 “The Sherden in His Majesty’s Captivity”: A Comparative Look at the Mercenaries of New Kingdom Egypt Jordan Snowden Rhodes College Honors History Word Count (including citations and bibliography): 38098 Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 Chapter 1: How They Were Recruited---------------------------------------------------------------------6 Chapter 2: How They Fought------------------------------------------------------------------------------36 Chapter 3: How They Were Paid and Settled------------------------------------------------------------80 Conclusion: How They Were Integrated----------------------------------------------------------------103 Bibliography------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------125 2 Introduction Mercenary troops have been used by numerous states throughout history to supplement their native armies with skilled foreign soldiers – Nepali Gurkhas have served with distinction in the armies of India and the United Kingdom for well over a century, Hessians fought for Great Britain during the American Revolution, and even the Roman Empire supplemented its legions with foreign “auxiliary” units. Perhaps the oldest known use of mercenaries dates to the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt (1550-1069 BCE). New Kingdom Egypt was a powerful military empire that had conquered large parts of Syria, all of Palestine, and most of Nubia (today northern Sudan). Egyptian pharaohs of this period were truly
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Contents Publisher’s Note . xi Contributors . xiii Keyword List of Contents . xvii List of Maps and Tables . xxxiii Maps of the Ancient World . xxxvii 25,000 - 10,001 b.c.e. c. 25,000 b.c.e., San Peoples Create Earliest African Art . 1 c. 18,000-c. 11,000 b.c.e., Bering Strait Migrations . 3 c. 16,000-c. 3000 b.c.e., BaTwa Peoples Thrive in Central Africa. 6 c. 15,500 b.c.e., Early Australians Create the Bradshaw Rock Paintings . 9 c. 15,000 b.c.e., Early Europeans Create Lascaux Cave Paintings . 11 c. 13,000 b.c.e., Humans Enter the South American Continent . 13 c. 13,000-c. 7000 b.c.e., Paleo-Indian Culture Flourishes in North America. 15 10,000 - 5001 b.c.e. c. 10,000-c. 300 b.c.e., Jfmon Culture Thrives in Japan . 17 c. 10,000 b.c.e.-c. 1 c.e., Saharan Peoples Create Rock Art . 20 c. 9500-c. 9000 b.c.e., Clovis Culture Rises in New Mexico . 22 c. 9500-c. 5000 b.c.e., Settlement Established at Abu Hureyra in Syria . 24 c. 9000-c. 8000 b.c.e., Cochise Culture Thrives in American Southwest . 26 c. 9000-c. 7000 b.c.e., Nilo-Saharan Peoples Produce Food and Pottery. 28 c. 8800-c. 8500 b.c.e., Folsom People Flourish in New Mexico . 30 c. 8000 b.c.e., Permanent Settlement of the Andean Altiplano Begins . 32 c. 8000-c. 4000 b.c.e., Plano Culture Flourishes in Great Plains Area .
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Firenze University Press Asia Anteriore Antica www.fupress.com/asiana Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures Cultural encounters during the LBII and IAI: Hittites and ‘Pelesets’ in the Amuq (Hatay) Citation: Marina Pucci (2019) Cul- tural encounters during the LBII and Turkey IAI: Hittites and ‘Pelesets’ in the Amuq (Hatay) Turkey. Asia Anteriore Antica. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Cul- tures 1(1): 169-194. doi: 10.13128/asi- Marina Pucci ana-77 Università degli Studi di Firenze Copyright: © 2019 Marina Pucci. This [email protected] is an open access, peer-reviewed arti- cle published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/asiana) Abstract. The analysis of long-dormant archaeological documentation and recent and distribuited under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, archaeological discoveries concerning the Amuq region (modern Hatay) have shed which permits unrestricted use, distri- new light on the period from the Late Bronze Age II to the Iron Age III, reopened bution, and reproduction in any medi- old questions concerning the passage from the Late Bronze to the Iron Age, and um, provided the original author and contributed important historical data to the first centuries of the Iron Age I. This source are credited. article investigates a specific feature in the debate on the LBA-IA transition, i.e. Data Availability Statement: All rel- changes in the material culture that have been linked to the arrival of a non-local evant data are within the paper and its culture as a consequence of conquest or migration; in particular it investigates Supporting Information files.
    [Show full text]
  • Playbook T a B L E • O F • C O N T E N T S
    A “PAX” Series game, Vol. II PLAYBOOK T A B L E • O F • C O N T E N T S Introduction ..................................................................... 2 Two Player Scenarios ...................................................... 10 Solitaire Introductory Scenario ....................................... 3 Scenario #6: Babylon and Assyria .......................... 10 Scenario #1: Sargon the Great ................................ 3 Scenario #7: Hittites and Mitanni ........................... 11 Multi-Player Scenarios Scenario #8: Egypt and the Hittites ........................ 12 Scenario #2: The Chariot Kingdoms ...................... 4 Player Notes .................................................................... 14 Scenario #3: The Growth of Empires ..................... 6 Extended Example of Play .............................................. 16 Scenario #4: Empires in Conflict ............................ 7 Sources ............................................................................ 23 Scenario #5: Return of the Assyrians ..................... 9 Historical Kings table ..................................................... 24 Minor Kingdoms and Independent Cities tables ............. 24 GMT Games, LLC • P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308 • www.GMTGames.com 2 Genesis Playbook Introduction Length Of Play The Genesis playbook includes a Solitaire Introductory Learning Genesis presents the players with a great many decisions, and scenario, four multi-player scenarios playable by two (here the decision-making takes time.
    [Show full text]
  • NEO-HITTITES in the “LAND of PALISTIN” Renewed Investigations at Tell Taʿyinat on the Plain of Antioch
    NEO-HITTITES IN THE “LAND OF PALISTIN” Renewed Investigations at Tell Taʿyinat on the Plain of Antioch Timothy P. Harrison he collapse of the centralized state bureaucracies of lude, or “Dark Age,” marked by political fragmentation, ethnic Bronze Age civilization in the late-second millennium strife, and cultural devolution. However, recent archaeological TB.C.E. and the subsequent emergence of the small nation- excavations and a growing corpus of epigraphic discoveries have states of biblical fame during the ensuing Iron Age have long begun to lift the obscuring veil on this elusive period, revealing a fascinated scholars and the public alike. The intervening Early formative, historically significant era. The emerging picture is of Iron Age (ca. 1200–900 B.C.E.), contrastingly, has remained a considerably more complex cultural and political landscape, largely obscure, generally seen as a disruptive historical inter- shaped by powerful forces of both change and continuity. Tell Taʿyinat is situated near the northern bend of the Orontes River at the point where it turns west and runs along the southwestern edge of the Amuq Plain. The site consists of an upper and lower mound, which together encompass an area of approximately forty hectares, with the lower mound now largely buried by the river’s flood plain. Its location in the Amuq Plain positioned Taʿyinat strategically at the intersection of a series of important transit corridors between the Anatolian highlands to the north, the Syro-Mesopotamian interior to the east, the Levantine littoral to the south, and the Mediterranean coast to the west. Photo by M. Akar.
    [Show full text]