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WELCOME V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a N u a r y /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the January/February 2018 issue of Precision medicine CERN Courier.
Proton therapy was first administered in a patient at Berkeley National ILC design revisited Laboratory in September 1954, the same month CERN was founded. The Linac4 prepares for injection breakthrough followed the invention of the cyclotron, and the relationship between high-energy physicists and oncologists has grown closer ever since. Weighing up the LHC’s future This issue of the Courier takes a look at some of the medical applications of accelerators, in particular for particle therapy. Hadron beams can allow tumours to be targeted more precisely than conventional radiotherapy and the number of centres is growing rapidly across Europe, for example thanks to efforts such as the TERA Foundation. A shift to more compact linac-driven treatment centres, meanwhile, promises to expand access to particle and radiotherapy in the challenging environments of low- and middle-income countries, where cancer rates are predicted to be highest in the coming decades. Accelerator technology is also bringing new opportunities in radioisotope production for theragnostics and advanced treatment modes, as exemplified by the recently completed MEDICIS research facility at CERN, while detector and computing technology from particle physics continue to have a major impact on medical imaging and treatment planning.
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EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS, CERN DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY DESIGN STUDIO/IOP PUBLISHING, UK
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Covering current developments in high-energy physics and related fields worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affiliated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for CERNCOURIER January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN management.
Editor Matthew Chalmers V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a N u a r y /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 Books editor Virginia Greco CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail [email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 76 69070 5 V i e w p o i n t Web cerncourier.com Advisory board Peter Jenni, Christine Sutton, Claude Amsler, 7 n e w s Philippe Bloch, Roger Forty, Mike Lamont International committee backs 250 GeV ILC The case of the Laboratory correspondents: • • Argonne National Laboratory (US) Tom LeCompte disappearing neutrinos Copper reveals nickel’s doubly magic Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) Achim Franz • Cornell University (US) D G Cassel nature • Novartis acquires CERN spin-off AAA • Fermilab joins DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck CERN openlab on data reduction SESAME sees first light ... EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini • Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino ...while SwissFEL carries out first experiment Searches for Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz • • Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher dark photons at LHCb ATLAS extends searches for natural GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter • IHEP, Beijing (China) Lijun Guo supersymmetry CMS studies rare top-quark processes IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov • • INFN (Italy) Antonella Varaschin Longitudinal asymmetry tracked in heavy-ion collisions Jefferson Laboratory (US) Kandice Carter JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Saeko Okada 15 s ciencewatch Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta NCSL (US) Ken Kingery 17 a s t r o w a t c h Nikhef (Netherlands) Robert Fleischer Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz F e a t u r e s PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci 19 The long road to Linac4 Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Jane Binks SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Melinda Baker CERN’s newest accelerator is soon to join the LHC injection chain. TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan
Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd 25 Therapeutic particles IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK Targeting linacs for new hadron-therapy treatment modes. Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481
Publisher Susan Curtis 29 Isotopes for precision medicine Production editor Lizi Brown Technical illustrator Alison Tovey CERN-MEDICIS has produced its first Group advertising manager Chris Thomas radioisotopes for medical research. Advertisement production Katie Graham Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage 32 The changing landscape of cancer therapy Head of B2B & Marketing Jo Allen Art director Andrew Giaquinto Proton and ion therapy set to transform global cancer treatment.
Advertising Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) 35 Bridging the gap or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178 Working towards medical linacs for challenging environments.
General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] 37 Networking against cancer In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: China Ya'ou Jiang, Institute of High Energy Physics, ENLIGHT: 15 years of promoting hadron therapy in Europe. PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China E-mail: [email protected] a c e s l a c e s Germany Antje Brandes, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany 39 F & p E-mail: [email protected] UK Sian Giles, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, SN2 1SZ 54 r e c r u i t m e n t E-mail: [email protected] US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US 59 B o o k s h e l F Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, St Charles, IL 60174, US 62 a r c h i V e
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Printed by Warners (Midlands) plc, Bourne, Lincolnshire, UK ILC design revisited Linac4 prepares for injection Weighing up the LHC’s future © 2018 CERN ISSN 0304-288X
On the cover: A patient receiving radiotherapy for cancer.
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CCJanFeb18_Contents.indd 3 03/01/2018 12:46 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 Viewpoint Strategic step for medical impact Knowledge transfer for the benefit of medical applications is a thriving part of CERN’s programme.
CMASC Its aims are to ensure that medical applications- strategy related knowledge transfer activities are carried out without affecting CERN’s core mission of fundamental research, are relevant to the medical community and delivered within a sustainable funding model. The focus is on R&D projects using technologies and infrastructures that are uniquely available KT–MA MAPF at CERN, seeking to minimise any duplication KT forum CMAAC of efforts taking place in Member States and member states knowledge know-how healthcare transfer technology community associate Member States. The most promising CERN technologies and infrastructure that are relevant to the medical domain shall be identified – and the results matched with the requirements of the medical research communities, in particular CERN’s “medtech” strategy, By Frédérick Bordry in CERN’s Member States and associate Member showing the relationship States. Projects shall then be identified, taking into between the KT–MA (KT Innovative ideas and technologies from physics account such things as: maximising the impact of Medical Applications have contributed to great advances in medicine, CERN’s engagement; complementarities with work section), CMASC (CERN in particular radiation-based medical diagnosis at other laboratories; and the existence of sufficient Medical Applications and treatment. Today, state-of-the-art techniques external funding and resources. Steering Committee), derived from particle physics research are routinely CERN’s medical applications-related activities CMAAC (CERN Medical used in clinical practice and medical research are co-ordinated by the CERN KT medical Applications Advisory centres: from technology for PET scanners and applications section, which also negotiates the Committee) and MAPF dedicated accelerators for cancer therapy (see p32), necessary agreements with project partners. (Medical Applications to simulation and data analysis tools. A new KT thematic forum, meanwhile, brings Project Forum). Transferring CERN’s know-how to other fields is together CERN and Member State representatives an integral part of its mission. Over the past 60 years, to exchange information and ideas about medical CERN has developed widely recognised expertise applications (see p46). The CERN Medical and unique competencies in particle accelerators, Applications Steering Committee (CMASC) detectors and computing. While CERN’s core selects, prioritises, approves and coordinates all mission is basic research in particle physics, these proposed medical applications-related projects. “tools of the trade” have found applications in a The committee receives input from the Medical variety of fields and can have an impact far beyond Applications Project Forum (MAPF), the CERN their initial expectations. An excellent recent Medical Applications Advisory Committee example is the completion of CERN MEDICIS, (CMAAC) and various KT bodies. which uses a proton beam to produce radioisotopes Although CERN can provide a limited amount for medical research (see p29). of seed funding for medical applications projects, Knowledge transfer (KT) for the benefit of external stakeholders must provide the funding medical applications has become an established needed to deliver their project. Additional funding part of CERN’s programme, formalised within the may be obtained through the EC Framework KT group. CERN has further initiated numerous Programmes, and the CERN & Society Foundation international and multidisciplinary collaborations, is another potential source. partially or entirely devoted to technologies with The transfer of know-how and technologies from applications in the medical field, some of which CERN to the medical community represents one have been funded by the European Commission of the natural vehicles for CERN to disseminate (EC). Until recently, the transfer of knowledge and the results of its work to society as widely as technology from physics to medicine at CERN has possible. The publication of a formal strategy Frédérick Bordry is essentially been driven by enthusiastic individuals document represents an important evolution of CERN director for on an ad hoc basis. In light of significant growth CERN’s program and highlights its commitment to accelerators and in medical applications-related activities, in 2017 maximise the societal impact of its research and to technology and chair CERN published a formal medical applications transfer CERN’s know-how and technology to its of the CMASC. strategy (approved by the Council in June). Member States and associate Member States.
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A ccelerAtors International committee backs 250 GeV ILC
On 7 November, during its triennial seminar in Ottawa, Canada, the International R Hori Committee for Future Accelerators (ICFA) issued a statement of support for the International Linear Collider (ILC) as a Higgs-boson factory operating at a centre-of-mass energy of 250 GeV. That is half the energy set out five years ago in the ILC’s technical design report (TDR), shortening the length of the previous design (31 km) by around a third and slashing its cost by up to 40%. The statement follows physics studies by the Japanese Association of High Energy Physicists (JAHEP) and Linear Collider Collaboration (LCC) outlining the physics case for a 250 GeV Higgs factory. Following the 2012 discovery of the Higgs boson, the first elementary scalar particle, it is imperative that physicists undertake precision studies of its properties Plans for the International Linear Collider, an electron–positron collider to complement and couplings to further scrutinise the the LHC, have been scaled back in light of developments in the field. Standard Model. The ILC would produce copious quantities of Higgs bosons in for the ILC and all future SRF machines,” association with Z bosons in a clean explains Fermilab’s Anna Grassellino, Sommaire en français electron–positron collision environment, who is leading the SRF R&D. “With making it complementary to the LHC and its nitrogen doping at low temperature, we Un comité international soutient le projet 7 high-luminosity upgrade. are now paving the way for simultaneous d'ILC à 250 GeV One loss to the ILC physics program improvement of efficiency and accelerating Disparition de neutrinos : 8 would be top-quark physics, which gradients of SRF cavities. Fermilab, KEK, une sombre affaire requires a centre-of-mass energy of around Cornell, JLAB and DESY are all working 350 GeV. However, ICFA underscored the towards higher gradients with higher Du nickel doublement magique révélé 8 extendibility of the ILC to higher energies quality factors that can be realised within par le cuivre via improving the acceleration technology the ILC timeline.” Novartis achète AAA, entreprise dérivée de 9 and/or extending the tunnel length – a unique With the ILC having been on the table for technologies du CERN advantage of linear colliders – and noted the more than two decades, the linear-collider large discovery potential accessible beyond community is keen that the machine’s future Le Fermilab associe ses efforts à CERN 10 250 GeV. The committee also reinforced is decided soon. Results from LHC Run 2 are openlab pour la réduction de données the ILC as an international project led by a a key factor in shaping the physics case for Premier faisceau pour SESAME... 10 Japanese initiative. the next collider, and important discussions Thanks to experience gained from about the post-LHC accelerator landscape ...et première expérience pour SwissFEL 10 advanced X-ray sources, in particular the will also take place during the update of the La traque de photons noirs à LHCb 11 European XFEL in Hamburg (CERN Courier European Strategy for Particle Physics in the July/August 2017 p25), the superconducting next two years. ATLAS étend sa recherche de 12 radiofrequency (SRF) acceleration “The Linear Collider Board strongly la supersymétrie naturelle technology of the ILC is now well established. supports the JAHEP proposal to construct CES étudie des processus 12 Achieving a 40% cost reduction relative to a 250GeV ILC in Japan and encourages the rares top-quark the TDR price tag of $7.8 billion also requires Japanese government to give the proposal new “nitrogen-infusion” SRF technology serious consideration for a timely decision,” Recherche d'asymétrie longitudinale 13 recently discovered at Fermilab. says LCC director Lyn Evans. dans les collisions d'ions lourds “We have demonstrated that with Le vin le plus vieux du monde 15 nitrogen doping a factor-three improvement ● Further reading in the cavity quality-factor is realisable K Fujii et al. 2017 arXiv:1710.07621. HAWC apporte des éléments sur un 17 in large scale machines such as LCLS-II, S Asai et al. 2017 arXiv:1710.08639. excédent de positons cosmiques which can bring substantial cost reduction L Evans & S Michizono 2017 arXiv:1711.00568.
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N e u t r i N o s
KU Leuven and collaborators used another
The case of the disappearing neutrinos Welker A setup at ISOLDE called CRIS to measure the electromagnetic moments of the Neutrinos are popularly thought to measure the neutrino cross-section in odd-N neighbour 78Cu, providing detailed penetrate everything owing to their neutrino four energy bins from 18 TeV to 2 PeV information about the underlying wave 0.8 antineutrino extremely weak interactions with matter. weighted combination with factor-of-ten uncertainties, showing functions. Both the ISOLTRAP masses /GeV) A recent analysis by the IceCube neutrino 2 0.6 this result for the first time that the energy dependence and the CRIS moments were compared
observatory at the South Pole proves this cm of the cross section above 18 TeV agrees with with large-scale shell-model calculations is not the case, confirming predictions that –38 0.4 the predicted softer-than-linear dependence involving the many relevant orbitals. Both
the neutrino-nucleon interaction cross (10 and reaffirming the absence of new physics are in excellent agreement with the ISOLDE ν
section rises with energy to the point where /E at TeV energy scales. results, suggesting that the predictions for ν 0.2 accerlerator 78 even an object as tiny as the Earth can stop σ data Future analyses from the IceCube the neighbouring Ni can be taken with high-energy neutrinos in their tracks. Collaboration will use more data to great confidence. 0.0 79 By studying a sample of 10,784 neutrino 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 measure the cross-sections in narrower An independent study of Cu carried events, the IceCube team found that neutrinos log10(Eν [GeV]) bins of neutrino energy and to reach higher out by Louis Olivier at the IN2P3–CNRS with energies between 6.3 and 980 TeV were energies, making the measurements in France and colleagues based on a totally absorbed in the Earth. From this, they The neutrino cross-section, divided by the considerably more sensitive to beyond-SM different technique has reached the same concluded that the neutrino–nucleon neutrino energy, as measured by IceCube physics. Planned larger detectors such as conclusion. Using in-beam gamma-ray +0.21 +0.39 79 cross-section was 1.30–0.19 (stat) –0.43(syst) (black line, with shaded regions showing the IceCube-Gen2 and the full KM3NeT can spectroscopy of Cu at the Radioactive times the Standard Model (SM) cross-section one-sigma uncertainties), along with push these measurements further upwards Isotope Beam Factory at RIKEN in in that energy range. IceCube did not observe previous accelerator data (points in in energy, while even larger detectors would The mass spectrometer setup ISOLTRAP at CERN’s ISOLDE radioactive-beam facility. Japan, the team produced 79Cu via proton a large increase in the cross-section as is yellow-shaded region). At low energies the be able to search for the coherent radio “knockout” reactions in a 270 MeV beam of predicted in some models of physics beyond cross-section is proportional to the neutrino Cherenkov pulses produced when neutrinos stable isotopes (10), attesting to the magic precipice via nickel’s nuclear neighbour 79Cu 80Zn. No significant knockout was observed the SM, including those with leptoquarks or energy, while above about 3 TeV the increase with energies above 1017 eV interact in ice. nature of its 50 protons. containing 50 neutrons and 29 protons. in the relevant energy region, showing that extra dimensions. slows due to the finite W and Z masses. Proposals for future experiments such The next magic number is 82, Andree Welker of TU Dresden and the 79Cu nucleus can be described in terms The analysis used the 1km3 volume of as ARA and ARIANNA envision the use corresponding to the number of neutrons collaborators used ISOLDE’s precision of a valence proton outside a 78Ni core and IceCube to collect a sample of upward-going universe, yet until recently their interactions of relatively-inexpensive detector arrays to in 132Sn. Nickel has a magic number of mass spectrometer ISOLTRAP to determine affirming nickel’s doubly magic character. muons produced by neutrino interactions had only been measured at laboratory instrument volumes above 100 km3, enough 28 protons but the recipe for adding the the masses and thus binding energies of the in the rock and ice below and around the energies up to about 350 GeV. The to measure “GZK” neutrinos produced magic 50 neutrons to make 78Ni has proven neutron-rich copper isotope 79Cu, revealing ● Further reading detector, selecting 10,784 muons with high-energy neutrinos detected by IceCube, when cosmic-rays interact with the challenging for today’s radioactive beam that this next-door neighbour of 78Ni also R de Groote et al. 2017 Phys. Rev. C 96 041302. an energy above 1 TeV. Since the zenith partially of astrophysical origin, provide an cosmic-microwave background radiation. factories. CERN’s ISOLDE facility has exhibits a binding-energy enhancement. To L Olivier et al. 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 192501. angles of these neutrinos are known to opportunity to measure their interactions at At these energies, the Earth is almost now got very close, taking researchers to the probe the enhancement, Ruben de Groote of A Welker et al. 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 192502. about one degree, the absorber thickness higher energies. opaque and detectors should be able to can be precisely determined. The data In an additional analysis of six years of extend cross-section measurements above M e d i c a l applications were compared to a simulation containing IceCube data, Amy Connolly and Mauricio 1019 eV, thereby probing beyond atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos, Bustamante of Ohio State University LHC energies. Novartis acquires AAA including simulated neutrino interactions employ an alternative approach which uses These analyses join previous results on in the Earth such as neutral-current 58 IceCube-contained events (in which neutrino oscillations and exotic particle interactions. Consequently, IceCube the neutrino interaction took place within searches in showing that IceCube can also CERN spin-off extended previous accelerator measurements the detector) to measure the neutrino contribute to nuclear and particle physics, upward in energy by several orders cross-section. Although these events mostly going beyond its original mission of studying Global healthcare company Novartis has of magnitude, with the result in good have well-measured energies, their neutrino astrophysical neutrinos. announced plans to acquire Advanced agreement with the SM prediction (see zenith angles are less well known and they Accelerator Applications (AAA), a spin-off figure, above). are also much less numerous, limiting the ● Further reading radiopharmaceutical firm established by Neutrinos are key to probing the deep statistical precision. IceCube Collaboration 2017 Nature 551 596. former CERN physicist Stefano Buono in structure of matter and the high-energy Nevertheless, the team was able to M Bustamante and A Connolly 2017 arXiv:1711.11043. 2002. With an expected price of $3.9B, said the firm in a statement, the acquisition will N u c l e a r p h y s i c s strengthen Novartis’ oncology portfolio by introducing a new therapy platform for tackling neuroendocrine tumours. Copper reveals nickel’s doubly magic nature Trademarked Lutathera, and based on the isotope lutetium-177, the technology was approved in Europe in September 2017 for Teams at CERN’s ISOLDE facility and at configurations that offer extra stability, One of the main efforts in modern the treatment of certain neuroendocrine RIKEN in Japan have found evidence that called magic numbers. Nuclei that have nuclear physics is to create systems at the tumours and is under review in the US. AAA’s headquarters in Saint-Genis-Pouilly, France, just across the border from CERN. an exotic isotope of the metallic element magic numbers of both protons and neutrons extremes of nuclear stability to test whether With its roots in nuclear-physics expertise nickel (78Ni) is doubly magic, opening a are of particular interest for understanding these magic numbers, and the nuclear shell acquired at CERN, AAA started its produce innovative radiopharmaceuticals. infrastructure of Novartis, provide the best new vista on an important region of the how nucleons bind together. Examples model from which they derive, are still commercial activity with the production “We believe that the combination of prospects for our patients, physicians and nuclear-stability chart. are 16O, containing eight protons and eight valid. Two usual suspects are 132Sn (with a of radiotracers for medical imaging. our expertise in radiopharmaceuticals employees, as well as the broader nuclear Like electrons in an atom, protons and neutrons, and 40Ca (20 protons and 20 half-life of 40 s) and 78Ni (0.12 s). Sn (tin) The successful model made it possible and theragnostic strategy together with medicine community,” said Buono, who is neutrons in a nucleus have a penchant for neutrons), both of which are stable nuclides. is the element with the highest number of for AAA to invest in nuclear research to the global oncology experience and CEO of AAA.
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c o m p u t i n g electrical and magnetic properties of titanium pentoxide nanocrystals, which Fermilab joins CERN openlab on data reduction have potential applications in high-density data storage. This and further pilot
In November, Fermilab became a research experiments will help hone SwissFEL Dzambegovic/PSIM
member of CERN openlab – a public-private R Hradil operations before regular user operations partnership between CERN and major begin in January 2019. ICT companies established in 2001 to meet the demands of particle-physics SwissFEL project leaders Hans Braun research. Fermilab researchers will now (left) and Luc Patthey in front of the collaborate with members of the LHC’s CMS end-station where the first experiment experiment and the CERN IT department to took place. improve technologies related to physics data reduction, which is vital for gaining insights LHC experiments from the vast amounts of data produced by high-energy physics experiments. CERN’s computing centre, photographed in 2017. 90% CL exclusion regionson [m(Aʹ),ε2] The work will take place within an Searches for 10–4 existing CERN openlab project with Intel can often take weeks, but the Intel-CERN that would be needed to handle the data on big-data analytics. The goal is to use project aims to reduce it to a matter produced when the High-Luminosity LHC –6 industry-standard big-data tools to create of hours. comes online in 2026. “This kind of work, dark photons 10 a new tool for filtering many petabytes The team plans to first create a prototype investigating big-data analytics techniques 2 LHCb of heterogeneous collision data to create capable of processing 1 PB of data with is vital for high-energy physics — both at LHCb ε 10 –8 manageable, but still rich, datasets of a about 1000 computer cores. Based on in terms of physics data and data from
few terabytes for analysis. Using current current projections, this is about one industrial control systems on the LHC,” –10 LHCb (2016 data) systems, this kind of targeted data reduction twentieth of the scale of the final system says Maria Girone, CERN openlab CTO. The possibility that 10 previous experiments dark-matter particles may L ightsources interact via an unknown 10–12 SESAME beamline force, felt only feebly by 10–2 10–1 1 10 Standard Model (SM) particles, has motivated m(A ) [GeV] SESAME scientist Messaoud ʹ SESAME sees Harfouche points an effort to search for so-called dark forces. out SESAME’s first The force-carrying particle for such Comparison of the new LHCb results to existing constraints from previous experiments. Red first light ... monochromatic hypothesised interactions is referred to as a and green curves show the predictions from LHC Run 3, while the dashed cyan curve is the light. dark photon, A', in analogy with the ordinary prediction rescaled to the 2016 data sample. photon that mediates the electromagnetic At 10.50 a.m. on 22 November 2017, the interaction. While the dark photon does quantum field theory arguments) is currently LHCb experiment to dark photons, even using third-generation light source SESAME not couple directly to SM particles, unexplored. Using data collected in 2016, a data sample collected with a trigger that is in Jordan produced its first X-ray photons, quantum-mechanical mixing between the LHCb recently performed a search for the inefficient for low-mass A' decays. Looking signalling the start of the regional laboratory’s photon and dark-photon fields can generate decay A'→μ+μ– in a mass range from the forward to Run 3, the number of expected experimental program. Researchers sent a small interaction. This provides a portal dimuon threshold up to 70 GeV. While no A'→μ+μ− decays in the low-mass region should a beam of monochromatic light through through which dark photons may be produced evidence for a signal was found, strong limits increase by a factor of 100 to 1000 compared the XAFS/XRF (X-ray absorption fine and through which they might decay into were placed on the A'–photon mixing strength. to the 2016 data sample. LHCb is now structure/X-ray fluorescence) spectroscopy Nevertheless, it is just one step on the way to beamline that is scheduled to join the XAFS/ visible final states. These constraints are the most stringent to date developing searches for A'→e+e− decays which beamline, the first to come on stream at full operation. The SESAME synchrotron is XRF beamline this year. A third beamline The minimal A' model has two unknown for the mass range 10.6 < m(A') < 70 GeV and are sensitive to lower-mass dark photons, both SESAME and targeted at research ranging currently operating with a beam current of devoted to materials science will come on parameters: the dark photon mass, m(A'), are comparable to the best existing limits on in LHC Run 2 and in particular Run 3 when from solid state physics to environmental just over 80 milliamps while the design value stream in 2018. “After years of preparation, it’s and the strength of its quantum-mechanical this parameter. the luminosity will be higher. This will further science and archaeology. is 400 milliamps. Over the coming weeks great to see light on target,” said XAFS/XRF mixing with the photon field. Constraints have Furthermore, the search was the first to expand LHCb’s dark-photon programme. Obtaining first light is an important step and months as experiments get underway, the beamline scientist Messaoud Harfouche. “We been placed on visible A' decays by previous achieve sensitivity to long-lived dark photons in the commissioning of a new synchrotron current will be gradually increased. have a fantastic experimental programme beam-dump, fixed-target, collider, and using a displaced-vertex signature, providing ● Further reading light source, and the milestone comes 10 SESAME’s initial research program will be ahead of us, starting with an experiment to rare-meson-decay experiments. the first constraints in an otherwise unexplored LHCb Collaboration 2017 arXiv:1710.02867. months after SESAME circulated its first carried out at two beamlines, the XAFS/XRF investigate heavy metals contaminating soils However, much of the A' parameter region of A' parameter space. These results P Ilten et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 251803. electrons (CERN Courier March 2017 p8). beamline and an infrared spectro-microscopy in the region.” space that is of greatest interest (based on demonstrate the unique sensitivity of the P Ilten et al. 2015 Phys. Rev. D 92 115017. ... while SwissFEL carries out first experiment ATLAS extends searches for natural supersymmetry Despite many and gauge–force unification at high energy, presence of a high-energy new physics The free-electron X-ray laser SwissFEL as expected. Construction of 740m-long 2017, PSI researchers and a research group negative searches it offers a natural explanation for why the scale, these two numbers are extremely at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in SwissFEL began in April 2013, with the from the University of Rennes in France during the last Higgs boson is so light compared to the large and thus must almost exactly oppose Switzerland has hosted its inaugural aim of producing extremely short X-ray conducted the first in a series of pilot decade and more, Planck scale. In the SM, the Higgs boson one another – a peculiar coincidence called experiment, marking the facility’s first laser pulses for the study of ultrafast experiments. supersymmetry (SUSY) remains a popular mass can be decomposed into a “bare” the hierarchy problem. SUSY introduces science result and demonstrating that its reactions and processes. The high-energy X-ray light pulses extension of the Standard Model (SM). Not mass and a modification due to quantum a set of new particles that each balances many complex components are working Between 27 November and 4 December enabled the team to investigate the only can SUSY accommodate dark matter corrections. Without SUSY, but in the the mass correction of its SM partner,
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December 2017 December 2017 SM background. Sophisticated techniques other SM processes. To achieve a with a significance of 3.1 standard LHC have opened a new window on 800 ATLAS preliminary 50 including machine learning are employed sufficient control of the background, deviations (3.7 expected) against the precision physics, in which measurements to ensure no signal is missed. the analyses are restricted to final states background-only hypothesis, and a cross of rare processes involving top quarks play 20 +0.033 +0.029 600 First ATLAS results have also been containing multiple electrons and muons. section of 0.123 –0.031 (stat) –0.023 (syst) pb, in a central role. 10 observed limits expected limits all limits at 95% CL released for higgsino searches. If the Furthermore, the tZq analysis uses agreement with the SM. CMS also reported As more LHC data become available, 5 lightest SUSY particles are higgsino-like, multivariate techniques to classify event a small excess of ̄t t̄t t events over the these studies will provide more stringent 0 1
400 , ) [GeV] their masses will often be close together candidates according to their topologies. background-only hypothesis, with a tests of the SM while increasing the ± 1 [GeV]
0 1 2 Atlas preliminary and such “compressed” scenarios lead In both analyses, the signal is extracted significance of 1.6 standard deviations (1.0 chances of revealing BSM processes. m m( 1 to the production of low-momentum with maximum-likelihood fits performed expected), and derived an upper limit of 200 +0.0112 ● 0.1 particles. One new search at ATLAS simultaneously in the control regions with 0.0208 –0.0069 pb on the ̄tt̄tt production cross Further reading targets scenarios with leptons different selections. As a result, CMS was section. The high energy and the large CMS Collaboration 2017 arXiv:1712.02825. 0.2 reconstructed at the lowest momenta still CMS Collaboration 2017 arXiv:1710.10614. 0 able to report evidence of the tZq process integrated luminosities provided by the 200 400 600 800 1000 80 100 120 140 160 180 detectable. If the SUSY mass spectrum is ± m [GeV] m( ) [GeV] extremely compressed, the lightest charged t 1 1 SUSY particle will have an extended ALICE (Left) Summary of ATLAS exclusion limits (95% C.L.) on top squark pair production lifetime, decay invisibly, and leave an Longitudinal asymmetry tracked 0.004 Pb–Pb √s NN = 2.76 TeV considering various decay possibilities. The x-axis represents the mass of the top squark unusual detector signature known as a while the y-axis is the mass of the lightest SUSY particle. (Right) Exclusion limits on “disappearing track”. in heavy-ion collisions 30–35% higgsino pair production for scenarios where the lightest higgsino is the lightest SUSY Such a scenario is targeted by another c1 particle, with grey representing the LEP exclusion. new ATLAS analysis. These searches 25−30% 20−25% 0.002 extend for the first time the limits on In a heavy-ion collision, a calorimeters (ZNs) in the ALICE detector. 15−20% providing a “natural” explanation for the in Mumbai from 11–15 December) have the lightest higgsino set by the Large longitudinal asymmetry arises The observed distribution of asymmetry 10−15% Higgs boson mass. extended existing bounds on the masses Electron Positron (LEP) collider 15 years due to unequal numbers of in ZNs, azn, is used to classify events into 5−10% Thanks to searches at the LHC and of the top squark and higgsinos, the SUSY ago. The search for higgsinos remains participating nucleons from the symmetric and asymmetric by a choice 0−5% previous colliders, we know that SUSY partners of the top quark and Higgs bosons, among the most challenging and important two colliding nuclei, causing a of azn. A Monte Carlo simulation using 0 particles must be heavier than their SM respectively, that are critical for natural for natural SUSY. With more data and shift in the centre-of-mass (CM) a Glauber model for the colliding nuclei 00.05 0.1 counterparts. But if this difference in SUSY. For SUSY to remain natural, the new ideas, it may well be possible to of the overlapping “participant zone” is tuned to reproduce the spectrum in the 〈y0〉 mass becomes too large, particularly mass of the top squark should be below discover, or exclude, natural SUSY in the with respect to the nucleon-nucleon CM. ZNs and provides a relation between the for the particles that produce the largest around 1 TeV and that of the higgsinos coming years. The asymmetry may be expressed as measurable longitudinal asymmetry and Measured values of coefficient 1c as a corrections to the Higgs boson mass, SUSY below a few hundred GeV. α = (A-B)/(A+B), where A and B are the the shift in the rapidity of the participant function of estimated values of mean would not provide a natural solution of the ATLAS has now completed a set of ● Further reading number of nucleons participating from the zone formed by the unequal number of rapidity-shift (
–1 pseudorapidity distributions in lead-lead events corresponding to different regions of nucleon-nucleon CM frame, highlighting CMS studies rare top-quark processes 35.9 fb (13 TeV) collisions at a nucleon-nucleon CM energy of asymmetry (see figure). The coefficients of the relevance of nucleon numbers in the 60 Obs. upper limit Obs. cross section 2.76 TeV have been obtained with the ALICE a polynomial fit to the ratio characterise the production of charged particles, even at high Predicted cross section, detector, allowing investigations of the effect effect of the asymmetry, with the coefficient energies. The method is potentially a new Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 053004 Now that all the particles CMS 35.9 fb–1 (13 TeV) 50 of the linear term in the polynomial 120 of variations in the initial conditions on other event classifier for the study of initial state predicted in the Standard data measurable quantities. expansion, c , showing a linear dependence fluctuations and different particle production 1bjet tZq 40 1 Model (SM) have been 100 NPL Since the number of participants cannot on the mean value of y0. mechanisms. tWZ discovered, most recently t H + ttWt 80 ) (fb)t be measured directly, the asymmetry in This analysis confirms that the longitudinal
tt 30 t Zt ● the Higgs boson in 2012, ZZ an event was estimated by measuring the distributions are affected by the rapidity-shift Further reading (t
event s/ 0.2 60 experiments at the LHC WZ + c ALICE Collaboration 2017 arXiv:1710.07975. WZ + b 20 energy in the forward neutron-zero-degree- of the participant zone with respect to the are active on two fronts: a deeper scrutiny 40 WZ + light of the SM and the search for new particles 20 10 produced by beyond-SM (BSM) physics. 2 Recent studies of rare processes involving 0 0 pulls –2 the top quark serve both purposes. On 0.5 1.0 1.52.0 2.5 –1.0 –0.5 0 0.5 1.0 SM one hand, they probe SM predictions and BDT output |y /y | parameters in regions not accessed so far. t t On the other hand, if BSM couplings to the The tZq fit, displaying the Boosted Decision Probing the Yukawa coupling between the CERNCOURIER massive particles of the third generation Tree output for one analysis region. top and the Higgs via the ̄tt̄tt analysis. of the SM are substantial, rare processes The destination for high-energy physics involving the top quark are golden with a Z boson and one or more jets (tZq) means that no more than a few hundred news and jobs candidates to reveal signs of BSM physics. and the production of four top quarks tZq events and a dozen ̄tt̄tt events were Based on data taken during 2016, the CMS (̄tt̄tt). Detecting these processes is very expected after selection. If this was not Collaboration has recently published two difficult due to their tiny cross sections challenging enough, these events have cerncourier.com such studies of rare top quark processes: the (about 0.8 pb for tZq and 0.01 pb for ̄tt̄tt in to be separated from an overwhelming collaboration CMS the of benefit the for CERN, 2011 © production of a single top quark associated proton–proton collisions at 13 TeV), which amount of background from several
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C o m p i l e d b y J o h n S w a i n , n ortheaStern U n i v e r S i t y World’s oldest wine found
Something resembling wine, made from a Wine became the focus of religious cults, mixture of grapes, hawthorn fruit wine, rice pharmacopoeias, cuisines, economies, and beer and honey mead, appears to have been society in the ancient Near East, suggests made in the Yellow Valley in China around new evidence. 7000 BC. However, what about wine as we know it, made just from grapes? This goes during the early neolithic period. Wine back almost as far, according to a study is key to many civilisations and requires by Patrick McGovern of the University of sophisticated horticultural techniques, such Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and as domestication, propagation, pressing and Anthropology in Philadelphia in the US. the use of suitable containers. Advanced archaeological, archaeobotanical, in Georgia in the South Caucasus, reveal climatic, and chemical methods applied to evidence for grape wine and viniculture in ● Further reading newly excavated materials from two sites the Near East as early as 6000–5800 BC P McGovern et al. 2017 PNAS 114 12627. Toroidal plasma Quark fusion Nuclear reactions in lighting In a first for plasma physics, a stable Following the recent observation by the room-temperature topologically confined Following the observation of neutrons and LHCb experiment of a doubly charmed ++ plasma has been created without the need gamma rays in association with lightning, baryon Ξcc with a large (130 MeV) binding for external electromagnetic fields. a new study reports evidence that lightning energy between the two charm quarks, Marek Morteza Gharib of Caltech and colleagues also triggers specific nuclear reactions. On Karliner of Tel Aviv University and Jonathan fired a high-speed 100 micron jet of 6 February 2016, Teruaki Enoto of Kyoto Rosner of the University of Chicago have deionised water onto a polished quartz University in Japan and colleagues observed shown that this opens the door for a quark wafer. This, they found, creates a stable a gamma-ray flash lasting less than 1 ms analog of nuclear fusion. For example, two ++ coherent toroid of glowing plasma for followed by an exponentially decaying Λc baryons can fuse to form a Ξ cc and a speeds of the water jet above 200 ms–1. gamma-ray spectrum and then prolonged neutron, releasing an energy of 12 MeV, wit h The mechanism appears to be tribo- line emission around 0.511 MeV (indicative of an analogous process for b quarks releasing electricification caused by the large electron–positron annihilation). The process 138 MeV. While unlikely to ever be a source of hydrodynamic shear. is well-explained by photo-dissociation useful energy, this novel form of fusion could processes such as 14N + γ → 13N + n with help in studies of strange hadronic matter. ● Further reading emission of de-excitation gamma rays, M Gharib et al. 2017 PNAS 114 12657. followed by positron decay of the nucleus to ● Further reading 13C, and finally the positron annihilating with M Karliner and J Rosner 2017 Nature 551 89. Ageing unavoidable an electron. In addition to its intrinsic interest, Big or small, science calls for the ultra high the result reveals a new source of isotopes, Cosmic rays image pyramid Hopes that aging might be defeated by including 14C, used for carbon dating. purity copper in all shapes and sizes. identifying and interfering with culpable Modern particle physics has teamed up with genes, have run into an obstacle. Paul ● Further reading ancient Egyptian archaeology to discover Visit us at BSFB 2018 booth #56 Nelson and Joanna Masel of the University T Enoto 2017 Nature 551 481. a void in the Great Pyramid, similar in size of Arizona in Tucson have shown that, to the Grand Gallery but located above it. while competition between cells within Kunihiro Morishima of Nagoya University one organism should seemingly just remove in Japan and colleagues used cosmic-ray ones that work less well, the need for cells muons and external micro-pattern gaseous to co-operate with other cells can also detectors to perform the analog of X-ray select ones which do not themselves work as tomography. In addition to confirming well, but co-operate better. This is at odds earlier results, it brings the significance of the with the idea that aging is simply be due to void now to almost six standard deviations. a weakness in removing genes that Half of the muon detectors positioned around only affect mortality late in life, and the pyramid, based on a design by CEA suggests aging is a fundamental feature of SACLAY, were built at CERN. multicellular life. Lightning and thunderclouds are natural ● Further reading ● Further reading particle accelerators. K Morishima et al. 2017 Nature doi:10.1038/ P Nelson and J Masel 2017 PNAS 114 12982. nature24647.
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C o m p i l e d b y m e r l i n K o l e , d e pa r t m e n t o f pa r t i C l e p h y s i C s , U n i v e r s i t y o f G e n e va HAWC clarifies cosmic positron excess
Since 2008, astronomers have been puzzled 23 of these leptons are not well understood. by a mysterious feature in the cosmic-ray The TeV photons measured by HAWC are energy spectrum. Data from the PAMELA produced as the electrons and positrons satellite showed a significant increase in the Geminga emitted by the pulsars interact with low ratio of positrons to electrons at energies collaboration HAWC 18 energy photons in the interstellar medium. above 10 GeV. This unexpected positron One can, therefore, use the intensity of the excess was subsequently confirmed by both PSR B0656+14 TeV photon emission and the size of the
the Fermi-LAT satellite and the AMS-02 Dec. (deg) emitting region to indirectly measure the experiment onboard the ISS (CERN Courier 13 high-energy positrons. The HAWC data December 2016 p26–30), sparking many show the large emitting regions of both the explanations, ranging from dark-matter pulsars Geminga and PSR B0656+14 (see annihilation to positron emission by figure). The spectral and spatial features of nearby pulsars. New measurements by the 109 104 99 the TeV emission were then inserted in a R.A. (deg) High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) diffusion model for the positrons, allowing experiment now seem to rule out the second –4 –3 –2 –1 01 2 345 the team to calculate the positron flux from explanation, hinting at a more exotic origin significance (sigmas) these sources reaching Earth. The results, of the positron excess. The area around Geminga and PSR published in Science, indicate that the Although standard cosmic-ray B0656+14 as measured by HAWC in the positron flux from these sources reaching propagation models predict the production 1–50 TeV energy region, showing the large Earth is significantly smaller than that of positrons from interactions of high-energy area around the two pulsars from where measured by PAMELA and AMS-02. protons travelling through the galaxy, the high-energy gamma rays are emitted. These indirect measurements of the positron fraction is expected to decrease as positron emission appear to rule out a a function of energy. One explanation for collisions between high-energy photons and significant contribution of the local positron the excess is the annihilation of dark-matter atmospheric nuclei. The charged particles flux by these two pulsars, making it unlikely particles with masses of several TeV, which produced in the resulting shower produce that pulsars are the origin of the positron would result in a bump in the electron– Cherenkov radiation in HAWC’s 300 water excess. More exotic explanations such as positron fraction, with the measured increase tanks, their high altitude location making dark matter, or other astrophysical sources perhaps being the rising part of such a bump. HAWC the most sensitive survey instrument such as micro-quasars and supernovae According to other models, however, the to measure astrophysical photons in the TeV remnants, are not ruled out, however. excess is the result of positron production by range. This allows the study of TeV-scale Results from gamma-ray observations of astrophysical sources such as pulsars (rapidly photon emission from nearby pulsars, such as such sources, along with more detailed spinning neutron stars). Since these charged Geminga and PSR B0656+14, to investigate measurements of the lepton flux at even particles lose energy due to interactions with if these objects could be responsible for the higher energies by AMS-02, DAMPE or interstellar magnetic and radiation fields they positron excess. CALET, are therefore highly anticipated must be produced relatively close to Earth, Pulsars are thought to emit electrons to fully solve the mystery of the cosmic making nearby pulsars a prime suspect. and positrons with energies up to several positron excess. HAWC, situated near the city of Puebla hundred TeV, which diffuse into the in Mexico, detects charged particles interstellar medium, but the details of the ● Further reading created in the Earth’s atmosphere from emission, acceleration and propagation HAWC Collaboration 2017 Science 358 911.
Picture of the month
This image shows a nebula named after Edwin Hubble, recorded by the observatory that bears his name. Hubble’s Variable Nebula was discovered more than 200 years ago and later studied in detail by Hubble in the ESA NASA, Hubble, 20th century. This object is peculiar because its appearance is known to change within a matter of weeks. This so-called reflection nebula consists of gas and fine dust fanning out from the star R Monocerotis. The faint nebula is about one light-year across and lies about 2500 light-years away towards the Unicorn constellation. One of the explanations for the fast variability of such a large object is that dense clouds of opaque dust move around the star, which is seen in the top left of the image. As the clouds move between the star and the nebula they cast shadows on the reflective gasses, causing different parts of the nebula to light up at different times.
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• Ultra-compact systems, typically one Applications: The long road to Linac4 19” rack / 100 kW (pulse) • Synchrotrons, LINACs for scientific, • CW / Pulse Systems, long pulse experimentation/particle physics • Modular Solid State architecture, and Spallation systems compact modules (<10 kg) • Medical therapy equipment After two decades of design and construction, upgrade (HL-LHC). Persistent vacuum problems in the accelerat- Courtesy Honeywell Aerospace • Highly Maintainable with Hot Swap • Cyclotrons for radioisotope ing vessels over the past years also raise major concerns for the capability production CERN’s newest accelerator, Linac4, is on its performance of the LHC. For this reason, in 2007, it was decided to • Wall Plug efficiency competitive with • Option to upgrade existing systems replace Linac2 with a more suitable injector for the LHC’s future. way to join the LHC injection chain. A decade later, in spring 2017, the 160 MeV Linac4 was fully tube technology (55% demonstrated) • Highly robust to VSWR mismatch Other Products: commissioned and entered a stand-alone operation run to assess and improve its reliability, prior to being connected to the CERN • High MTBF and Low MTTR • High Power, Very Low Phase Noise accelerator complex. The machine’s overall availability during this • No loss of power from any single TWT Amplifiers For the past 40 years, CERN’s accelerator complex has been served initial run reached 91 per cent – an amazing value for an accelera- element failure • Brazed UHV components by a little-known linear accelerator called Linac2. Commissioned tor whose beam commissioning was completed only a few months • High efficiency enhances reliability • Electron Guns in 1978, the 50 MeV linac was constructed to provide a higher beam earlier. The Linac4 reliability run will continue well into 2018, • Frequencies available from intensity to the newly built Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB). sending the beam round-the-clock to a dump located at the end of It superseded Linac1, which accelerated its first beam in 1958 the accelerating section under the supervision of the CERN Con- 20 MHz to 1.3 GHz and was the only supplier of protons to the CERN Proton Synchro- trol Centre (CCC) operation team. After a consolidation phase to • MW power capability tron (PS) for the following 20 years. Linac1 was sent into retire- address any teething troubles identified during the reliability run, ment in 1992, having spent 33 years accelerating protons as well Linac4 will be connected to the next accelerator in the chain, the as deuterons, alpha particles and oxygen and sulphur ions, and is PSB, in 2019 at the beginning of the LHC Long Shutdown 2. Test For more information on our leading edge now an exhibit in the CERN Microcosm. Linac3 took over CERN’s beams will be made available to the PSB as soon as 2020, and from ion production in 1994, but today Linac2 is still injecting protons 2021 all protons at CERN will come from the new Linac4, mark- technology email us at [email protected] into the PS and SPS from where they end up in the Large Hadron ing the end of a 20 year-long journey of design and construction or visit www.tmd.co.uk Collider (LHC). that has raised many challenges and inspired innovative solutions. Although the construction of this workhorse of the CERN accel- Linac4 has the privilege of being the only new accelerator built erator chain was an important step forward for CERN, and contrib- at CERN since the LHC. With an accelerating length of 86 m, uted to major physics discoveries, including the W, Z and Higgs plus 76 m of new transfer line, Linac4 is definitely the smallest bosons, Linac2’s relatively low energy and intensity are not com- accelerator in the LHC injection chain. Yet it plays a fundamental patible with the demanding requirements of the LHC luminosity role in the preparation of the beam. The linac is where the beam
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TMD CERN Courier May_FA.indd 1 3/04/2017 7:21 am CCJanFeb18_LINAC.indd 19 03/01/2018 13:14 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 Linac4 High-Speed Cameras for S Mickael Visible, Soft X-Ray, VUV Vretenar M and EUV Applications Princeton Instruments is the trusted choice for synchrotrons and laboratories worldwide!
Excavating the Linac4 tunnel in 2009. The surface hall after completion.
density is generated under the influence of the strong defocusing 45 keV 3 MeV 50 MeV 102 MeV 160 MeV forces coming from Coulomb repulsion (space charge), and where negative ions initially at rest (containing protons emerging from H– source RFQ chopper DTL CCDTL PIMS a bottle of hydrogen gas) are progressively brought close to the relativistic velocities required for acceleration in a synchrotron. Linac4 begins with the hydrogen source, followed by the This rapid increase in beam velocity requires the use of complex radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ), chopper, drift-tube linac and differentiated mechanical designs to accelerate and focus the (DTL), cell-coupled DTL (CCDTL) and finally a Pi-mode beam. Combined with the need for high accelerating gradients (the structure (PIMS). beam passes only once through the linac), particular demands were placed on Linac4 to achieve the high values of availability required ing beam loss and activation in the PSB. Linac4 is also designed Soft X-Ray Visible by the first element of the acceleration chain. for the long term. Having originated from studies at the end of The main improvements provided by Linac4 stem from the use the 1990s, the goal was to progressively replace the PS complex of negative hydrogen ions instead of protons and from a higher (Linac2, PSB and PS) with more modern accelerators capable of injection energy into the PSB. Negative hydrogen ions – a proton higher intensities for the future needs of the LHC and other non- ™ PI-MTE SOPHIA -XO KURO™ with two electrons – are converted into protons by passing them LHC programmes. Alas, this ambitious staged approach was later through a thin carbon foil, after their injection into the PSB to strip discarded to give priority to the consolidation of CERN’s older Proven Back-illuminated, Back-illuminated them of electrons. This charge-exchange technique involves pro- synchrotrons, but Linac4 retains features related to the old staged gressively injecting the negatively charged ions over the circulating programme that could be exploited to adapt the CERN injector in-vacuum 4-port CCD scientific CMOS proton beam to achieve a higher particle density. After injection, complex to future physics programmes. Examples are the orienta- cameras cameras cameras both beams pass through the stripping foil leaving only protons in tion of the Linac4 tunnel, which leaves space for future extensions the beam. This provides an extremely flexible way to load par ticles to higher energies, and its pulse-repetition frequency. The latter is ● Excellent sensitivity in the ● Excellent sensitivity in the ● Excellent sensitivity in the ~10 eV to 30 keV range into a synchrotron, making the accumulation of many turns pos- currently limited by the rise time of the PSB magnets to about 1 Hz, ~10 eV to 30 keV range 200nm - 1100nm range ● Flexible readout speeds ● ArcTec™ thermoelectric ● 120 fps at 800 x 800 sible with a tight control of the beam density. but this could be upgraded up to 50 Hz were the PSB to be replaced cooling to <-90°C one day by another accelerator. up to 16 MHz ● 47 fps at 2k x 2k ● 3.2 fps at full resolution with Extensive modifications Last but not least, Linac4 is a model for the successful reuse of old ● Small enough to fit into ● 100% fill factor tight vacuum chambers 16 MHz readout However, the use of hydrogen ions does not come without compli- equipment. All its accelerating structures operate at a frequency of ● 95% quantum efficiency ● Reliable 24/7 operation ● Ultra-low-noise electronics cations. It requires extensive modifications to the injection area 352 MHz, which is precisely that of the old Large Electron Positron ● Large 11 x 11 um pixels - ● Supports up to 4k x 4k of the synchrotron and a complex ion source in front of the linac. (LEP) collider. Linac4 reuses a large quantity of LEP’s RF compo- ● Supports up to wide dynamic range 4k x 4k resolution resolution The other key element for generating the high-brightness beams nents, such as klystrons and waveguides, which were carefully stored required by the LHC upgrade is the increase of the injection energy and maintained following LEP’s closure in 2000. However, the LEP in the PSB by more than a factor three with respect to the present klystrons installed in Linac4 will gradually be replaced in pairs by Linac2, which reduces space-charge effects at the PSB injection modern klystrons with twice the power. and allows the accumulation of more intense beams. Reaching Linac4’s required performance and reliability posed NOTE: Princeton Instruments x-ray cameras are compatible with EPICS software. On top of these crucial advantages for the HL-LHC, Linac4 is several problems in the design and construction of the new linac. designed to be more flexible and more environmentally clean than The first challenge was to build a reliable source of negative hydro- Linac2. Modulation at low energy of the beam-pulse structure, the gen ions, starting from a new design developed at CERN that prof- Visit www.princetoninstruments.com to learn more about option of varying beam energy during injection and a useful mar- ited from the experience of other laboratories such as DESY and these and other Princeton Instruments products gin in the peak beam current will help prepare the large variety of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The ion source is a complex beams required by the injector complex, at the same time reduc- device that starts from a bottle of hydrogen similar to the one used [email protected] | Phone: +1 609 587 9797 21
Untitled-1 1 27/10/2017 10:54 CCJanFeb18_LINAC.indd 21 03/01/2018 13:16 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 Linac4 MAGNETRONS FOR YOUR LINEAR ACCELERATOR. M Vretenar M M Brice / CERN L3 Electron Devices offers the industry’s broadest range of magnetrons to support medical radiology and a variety of compact accelerators. We have a long legacy of designing, manufacturing and refurbishing magnetrons for the most stringent requirements. Magnetrons are the perfect complement to L3’s proven portfolio of linear accelerator products, including thyratrons, electron emitters, windows, IOTs and multi-beam IOTs. L3T.com/EDD The Linac4 radio frequency quadrupole. The Linac4 high-energy section. L3T.COM in Linac2 and generates ions in a plasma heated by a high-frequency construction of the accelerator received important contributions AEROSPACE SYSTEMS wave of several dozen kilowatts. Following some initial difficulties, from a large number of collaborating institutes. These included ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS the new ion source is now steadily providing the minimum beam CEA and CNRS in France, BINP and VNIITF in Russia, NCBJ COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS intensity required by the LHC, while improvements are still ongoing. in Poland, ESS Bilbao in Spain, INFN in Italy and RRCAT in SENSOR SYSTEMS India. Organising this wide network of collaborations was a great ELECTRON DEVICES Accelerating elements challenge, but the results were excellent both in terms of technical After the ion source, the challenge for the main Linac4 accelerating quality of the components and in terms of developing a common section has been to integrate focusing and accelerating elements in working culture. the small linac cells, achieving a good power efficiency at the same Linac4 brought proton-linac technology back to Europe. Since time. These requirements motivated the use of four different types of the construction of Linac2 in 1978 and of the HERA injector at accelerating structure: an RF quadrupole (RFQ) to take the energy DESY a few years later, all new proton linac developments took to 3 MeV; a drift-tube linac (DTL) of the Alvarez type to 50 MeV; place in the US and in Japan. The development effort coordinated a cell-coupled drift-tube linac (CCDTL) to 102 MeV; and finally by CERN for the construction of Linac4 allowed bringing back SUPERCON, Inc. a Pi-mode structure (PIMS) to the final energy of 160 MeV. Most to Europe the latest developments in linac technology described of these accelerating sections include important innovations. The above, with a strong involvement of European companies. A meas- Superconducting Wire and Cable CCDTL and PIMS structures are a world-first developed specifi- ure of the success of this endeavour is the fact that many technical cally for Linac4 and used for the first time to accelerate a beam. The solutions developed for Linac4 will be now adopted by the normal- Standard and Specialty designs are available to meet your most demanding DTL includes a novel patented mechanism to support and adjust the conducting section of the new European Spallation Source linac superconductor requirements. drift tubes and makes use for the first time at CERN of a long focus- under construction at Lund, Sweden. ing section made of 108 permanent magnet quadrupoles. To these The inauguration of Linac4 on 9 May 2017 marked the corona- SUPERCON, Inc. has been producing niobium-based superconducting wires and cables for half a century. innovations we had to add a novel scheme to “chop” the beam pulse tion of a long project. The ground-breaking on so-called “Mount We are the original SUPERCON – the world’s first commercial producer of niobium-alloy based wire and at low energy, a simplified RFQ mechanical design, and finally the Citron” (made in the 1950s with the spoil from the construction of cable for superconducting applications. flexible and upgradeable beam optics design. the PS ring) took place in October 2008 and the new linac building In spite of a general trend towards superconducting accelerators, started to take shape. Construction extended over the mandate of Standard SC Wire Types Product Applications Linac4 is entirely normal-conducting. This is a logical choice for a three CERN Directors General. It’s expected that Linac4 will have low-energy linear accelerator injecting into a synchrotron and oper- a long life – at least as long as Linac2 – and play a vital role at the NbTi Wires Magnetic Resonance Imaging ating at low duty cycle. Linac4 is pulsed, and the short particle beam high-luminosity LHC and beyond. Nb3Sn —Bronze Nuclear Magnetic Resonance is in the linac only for a tiny fraction of time. Although as much as Nb3Sn —Internal Tin High Energy Physics 24 MW of RF power are needed for acceleration during the beam Résumé CuNi resistive matrix wires SC Magnetic Energy Storage pulse, the average power to the accelerating structures will be only Sur la route du Linac 4 Fine diameter SC Wires Medical Therapeutic Devices 8 kW, out of which only about 6 kW are dissipated in the copper, the Aluminum clad wire Superconducting Magnets and Coils rest going to the beam. The power required to cool Linac4 to cryo- Après deux décennies de conception et de construction, Wire-in-Channel Crystal Growth Magnets genic temperatures would be much higher than the power lost into l’accélérateur linéaire Linac 4 du CERN est sur le point d’être Innovative composite wires Scientific Projects the copper structures. intégré à la chaîne d’injection du LHC. Cet accélérateur, qui jouera The construction of Linac4 is a great example of international un rôle vital pour le LHC à haute luminosité, utilise, non pas des collaboration, expanding well beyond the boundaries of CERN. protons, mais des ions d’hydrogène négatifs, qu’il injecte, après “We deliver superconductivity!” Already in the R&D phase between 2004–2008, Linac4 collected avoir augmenté leur énergie, dans le Booster du PS. support from the European Commission and a group of Russian Contact us at [email protected] institutes supported by the ISTC international organisation. The Maurizio Vretenar and Alessandra Lombardi, CERN. www.SUPERCON-WIRE.com
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CCJanFeb18_LINAC.indd 22 03/01/2018 13:17 CCJanFeb18_p23.indd 1 03/01/2018 15:11 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 25 years of TERA Therapeutic particles
The accelerator technology underpinning MedAustron Europe’s first particle-therapy facilities, driven by the TERA Foundation during the past 25 years, is poised to unleash new treatment modes in more compact ways.
Last September the TERA Foundation – dedicated to the study and development of accelerators for particle therapy – celebrated its 25th anniversary. Led by visionary Italian physicist Ugo Amaldi, TERA gathered and trained hundreds of brilliant scientists who carried out research on accelerator physics. This culminated in the first carbon-ion facility for hadron therapy in Italy, and the sec- A treatment room at the MedAustron centre in Austria, behind ond in Europe: the National Centre for Cancer Hadron Therapy which lies a 25m-diameter synchrotron that precisely directs (CNAO), located in Pavia, which treated its first patient in 2011. high-energy protons and light ions at tumours. The forer unner to CNAO was the Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Centre (HIT) in Germany, which treated its first patient in 2009 world, with more than 30 of them in Europe (see p32). following experience accumulated over 12 years in a pilot project Europe entered the hadron-therapy field in 1987, when the at GSI near Darmstadt. After CNAO came the Marburg Ion-Beam European Commission launched the European Light Ion Medi- Therapy Centre (MIT) in Germany, which has been operational cal Accelerator (EULIMA) project to realise a particle-therapy since 2015, and MedAustron in Wiener Neustadt, Austria, which centre. The facility was not built in the end, but interest in the topic delivered its first treatment in December 2016. continued to grow. In 1991, together with Italian medical physicist Surpass design challenges While conventional radiotherapy based on beams of X-rays or Giampiero Tosi, Amaldi wrote a report outlining the design of a with ease using electrons is already widespread worldwide, the treatment of can- hospital facility for therapy with light ions and protons to be built COMSOL Multiphysics®. cer with charged particles has seen significant growth in recent in Italy. One year later, the pair established the TERA Foundation Work with its powerful years. The use of proton beams in radiation oncology was first to raise the necessary funding to employ students and research- mathematical modeling proposed in 1946 by Robert Wilson, a student of Ernest Lawrence ers to work on the project. Within months, TERA could count on tools and solver technology and founding director of Fermilab. The key advantage of proton the work of about 100 physicists, engineers, medical doctors and to deliver accurate and comprehensive simulation beams over X-rays is that the absorption profile of protons in matter radiobiologists, who joined forces to design a synchrotron for par- results. exhibits a sharp peak towards the end of their path, concentrat- ticle therapy and the beamlines and monitoring systems necessary VERIFY AND ing the dose on the tumour target while sparing healthy tissues. for its operation. Develop custom Following the first treatment of patients with protons at Lawrence Ten years of ups and downs followed, during which TERA scien- applications using the Berkeley Laboratory in the US in 1954, treatment centres in the tists developed three designs for a proton-therapy facility initially OPTIMIZE Application Builder and deploy them within US, the former USSR and Japan gradually appeared. At the same to be built in Novara, then in the outskirts of Milan and finally in your organization and time, interest arose around Pavia. Political, legislative and economic issues delayed the project YOUR DESIGNS to customers worldwide the idea of using heavier ions, until 2001 when, thanks to the support of Italian health minister with COMSOL Multiphysics® with a local installation of We passed through which offer a higher radio- and oncologist Umberto Veronesi, the CNAO Foundation was cre- COMSOL Server™. biological effectiveness and, ated. The construction of the actual facility began four years later. The evolution of computational tools for hard times and we causing more severe damage to “We passed through hard times and we had to struggle, but we numerical simulation of physics-based Benefi t from the power had to struggle, but DNA, can control the 3% of all never gave up,” says Amaldi. “Besides, we kept ourselves busy with systems has reached a major milestone. of multiphysics today tumours that are radioresistant improving the design of our accelerator.” comsol.com/products we never gave up. both to X-rays and protons. It is expected that by 2020 there will Introducing PIMMS be almost 100 centres deliver- Meanwhile, in Austria, experimental physicist Meinhard Regler © Copyright 2017 COMSOL. ing particle therapy around the had launched a project called Austron – a sort of precursor to
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CCJanFeb18_p24.indd 1 03/01/2018 15:31 CCJanFeb18_TERA.indd 25 03/01/2018 13:18 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 CERN Courier January/February 2018 25 years of TERA 25 years of TERA
To minimise the CNAO footprint of the CNAO
CNAO centre while AVO-ADAM still offering three treatment rooms, TERA modified the layout of the PIMMS design by locating the linac inside the synchrotron and by splitting in three the accelerated radiofrequency side-coupled drift- coupled-cavity beam with a The 25 m-diameter synchrotron of CNAO in Italy. quadrupole (RFQ) tube linac (SCDTL) linac (CCL) fan-out magnet. The Linac for Image Guided Hadron Therapy (LIGHT) developed by AVO-ADAM comprises: a proton source; a 750 MHz RF quadrupole (RFQ); four side-coupled drift-tube linac (SCDTL) modules; and a coupled-cavity linac (CCL) module.
MedAustron/T Kästenbauer TERA projects. Its scientists have designed a linac booster for car- bon ions (while LIBO was only for protons) and a compact single- room facility called TULIP, in which a 7 m-long proton linac is the European Spallation Source. In 1995, together with the head All the existing facilities using hadrons for cancer therapy are mounted on a rotating gantry. designer – accelerator physicist Phil Bryant – he proposed the addi- based on circular cyclotrons and synchrotrons. For some years, The new frontier of hadron therapy, however, could be helium tion of a ring to the facility that would be used for particle therapy however, the TERA Foundation has been working on the design of ion treatment. Some tests with these ions were done in the past, (and led to the name of the project being changed to MedAustron). a linear accelerator for hadron therapy. As early as 1993, Amaldi but the technique still has to be proven. TERA scientists are cur- Amaldi, Regler and Bryant then decided to work on a common pro- set up a study group, in collaboration with the Italian institutions rently working on a new accelerator for helium ions, says Amaldi. ject, and the “Proton-Ion Medical Machine Study” (PIMMS) was ENEA and INFN, dedicated to the design of a linac for protons “Helium can bring great benefit to medical treatments: it is lighter created. Developed at CERN between 1996 and 2000 under the that would run at the same frequency (3 GHz) as the electron than carbon, thus requiring a smaller accelerator, and it has much leadership of Bryant and with the collaboration of several CERN linacs used for conventional radiotherapy. The linac could use The ion-beam injectors of the MedAustron facility in Austria. less lateral scattering than protons, resulting in sharper lateral fall- physicists and engineers, PIMMS aimed to be a toolkit for any a cyclotron as an injector, making it a hybrid solution called a offs next to organs at risk.” In order to accelerate helium ions with European country interested in building a proton–ion facility for cyclinac, which reduces the sizes of both accelerators while allow- 230 MeV. The complex will be 24 m long, similar to the circumfer- a linac, we need either a longer linac compared to the one used hadron therapy. Rather than being a blueprint for a final facility ing the beam energy to be rapidly changed from pulse to pulse ence of a proton synchrotron. for protons or higher gradients, as demonstrated by high-energy on a specific site, it was an open study from which different parts by acting on the radiofrequency system of the linac. In 1998 a Compared to cyclotrons and synchrotrons, linear accelerators physics research at CERN and elsewhere in Europe. The need could be included in any hadron-therapy centre according to its 3 GHz 1.2 metre-long linac booster (LIBO) was built by a TERA– are lighter and potentially less costly because they are modular. for future, compact and cost-effective ion-therapy accelerators is specific needs. CERN–INFN collaboration led by retired CERN engineer Mario Most importantly, they produce a beam much more suited to treat being addressed by a new collaborative design study coordinated The design of CNAO itself is based on the PIMMS project, with Weiss, and in 2001 it was connected to the cyclotron of the INFN patients, in particular when the tumour is moving, as in the lungs. by Maurizio Vretenar and Alessandra Lombardi of CERN, dubbed some modifications introduced by TERA to reduce the footprint of South Laboratories in Catania where it accelerated protons from The machine developed by ADAM is modular in structure to make “PIMMS2”. A proposal, which includes a carbon linac, is being the structure. The MedAustron centre, designed in the early 2000s, 62 MeV to 74 MeV. This was meant to be the first of 10 modules it easier to maintain and more flexible when it comes to upgrading prepared for submission to the CERN Medical Application group, also drew upon the PIMMS report. Built between 2011 and 2013, that would kick protons to 230 MeV. or customising the system. In addition, thanks to an active longi- potentially opening the next phase of TERA’s impressive journey. with the first beam extracted by the synchrotron in autumn 2014, tudinal modulation system, the beam energy can be varied during MedAustron received official certification as a centre for cancer Linear ambition therapy and thus the treatment depth changed. LIGHT also has a Résumé therapy in December 2016 and, a few days after, treated its first In 2007 a CERN spin-off company called ADAM (Applications of dynamic transversal modulation system, allowing the beam to be Particules thérapeutiques patient. “In the past few years we have worked hard to provide Detectors and Accelerators to Medicine) was founded by business- rapidly and precisely modulated to “paint the tumour” many times the MedAustron trainees with a unique opportunity to acquire man Alberto Colussi to build a commercial high-frequency linac in a short time – in other words, delivering a homogeneous dose Les technologies d’accélérateur qui se sont concrétisées par les CERN’s know-how in the diverse fields of accelerator design, con- based on the TERA design. Under the leadership of Stephen Myers, to the whole cancerous tissue while minimising the irradiation of premières installations de thérapies par particules en Europe ont struction and operation,” says Michael Benedikt of CERN, who led a former CERN director for accelerators and technology and ini- healthy organs. The energy variation of cyclotrons and synchro- été en grande partie le résultat du travail de la Fondation TERA. the MedAustron accelerator project. Synergies with other CERN tiator of the CERN medical applications office, ADAM is now trons is 20–100 times slower. Celle-ci, au cours des 25 dernières années, a rassemblé et formé des projects were also created, he explains. “The vacuum control sys- completing the first prototype. It is called Linac for Image Guided “The beauty of the linac is that you can electronically modu- centaines de scientifiques, lesquels ont ensuite mené des recherches tem built for MedAustron was successfully used in the Linac4 test Hadron Therapy (LIGHT), and the full accelerator comprises: a late its output energy,” Myers explains. “Since our accelerator sur la physique des accélérateurs. Tout cela a abouti au premier set-up, while in the synchrotron a novel radiofrequency system that proton source; a novel 750 MHz RF quadrupole (RFQ) – designed is modular, the energy can be changed either by switching off centre d’hadronthérapie à ions carbone d’Italie (le CNAO), ou was jointly developed for the CERN PS Booster and MedAustron by CERN – which takes the particles up to 5 MeV; four side-cou- some of the units or by reducing the power in all of them, or by re- encore à la mise en place de MedAustron en Autriche. Les efforts se is used. The synchrotron’s power converter control uses the same pled drift-tube linacs (SCDTL) – designed by ENEA – to acceler- phasing the units. Another big advantage of the linac is that it has concentrent à présent sur la création de centres de traitement plus top-notch technology as CERN’s accelerators, while its control ate the beam from 5–37.5 MeV; and a different type of accelerating a small emittance, i.e. beam size, which translates into smaller, petits utilisant des accélérateurs linéaires. system and several of its core components are derived from tech- module, called coupled-cavity linac (CCL) – the LIBO designed lighter and cheaper magnets and allows to have a simpler and nologies developed for the CMS experiment.” by TERA – which gives the final kick to the beam from 37.5 to lighter gantry as well.” In the last decade, LIBO has inspired other Virginia Greco, CERN.
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CCJanFeb18_TERA.indd 27 03/01/2018 13:24 CCJanFeb18_TERA.indd 26 03/01/2018 13:20 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 CERN-MEDICIS Isotopes for / CERN M Brice precision medicine
The CERN-MEDICIS facility has produced its first radioisotopes for medical research, targeting novel diagnostic agents and treatments for diseases such as brain and pancreatic cancers.
The use of radioisotopes to treat cancer goes back to the late The robot sample handler at MEDICIS, a unique facility for the 19th century, with the first clinical trials taking place in France production of unconventional isotopes. and the US at the beginning of the 20th century. Great strides have been made, and today radioisotopes are widely used by the medi- the right properties to enhance the precision of both patient imag- cal community. Produced mostly in dedicated reactors, radioiso- ing and treatment. It will expand the range of radioisotopes avail- topes are used in precision medicine, both to diagnose cancers and able – some of which can be produced only at CERN – and send other diseases, such as heart irregularities, as well as to deliver them to hospitals and research centres in Switzerland and across very small radiation doses exactly where they are needed to avoid Europe for further study. destroying the surrounding healthy tissue. Initiated in 2010 by CERN with contributions from the Knowl- However, many currently available isotopes do not combine edge Transfer Fund, private foundations and partner institutes, and the most appropriate physical and chemical properties and, in the also benefitting from a European Commission Marie Skłodowska- case of certain tumours, a different type of radiation could be Curie training grant titled MEDICIS-Promed, MEDICIS is driven better suited. This is particularly true of the aggressive brain can- by CERN’s Isotope Mass Separator Online (ISOLDE) facility. cer glioblastoma multiforme and of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. ISOLDE has been running for 50 years, producing 1300 different Although external beam gamma radiation and chemotherapy can isotopes from 73 chemicals for research in many areas including improve patient survival rates, there is a clear need for novel treat- fundamental nuclear research, astrophysics and life sciences. ment modalities for these and Although ISOLDE already produces isotopes for medical other cancers. research, MEDICIS will more regularly produce isotopes with On 12 December, a new facil- specific types of emission, tissue penetration and half-life – all MEDICIS will expand ity at CERN called MEDICIS purified based on expertise acquired at ISOLDE. This will allow the range of novel produced its first radioisotopes: CERN to provide radioisotopes meeting the requirements of the a batch of terbium (155Tb), which medical research community as a matter of course. radioisotopes is part of the 149/152/155/161Tb fam- ISOLDE directs a high-intensity proton beam from the Proton available, which ily considered a promising Synchrotron Booster onto specially developed thick targets, yield- will be sent to quadruplet suited for both diag- ing a large variety of atomic fragments. Different devices are used nosis and treatment. MEDICIS to ionise, extract and separate nuclei according to their masses, hospitals and is designed to produce uncon- forming a low-energy beam that is delivered to various experimen- research centres. ventional radioisotopes with tal stations. MEDICIS works by placing a second target behind
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CCJanFeb18_MEDICIS.indd 29 03/01/2018 13:31 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 Cryogenic Components CERN-MEDICIS ■ Cryogenic Control & Shut-off Valves ■ Quench Relief Valves & Current Leads ■ Single & Multi-Line Johnston Couplings ISOLDE’s: once the isotopes have been produced on the MEDICIS radioisotope. The prospect of a dedicated facility at CERN for ■ Check valves and associated products target, an automated conveyor belt carries them to a facility where the production of innovative isotopes, together with local lead- the radioisotopes of interest are extracted via mass separation and ing institutes in life and medical sciences and a large network of ■ implanted in a metallic foil. The final product is then delivered to laboratories, gives MEDICIS an exciting scientific programme Focusing on cryogenic temperatures below 100 K local research facilities including the Paul Scherrer Institute, the in the years to come. It is also a prime example of the crossover ■ Optimized design for low operating cost University Hospital of Vaud and Geneva University Hospitals. between fundamental physics research and health applications, ■ Suitable to operate in high magnetic field and with accelerators set to play an increasing role in the production of ionizing radiation Please visit us Clinical setting life-changing medical isotopes. at our website: Once in a medical-research environment, researchers dissolve the ■ Long maintenance intervals and simple www.weka-ag.ch isotope and attach it to a molecule, such as a protein or sugar, which Résumé service requirements is chosen to target the tumour precisely. This makes the isotope Des isotopes pour une médecine de précision ■ More than 40 years of experience injectable, and the molecule can then adhere to the tumour or organ that needs imaging or treating. Selected isotopes will first be tested Le 12 décembre, une nouvelle installation au CERN, appelée in vitro, and in vivo by using mouse models of cancer. Researchers MEDICIS, a produit son premier radio-isotope : du terbium-155. Liquefaction of gases will test the isotopes for their direct effect on tumours and when Lancée en 2010, l’installation MEDICIS est conçue pour produire Gas distribution systems they are coupled to peptides with tumour-homing capacities, and des radio-isotopes spécifiques capables d’améliorer la précision Gas recirculation systems establish new delivery methods for brachytherapy using stereo- de l’imagerie et du traitement, ciblant des agents de diagnostic WEKA AG · Schürlistrasse 8 tactic or robotic-assisted surgery in large-animal models for their et des traitement innovants pour, notamment, le cancer du Hydrogen infrastructure CH-8344 Bäretswil · Switzerland capacity to target glioblastoma or pancreatic adenocarcinoma or cerveau ou du pancréas. MEDICIS développera la gamme de Space infrastructure Phone +41 43 833 43 43 neuroendocrine tumour cells. radio-isotopes innovants disponibles, dont certains ne peuvent Plasma & fusion research Fax +41 43 833 43 49 MEDICIS is not just a world-class facility for novel radioiso- être produits qu’au CERN ; ces nucléides seront envoyés à des [email protected] · www.weka-ag.ch topes. It also marks the entrance of CERN into the growing field of hôpitaux et des centres de recherche en Suisse et dans toute theranostics, whereby physicians verify and quantify the presence l’Europe pour de nouvelles études. of cellular and molecular targets in a given patient with a diagnos- Thierry Stora, CERN. ARCA Flow Group worldwide: tic radioisotope, before treating the disease with the therapeutic Competence in valves, pumps & cryogenics Anz_spec_CERN_10-2017_sp 10.10.17 09:27 Seite 1 DIGITIZER ARBITRARY WAVEFORM Up to 5 GS/s GENERATORS Up to 16 Bit Up to 1.25 GS/s Up to 128 Channels Up to 16 Bit Streaming up to 3.4 GB/s Up to 128 Channels for PCI Express, PXIe and Ethernet / LXI Magnets for research and medicine
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CCJanFeb18_MEDICIS.indd 30 03/01/2018 13:33 CCJanFeb18_p31.indd 1 03/01/2018 15:20 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 Status of hadron therapy The changing landscape of cancer therapy
Following decades of development in particle 120 Radiation therapy centres Equipment type electrons (21 MeV) carbon (270 MeV/u) physics labs, the use of beams of protons or 100 clinical accelerator 11680 ions to kill tumours is beginning to transform 80 radionuclide teletherapy 2106 photons the global cancer therapy scene. 60 particle therapy 80 40 protons relative dose (%) circular accelerator 14 20 Cancer is a critical societal issue. Worldwide, in 2012 alone, 14.1 million cases were diagnosed, 8.2 million people died and Income groups 0 0 100 200 300 32.5 million people were living with cancer. These numbers are depth (mm) high income 8392 projected to rise by 2030 to reach 24.6 million newly diagnosed patients and projected deaths of 13 million. While the rate of can- upper middle income) 2696 Fig. 1. For protons and other ions the peak of energy loss occurs cer diagnoses is growing only steadily in the most developed coun- lower middle income 1193 just before the particles reach a halt. This is called the Bragg tries, less developed countries can expect a two-fold increase in lower income 26 peak, first put to use at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory to treat the next 20 years or so. The growing economic burden imposed by 1 the first patient with protons in 1954. clinical accelerator circular accelerator temporarily unclassified cancer – amounting to around $2 trillion worldwide in 2010 – is radionuclide teletherapy particle therapy putting considerable pressure on public healthcare budgets. this graph is that, in the case of protons and carbon ions, a signifi- Radiotherapy, in which ionising radiation is used to control cant fraction of the energy is deposited in a narrow depth range or kill malignant cells, is a fundamental component of effective near the endpoint of the trajectory, after which very little energy is cancer treatment. It is estimated that about half of cancer patients deposited. It was precisely these differences in dose – the so-called would benefit from radiotherapy for treatment of localised disease, Bragg-peak effect – that led visionary physicist and founder of Number of radiotherapy machines per million people Income groups local control, and palliation. The projected rise in cancer cases will countries 196 countries with RT 139 Fermilab, Robert Wilson, to propose the use of hadrons for cancer place increased demand on already scarce radiotherapy services treatment in 1946. high income 62 worldwide, particularly in less developed countries. 55 51 In 2013, member states of the World Health Organisation agreed upper middle income 43 Several advantages to develop a global monitoring framework for comprehensive, non- 50 Hadron or particle therapy is a precise form of radiotherapy that lower middle income 33 communicable diseases (NCDs). The aim is to reduce premature 32 uses charged particles instead of X-rays, to deliver a dose of radio- mortality from cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases, lower income 7 therapy to patients. Radiation therapy with hadrons or particles 1 cancers and diabetes by 25%, relative to 2010 levels, which means temporarily unclassified 1 (protons and other light ions) offers several advantages over X-rays: 1.5 million deaths from cancer will need to be prevented each year. not only do hadrons and particles deposit most of their energy at Advanced cancer therapy techniques based on beams of protons RT centres 7041 the end of their range, but particle beams can be shaped with great or ions are among several tools that are expected to play a signifi- high income 4191 precision. This allows for more accurate treatment of the tumour,
cant role in this effort (see p25). In addition, advanced imaging and upper middle income 2180 destroying the cancer cells more precisely with minimal damage detection technologies for high-energy physics research – many lower middle income 653 to surrounding tissue. Radiotherapy using the unique physical and being driven by CERN and the physics community – are needed. radiobiological properties of charged hadrons, also allows highly lower income 16 These include in-beam positron emission tomography (PET) and no reported machines between 1 and 3 5 and more conformal treatment of various kinds of tumours, in particular prompt-gamma imaging, and treatment planning based on the temporarily unclassified 1 those that are radio-resistant. less than 1 between 3 and 5 latest Monte Carlo simulation codes. Over the past two decades, particle-beam cancer therapy has source: dirac.iaee.org gained huge momentum. Many new centres have been built, and Optimal dose many more are under construction (figure 2). At the end of 2016 The main goal of radiotherapy is to maximise the damage to the there were 67 centres in operation worldwide and another 63 are tumour while minimising the damage to the surrounding healthy cancer target. The maximum energy deposition, for X-ray beams Such advanced radiation therapy modalities are becoming increas- in construction or in the planning stage. Most of these are proton tissue, thereby reducing acute and late side effects. The most fre- with energy of about 8 MeV, is reached at a depth of 2–3 cm in soft ingly important and offer new opportunities to treat different can- centres: 25 in US (protons only); 19 in Europe (three dual centres); quently used radiotherapy modalities use high-energy (MeV) tissue. To deliver dose optimally to the tumour, while protecting cers, in particular the combination with other emerging areas such 15 in Japan (four carbon and one dual); three (one carbon and one photon or electron beams. Conventional X-ray radiation therapy surrounding healthy tissues, radiotherapy has progressed rapidly as cancer-immunotherapy and the integration of sequencing data, dual) in China; and four in other parts of the world. By 2021 there is characterised by almost exponential attenuation and absorp- with the development of new technologies and methodologies. The with clinical-decision support systems for personalised medicine. will be 130 centres operating in nearly 30 countries. European cen- tion, delivering the maximum energy near the beam entrance, but latest developments include MRI-guided radiotherapy, which com- However, if one looks at the dose deposition profile of photons tres are shown in figure 3, while figure 4 shows that the cumulated continuing to deposit significant energy at distances beyond the bines simultaneous use of MRI-imaging and photon irradiation. compared to other particles (figure 1), the conspicuous feature of number of treated patients is growing almost exponentially.
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CCJanFeb18_HADRON.indd 32 03/01/2018 13:25 CCJanFeb18_HADRON.indd 33 03/01/2018 13:26 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 CERN Courier January/February 2018 Status of hadron therapy Linacs in challenging regions
proton dual ion 130 in operation particle therapy facilities in operation 120 under construction particle therapy facilities under construction/planning stage 118 128 being planned 100 105 Bridging the gap 80 86 60 67 67 40 38 28 20 23 19 14 0 2000 2004 2008 2010 2016 2020 depth (mm) Fig. 2. Hadron therapy facilities in operation worldwide, under construction and in the planning stage, at the end of 2016. Fig. 3. European hadron therapy facilities in operation or under At the end of 2007, 61,855 patients had been treated (53,818 with construction in 2016. protons and 4,450 with carbon ions). At the end of 2016 the num- ber had grown to 168,000 (145,000 with protons and 23,000 with 160000 carbon ions). This is due primarily to the greater availability of dedicated centres able to meet the growing demand for this par- 120000 ticular form of radiotherapy, and most probably in future it will Participants of the “Innovative, robust and affordable medical linear accelerators for challenging environments” workshop, which have a larger growth rate, with an increase of the patient throughput included representatives of five UK Official Development Assistance (ODA) countries. 80000 per centre. world, protons world, C-ions A major effort is under way to develop ful inaugural workshop in November 2016, also held at CERN Particle-physics foundation 40000 (CERN Courier March 2017 p31). High-energy physics research has played a major role in initi- innovative, robust and affordable medical The goal is to develop a medical linear accelerator that provides
ating, and now expanding, the use of particle therapy. The first total number of patients (cumulative) 0 linear accelerators for use in low- to state-of-the-art radiation therapy in situations where the power patient was treated at Berkeley National Laboratory in the US with 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 supply is unreliable, the climate harsh and/or communications hadrons in September 1954 – the same year CERN was founded – middle-income countries. poor. The immediate objective is to develop work plans involving and was made possible by the invention of the cyclotron by Ernest Fig. 4. Patients treated with protons and carbon ions worldwide Official Development Assistance (ODA) countries that link to the Lawrence and subsequent collaboration with his medical-doctor by the end of 2016. following technical areas (which correspond to technical sessions brother, John. The first hospital-based, particle-therapy centres If you live in a low- or middle-income country (LMIC), your in the October workshop): RF power systems; durable and sus- opened in 1989 at Clatterbridge in the UK and in 1990 at the Loma future technologies to control rising health costs, while continu- chances of surviving cancer are significantly lower than if you live tainable power supplies; beam production and control; safety and Linda University Medical Center in the US. Before this time, all ing to deliver better outcomes for patients. Scientists working at in a wealthier economy. That’s largely due to the availability of operability; and computing. research related to hadron therapy and patient treatment was car- the frontiers of particle physics have much to contribute to these radiation therapy (see p32). Between 2015 and 2035, the number of Participants agreed that improving the operation and reliability ried out in particle-physics labs. goals, and the culture of collaboration will ensure that break- cancer diagnoses worldwide is expected to increase by 10 million, of selected components of medical linear accelerators is essential In addition to the technologies and research facilities com- through technologies find their way into the medical clinics of with around 65% of those cases in poorer economies. Approxi- to deliver better linear accelerator and associated instrumentation ing from the physics community, the culture of collaboration at the future. mately 12,600 new radiotherapy treatment machines and up to in the next three to seven years. A frequent impediment to reliable the heart of organisations such as CERN is finding its way into 130,000 trained oncologists, medical physicists and technicians delivery of radiotherapy in LMICs, and other underserved regions other fields. This has inspired the European Network for Light ● Further reading will be needed to treat those patients. of the world, is the environment within which the sophisticated Ion Therapy (ENLIGHT) to promote international discussions J Ferlay et al. 2013 Eur. J. Cancer 49 1374. Experts in accelerator design, medical physics and oncology linear accelerator must function. Excessive ambient temperatures, and collaboration in the multidisciplinary field of hadron therapy, R Atun et al. 2015 Lancet Oncol. 16 1153. met at CERN on 26–27 October 2017 to address the technical inadequate cooling of machines and buildings, extensive dust in which has now been running for 15 years (see p37). Particle therapy co-operative group: ptcog.com. challenge of designing a robust linear accelerator (linac) for use the dry season and the high humidity in some ODA countries are Were it not for the prohibitively large cost of installing proton- in more challenging environments. Jointly organised by CERN, only a few of the environmental factors that can challenge both the therapy treatment in hospitals, it would be the treatment of choice Résumé the International Cancer robustness of treatment machines and the general infrastructure. for most patients with localised tumours. Proton-therapy tech- De nouvelles perspectives pour la thérapie du cancer Expert Corps (ICEC) and the Simplicity of operation is another significant factor in using nology is significantly more compact today than it once was, but UK Science and Technology linear accelerators in clinics. Limiting factors to the development when combined with the gantry and other necessary equipment, La charge économique croissante du traitement du cancer, These centres, and Facilities Council (STFC), the of radiotherapy in lower-resourced nations don’t just include the even the most compact systems on the market occupy an area évaluée à environ 2 000 milliards de dollars des États-Unis dans their machines, workshop was funded through cost of equipment and infrastructure, but also a shortage of trained of a couple of hundred square metres. Most hospitals lack the le monde pour l’année 2010, pèse lourdement sur les budgets de should be able to the UK Global Challenges personnel to properly calibrate and maintain the equipment and to financial resources and space to construct a special building for santé publics. Après des décennies de développement dans des Research Fund, enabling deliver high-quality treatment. On one hand, the radiation tech- proton therapy, so we need to make facilities smaller and cheaper, laboratoires de physique des particules, l’utilisation de faisceaux provide treatment participants from Botswana, nologist should be able to set treatments up under the direction of with costs of around $5–10 million for a single room, similar to de protons ou d’ions pour détruire les tumeurs commence à on a 24/7 basis Ghana, Jordan, Nigeria and the radiation oncologist and in accordance with the treatment plan. state-of-the-art photon-therapy systems. An ageing population, apporter de nouvelles perspectives pour la thérapie du cancer. if needed. Tanzania to share their local On the other hand, maintenance of the linear accelerators should and the need for a more patient-specific approach to cancer treat- knowledge and perspectives. also be as easy as possible – from remote upgrades and monitor- ment and other age-related diseases, present major challenges for Manjit Dosanjh, CERN. The event followed a success- ing to anticipate failure of components. These centres, and their
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Imaging Research Chinedu Chinedu H akwani H akwani Networking centres institutes Radio- chemists
Nuclear Radio- medicine oncologists physicians against Hospitals
Academic cancer Epistemologists ICT institutes adiotherap treatment setups in an ania left and right, the latter ased on a co alt 0 source . Middle imaging e uipment in igeria lies dormant.
Résumé Funding machines, should be able to provide treatment on a 2 /7 basis if Established in 2002, the European network for agencies Biologists, Accelerator needed, and, at the same time, deliver exclusive fi rst-class treat- éduire la fracture thérapeuti ue immunologists experts Detector and ment consistent with that offered in richer countries. STFC will light-ion hadron therapy (ENLIGHT) is focusing medical help to transform ideas and projects presented in the next work- Une réunion d’e perts, tenue au E les 2 et 2 octo re, était physicists shop, scheduled for arch 201 , into a comprehensive technology consacrée au développement d’un accélérateur linéaire pour on education and training to promote hadron proposal for a novel linear accelerator. This will then be submitted applications médicales pouvant tre utilisé dans des situation therapy in Europe. Policy Industry to the Global Challenges Research Fund Foundation Awards 201 diffi ciles, telles qu’alimentation électrique peu fi able, climats makers call for further funding. This ambitious project aims to have facili- e tr mes ou communications défectueuses. ties and staff available to treat patients in low- and middle-income countries within 10 years. harlotte amieson, T C, Norman oleman, ICEC, aul ollier, CERN. The inaugural meeting of the European Network for Light Ion past 15 years, the network has evolved into an open, collaborative Hadron Therapy (ENLIGHT) took place at CERN in February and multidisciplinary platform to establish priorities and assess the 2002, with the aim of co-ordinating European efforts in inno- effectiveness of various treatment modalities. Initially based on the vative cancer treatment strategies using radiation. Specialists three technologies and innovation pillars – accelerators, detectors from different disciplines, including radiation biology, oncology, and computing – of high-energy physics, the ENLIGHT initiative physics and engineering, with experience and interest in particle has evolved into a global effort. therapy have nurtured the network ever since. Today, ENLIGHT can count on the contribution of more than Training essential our partner for passive components Y rf 700 members from all continents. Together, they identify and tackle ENLIGHT has witnessed a large increase in dedicated particle TRANSMISSION LINES, COAXIAL & WAVEGUIDE the technical challenges related to the use of highly sophisticated therapy centres, and innovative medical imaging techniques are machines, train young and specialist researchers, and seek funding starting to make their way into hospitals. Skilled experts for high- • to ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of the organisation. tech cancer treatment are, therefore, in high demand. Thanks to the PATCH PANELS & SPLITTERS Started with the support of the European Commission (EC), large number of scientists involved and its wide reach, ENLIGHT • ENLIGHT has coordinated four other EC projects in particle ther- has enormous potential to offer education and training and, since CUSTOMISED RF COMPONENTS apy: ULICE, PARTNER, ENVISION and ENTERVISION. In the 2015, has included training sessions in its annual meetings. Education and training, in addition to pitching for research SUCCESSES in YEARS funding, are the main thrusts of ENLIGHT’s activities today. 15 15 A project within the CERN & Society Foundation has just been 700 members from all continents approved, opening a new chapter for ENLIGHT and its commu- 25+ countries nity. The benefits lie, not only in reinforcing the hadron therapy 15 annual meetings 50+ training courses field with qualified multidisciplinary groups of experts, but espe- cially in helping young scientists flourish in the future. 5 EU projects 45 Marie Curie researchers ● www.cern.ch/ENLIGHT. 25+ dedicated issues in open access journals 200+ journal publications Résumé 500+ posters and conferences 9 ENLIGHT highlights Un réseau contre le cancer 4 Physics for Health conferences Mis en place en 2002, le réseau européen consacré à www.exirbroadcasting.com 10+ videos and animations l’hadronthérapie par ions légers centre ses efforts sur l’éducation et Exir Broadcasting AB 50+ outreach articles/news la formation en vue de promouvoir l’hadronthérapie en Europe. Industrigatan 17 - SE-242 31 Hörby - Sweden 2 European Researchers’ Nights +46 415 30 14 00 - [email protected] Manjit Dosanjh, CERN.
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A ppointments A w A r d s ECFA elects new chairperson WMAP scientists awarded 2018
O Devroede O Breakthrough Prize
The team that mapped the temperature of the cosmic microwave background using NASA’s Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) has won the 2018 Breakthrough Prize in fundamental physics. The $3 million sum was awarded to Charles Bennett (Johns Hopkins University), Gary Hinshaw (University of British Columbia), Norman Jarosik (Princeton University), Lyman Page Jr. (Princeton University), David N Spergel (Princeton University) and the WMAP Science Team on 3 December. NASA launched WMAP in 2001 to Newly elected ECFA chair Jorgen D’Hondt is also a member of the CMS Collaboration. measure tiny temperature fluctuations across the sky imprinted by processes in At a plenary meeting of the European Strategy for Particle Physics. D’Hondt, the very early universe. Its many precise Committee for Future Accelerators who works on the CMS experiment, is measurements have helped establish the (ECFA) held at CERN on 16–17 November, co-director of the Interuniversity Institute standard model of cosmology. Jorgen D’Hondt of the Vrije Universiteit for High Energies in Brussels, with research Now in their sixth year, the Breakthrough Brussel in Belgium was elected ECFA activities including top-quark physics and prizes honour top achievements in the chairperson, with a three-year-long dark matter. His team is also involved in the fields of physics, life sciences and mandate running from 2018 to 2020. upgrade of the CMS silicon tracker and in mathematics. They were founded by ECFA carries out long-range planning the development of heavy-flavour tagging Sergey Brin, Yuri and Julia Milner, for European high-energy accelerators, algorithms. He takes over from previous Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan, large-scale facilities and equipment, and ECFA chairperson Halina Abramowicz of Anne Wojcicki, and Pony Ma, with seven plays an important role in building the Tel Aviv University in Israel, who is now $3 million prizes awarded this year at a physics community in preparation for secretary of the European Strategy Group televised ceremony in Silicon Valley. the upcoming update of the European (CERN Courier November p37). In addition, three New Horizons in Physics Prizes of $100,000 were awarded to promising junior researchers Change of director at MSU who have already produced important work: Christopher Hirata of Ohio State US accelerator school University, Andrea Young of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Douglas Steven Lund of Michigan State University Stanford of the Institute for Advanced in the US has been named the new director Study and Stanford University. of the US Particle Accelerator School (USPAS), succeeding William Barletta of Fermilab who has led the school since 2006. Lund, whose focus is theoretical accelerator physics, took up the role on 1 December with a four-year renewable term. Considered the premier training programme in accelerator science and engineering in the US, USPAS Steven Lund takes the helm at USPAS. offers a continually updated curriculum of courses ranging from the fundamentals of of Energy, has many parallels with its accelerator science to advanced physics and European cousin the CERN Accelerator engineering concepts. The school, which is School, and is intended to train, develop and WMAP’s results have helped transform a collaboration of 10 institutions hosted at educate people on the many uses of particle cosmology into a precision science. Fermilab on behalf of the US Department accelerators in particle physics and beyond. (Image: NASA)
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A w A r d s A n n i v e r s A r y Weizmann Institute honours Jenni Schukraft receives 25 years of the LHC experimental programme Niels Bohr Institute’s On 15 December a special scientific Honorary Medal symposium at CERN celebrated the 25th anniversary of the LHC experimental O Joensen/Niels Bohr Institute Bohr O Joensen/Niels programme. During the event, speakers J Ordan/CERN reflected on the LHC’s history, the physics landscape into which the LHC experiments
Weizmann Institute ScienceWeizmann of were born, and the challenging path that led to the very successful LHC programme today. In early March 1992 a meeting took place in the town of Evian on Lake Geneva titled “Towards the LHC Experimental Programme”. It would, quoting CERN Courier in May that year, “always be remembered as the stage where these ideas The symposium “25 years since Evian” attracted leading figures linked to the LHC programme. made their debut”. The road since then has been full of challenges, new ideas and heavy-ion experiments. The 12th EOI Lausanne in 1984 and was recommended innovative technologies. A great deal of concerned a heavy-ion programme within by CERN’s long-range planning committee motivation, determination and patience was the CMS experiment. ATLAS was formed three years later, leading to a succession of Peter Jenni before the ceremony at the Weizmann Institute of Science. finally rewarded with excellent performance from the merger of two proposals, ASCOT meetings and workshops and, finally, to the from the accelerators, detectors and and EAGLE, whereas CMS had evolved from CERN Council voting unanimously at its On 6 November the Weizmann Institute his advocacy of high-energy physics computing, and with major physics results a single proposal at Evian. ATLAS and CMS December 1991 meeting that the LHC was of Science in Israel awarded Peter Jenni research and education, and his instrumental such as the discovery of the Higgs boson. submitted their letters of intent on 1 October the “right machine for the advance of the of CERN and Albert Ludwigs University role in inducting Israel into CERN as its At the Evian event, a dozen teams 1992, with ALICE following in 1993 and subject and the future of CERN”. of Freiburg an honorary PhD. The award first non-European Member State. Jenni presented an expression of interest (EOI) to LHCb in 1995 – completing the set of large The December symposium concluded with recognizes Jenni’s landmark contributions was a founding spokesperson of ATLAS, carry out research at the LHC, including: four LHC experiments. a presentation of the latest results from the to experimental particle physics and his continuing to lead the experiment until 2009, for general-purpose experiments; three for Evian was a landmark, but it was also four large LHC experiments, which continue impressive achievements leading the and previously played a major role in the UA2 dedicated B-physics experiments; two for part of a longer process. The LHC had to subject the Standard Model of particle LHC’s ATLAS experiment. It also noted experiment at the Super Proton Synchrotron. neutrino experiments; and two for dedicated been formally launched at a workshop in physics to unprecedented levels of scrutiny.
Jürgen Schukraft with his medal. e v e n t s Dublin City University DCU Heavy-ion physicist Jürgen Schukraft Dark-matter and acclaim for Myers of CERN has been awarded the Niels Inauguration ceremony promotes Bohr Institute’s Honorary Medal for cosmic-ray Stephen Myers, former CERN director his long-standing work in the study of Hyper-Kamiokande project of accelerators and technology, has been heavy-ion collisions at relativistic energies awarded an honorary doctorate by Dublin and for his role as leader of the ALICE celebrations City University in Ireland for his outstanding experiment at the LHC. Schukraft is one of On 1 October the University of Tokyo contributions to the physics community. the people behind the creation of ALICE inaugurated the Next-generation Neutrino Towards the end of 2017, two world-wide Myers trained as an electronical engineer at and was spokesperson of the collaboration Science Organization (NNSO) and cosmic celebrations reached out to new Queen’s University Belfast and spent most of for its first 20 years from 1990, overseeing appointed the 2015 Nobel Prize-winning audiences with tales about dark matter and his career at CERN, where he was responsible Myers spoke about the benefits of CERN groundbreaking results concerning the neutrino physicist Takaaki Kajita as its cosmic rays. On 31 October the historic hunt for the operation and exploitation of the CERN membership for Ireland. quark–gluon plasma. Over the years director. The NNSO’s main purpose for dark matter was celebrated with the first accelerator complex. He is currently executive Schukraft has been closely connected is to promote the construction of the ever “Dark Matter Day”. Many laboratories chairman of CERN spin-out company ADAM non-membership of CERN puts our country with the Niels Bohr Institute group in Hyper-Kamiokande project, a new neutrino and institutes organised dedicated events Advanced Oncotherapy. On acceptance of at an enormous technological disadvantage, ALICE and he is also a member of the facility in Japan, involving some 74 targeting new audiences, including CERN, his honorary degree on 3 November, Myers since we cannot profit from the technology Discovery Danish National Research institutions in 14 countries, and to work which opened its doors to the public and highlighted the importance of CERN and the transfer and training that comes from being a Foundation (DNRF) centre of excellence towards the development of state-of-the-art The ceremony was attended by about 100 invited experts to talk about the status of benefits of membership. “Ireland’s continued member state of CERN,” he said. advisory board. neutrino research techniques and detector people from MEXT, the University of Tokyo, dark-matter science. The following month, technologies. Hyper-Kamiokande will KEK, local government and community, the on 30 November, International Cosmic investigate CP violation in the neutrino Kamioka Mining and Smelting Company, Day took place for the sixth time, sector by observing oscillations in a neutrino/ and collaborating scientists. organised by DESY in Germany. Young anti-neutrino beam produced by the J-PARC people around the word had the chance to accelerator. It will use a 260,000 tonne tank photomultiplier tubes. “Understanding the experience research in an international of pure water located 650 m underground neutrino is not only important to particle collaboration in science by analysing real in Kamioka to detect the Cherenkov physics, but is also thought to have deep cosmic-ray data, with more than 60 groups radiation produced by the collision of connections to the origins of matter,” said of young people in 17 countries around the neutrinos with water molecules using 40,000 Kajita in his opening remarks. world taking part.
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0 1 scientific project transcends geographical and innovation that are being developed in and old had the chance to take a virtual-reality 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 and cultural boundaries. The neutrino Europe, and to demonstrate the diverse ways tour of the LHC and one of its detectors, Energy (keV) project Super-Kamiokande Plus was also in which European and Japanese researchers learn how to conduct physics experiments Resolution vs Peaking Time 180 highlighted, as were joint international and scientists are cooperating,” said EU using household objects, play proton football 25 mm2 projects concerning fusion energy, ambassador Viorel Isticioaia-Budura. and program robots, among other activities. 170 photovoltaic cells, smart cities and climate Most importantly, they met enthusiastic Colourisation by S Dullaway Standard SDD change. “Participation in Science Agora is ● The fourth annual meeting of the FCC researchers, engineers, technicians and 160 driven by our twofold desire to show in a study will take place from 9–13 April 2018 administrative employees who were delighted ® 150 FAST SDD tangible manner some of the best science in Amsterdam: cern.ch/fccw2018. to share their passion for research. 140
L e t t e r s Neutrinos and the Standard Model keV) @ 5.9 FWHM on(eV fields. The latter would leave the mystery of ti 130
I read with interest your interview with why neutrino masses are so tiny, however, Resolution (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) ISOLDE then and now Resolu Weinberg (CERN Courier November 2017 while the effective-field theory point of view 120 0.000 1.00 1 2.00 2 3.00 3 4.00 4 5.00 5 I was pleased to see your piece about the p31) and would like to draw attention to a ensures that non-renormalisable terms in the Peaking Time (μs) Peaking Time (µs) 50th anniversary of the ISOLDE project statement made on page 34, “Whereas simply SM are naturally very small, explaining the (CERN Courier December 2017 p36). It is inserting neutrino masses into the theory smallness of neutrino masses and potentially truly remarkable how ISOLDE, over such would violate the SU(2)×U(1) symmetry.” other observables, too. Options: a long time and in its evolving shapes, has There is a simple way to put neutrino • 25 mm2 active area collimated to 17 mm2 succeeded in maintaining world leadership masses into the Standard Model (SM): Dick Garwin and g-2 • 70 mm2 collimated to 50 mm2 in the study of exotic nuclei. This is a success just add their right-handed terms like any Last year CERN Courier reported on • Windows: Be (0.5 mil) 12.5 µm, or story for the scientists involved and CERN as an other fermion, and standard Higgs doublet measurements of the anomalous magnetic G Cavulli/University of Trento C Series (Si3N4) organisation willing to support excellent science couplings, and you get masses, SU(2)×U(1) moment of the muon, g-2 (July/August 2017 in areas other than mainstream particle physics. symmetry and renormalisability. This point p11). There was a second (hidden) occasion • TO-8 package fits all Amptek configurations The picture from 1967 that you used shows was not addressed in the article and it gives in the January/February issue (p50) where it • Vacuum applications the original ISOLDE team in the underground the impression that it is really impossible was reported that Dick Garwin received the cavern between the Synchrocyclotron building to maintain SM renormalisibility and give Presidential Medal of Freedom from former and the main gates (note the white lab coats mass to the neutrinos at the same time. This US president Barack Obama for his long career – the experiment was run by the then nuclear would be a clear failure of the SM and gauge in research and invention. Garwin’s significant chemistry group). The person standing to theories, but it isn’t the case. contributions to particle physics and his work Ninety years after the famous photograph of the 1927 Solvay conference (top) was taken, the right in the picture is group leader Arve ● Biagio Di Micco at CERN, however, were not mentioned. depicting 28 male scientists and a single woman (Marie Skłodowska Curie), the Kjelberg, a nuclear chemist originating from In an experiment undertaken at Columbia in University of Trento and the Italian Physical Society created a more modern picture: Pappas’ group in Oslo. Kjelberg moved on to Editor’s reply: 1957 together with Leon Lederman and Marcel a new photo showing 28 female physicists and one man (former CMS spokesperson become deputy director of the nuclear physics The article perhaps could have been Weinrich, Garwin made the first observation of Guido Tonelli). The aim was to give more visibility to women in physics, one of the topics division under Herwig Schopper and, after clearer that the symmetries of the SM parity violation in muon decay and measured of the conference of the Italian Physical Society in Trento after which the photo was 40 Years of leaving CERN, he held senior positions in the make it impossible to give masses to the value of g-2 to a precision of around 10%. taken on 14 September. At the 1927 Solvay conference, devoted to electrons and Products for Your Imagination Norwegian Ministry of Science and Education neutrinos without introducing either At CERN, starting in 1959, Garwin was also a photons, 17 of the 29 attendees photographed were or became Nobel Prize winners – until retirement. He passed peacefully away in non-renormalisable interactions or new member of the group that performed the first including Curie, who alone among them, had won Nobel Prizes in two separate ® AMPTEK Inc. June 2016. fields, namely right-handed neutrino fields g-2 experiment at the Synchrocyclotron. scientific disciplines. [email protected] ● Leif Westgaard that have no interactions with SM gauge ● Pier Giorgio Innocenti www.amptek.com
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M e e t i n g s Weighing up the LHC’s future Sizing up physics beyond colliders S de Jong S de As the LHC’s 2017 run drew to a close late last hunt for their microscopic origin and provide The Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC) initiative, year, CERN hosted a workshop addressing concrete ground in which to examine the launched in 2016, explores the opportunities future physics opportunities at the flagship HolznerA power of the HL-LHC and the potential of a offered by the CERN accelerator complex collider. The first workshop on the physics future HE-LHC to test the proposed models. and infrastructure that are complementary of High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) and The workshop series will explore the synergy to high-energy collider experiments and perspectives at High-Energy LHC (HE-LHC) and complementarity of the flavour studies other initiatives worldwide. It takes place in took place from 30 October to 1 November, carried out with the precise measurement of an exciting and quickly developing physics attracting around 500 participants. HL-LHC b-hadron decays and with the direct search for landscape. To quote a contribution by theorist is an approved extension of the LHC these new interactions. Jonathan Feng at the recent ICFA seminar in programme that aims to achieve a total The LHC running into the mid-2030s Ottawa: “In particle theory, this is a time of integrated luminosity of 3 ab–1 by the second also provides new opportunities for the great creativity, new ideas, and best of all, new half of the 2030s (for reference, the LHC has HL-LHC will produce ~200 simultaneous study of hadronic matter at high densities. proposals for experiments and connections to amassed around 0.1 ab–1 so far). HE-LHC, by proton collisions in a single bunch crossing. The established existence of a quark-gluon other fields.” contrast, is one of CERN’s possible options for Shown is a real-life example of 78 plasma phase should be probed under a Following a kick-off workshop in The November workshop at CERN is the second in the Physics Beyond Colliders series. the future beyond the LHC; its target collision reconstructed collisions in a single event. broader set of experimental conditions, September 2016 (CERN Courier November energy of 27 TeV, twice the LHC energy, using ions lighter than lead, and thoroughly 2016 p28), the second general PBC workshop gas targets or crystal extraction, are under but at higher intensity, and the linac would would be made possible using the 16 T dipole precision of Standard Model measurements addressing the novel indications that took place at CERN on 21–22 November. investigation, including feasibility tests with provide unique R&D possibilities for future magnets under development in the context of and of their interpretation, in particular for unexpected collective effects appear in With more than 230 physicists in attendance, the LHC beams. The novel use of partially linear accelerators. Another highlight is the Future Circular Collider study. the Higgs. These directions pose severe proton collisions. Surprises such as this show it provided an opportunity to review the stripped ions (PSI) to produce high-energy the prospect of performing the first optical The workshop was the first of a series of challenges to experimentalists and theorists, that the field of high-density hadronic matter progress of the studies and to collect further gamma rays in a so-called gamma factory detection of vacuum magnetic birefringence meetings scheduled throughout 2018 to review pushing us to develop original approaches is rapidly evolving, and the workshop will ideas from the community. (CERN Courier November 2017 p7) is also using high-field magnets under and further refine our understanding of the for the best exploitation of the HL-LHC outline the ambitious future programme During the past year, the PBC study was gaining traction. Having taken PSI into the development at CERN. New projects are physics potential of the HL-LHC, and to begin statistics and to use experience to reduce needed to answer all open questions. organised into working groups to connect SPS this year, near-term plans include the also being proposed elsewhere, including a a systematic study of physics at the HE-LHC. future systematic uncertainties in theory and The discussion of the prospects of HL-LHC experts in the various relevant fields to injection of partially stripped lead ions into first QED measurement in the strong field Close to 2000 physics papers have been experiment. The full HL-LHC dataset will be physics builds on the experience gained so representatives of the projects. Two physics the SPS and LHC in 2018. regime at the DESY XFEL (LUXE project) published by the LHC experiments. In addition needed to challenge the Higgs mechanism. far by the LHC experiments, in particular the working groups dealing with searches and a search for η meson rare decays at to the discovery of the Higgs boson and the With it, we will be able to attain percent-level dedicated work done for the preparation of for physics beyond the Standard Model New opportunities FNAL (REDTOP experiment). first studies of its properties, these papers precision for the most prominent of the Higgs future detector upgrades to cope with (BSM) and QCD measurements address the The design study of a storage ring for a The presentations and discussions at the document progress in hundreds of different interactions, test the couplings to the second the harsher high-luminosity environment design of the experiments and their physics proton electric-dipole-moment (EDM) workshop have also shown that, beyond directions, ranging from searches for new fermion generation, and find evidence for the of HL-LHC, addressing problems of motivation, while several accelerator working measurement is progressing, and new its support to the individual projects, the particles and interactions to the measurement self-interaction of the Higgs. increased event rates and complexity. groups are pursuing initiatives ranging from opportunities to use such a ring for relic axion PBC study group provides a useful forum of a multitude of cross-sections with The workshop will try to go beyond the exploratory studies to more concrete plans for searches through oscillating EDMs have been for communication between communities unprecedented precision, from the improved Progress and precision existing performance studies, exploring the possible implementation at CERN. The effort put forward. In the loop are the COSY team with similar motivations. This will be an determination of the top-quark and W-boson A priority of the workshop series is to study opportunities offered by the superior detector has already spawned new collaborations at Jülich who continue to break new ground important ingredient to optimise the scope of masses to the opening of new directions in the added value provided by the HE-LHC. and data-acquisition systems. between different groups at CERN and with with polarised deuteron experiments (CERN the future projects. the exploration of flavour phenomena, from And, since minor deviations from the On the theory side, the computing external institutes, and significant progress is Courier September 2016 p27). The PBC study is now at a crucial point, the discovery of hadrons made of exotic Standard Model could be hiding anywhere, techniques discovered in the last few years already visible in many areas. Last but not least are non-accelerator with deliverables due at the end of 2018 as quark configurations to the observation of no stone should be left unturned. We have are being pushed to new heights, promising The potential performance increase for projects that wish to benefit from CERN’s input to the European Strategy for Particle new collective phenomena in both proton and already seen the emergence of new proposals continued progress in the modelling of LHC existing and new users of the upgraded technological expertise. One highlight is Physics Update the following year. The PBC nuclear collisions. That these results were and techniques, which have extended beyond interactions. This goes hand in hand with the HL-LHC injector chain, following the the future IAXO helioscope, proposed as a documents will include the results of the extracted from datasets representing only a expectations the new-physics reach. Examples improved precision of the measurements, and culmination of the LHC injector upgrade successor of the CERN CAST experiment design studies of the accelerator working few percent of the data sample promised by include the use of boosted jet topologies to the workshop will examine new ideas for the project (CERN Courier October 2017 p22), for the search of solar axions. Recently groups, with a level of detail matched to the the HL-LHC, shows how vast and incisive its enhance sensitivity to weakly interacting light direct validation of theoretical calculations, is being actively pursued with one key client IAXO has formed as a full collaboration and maturity of the projects, and summaries ultimate achievements may be. particles decaying hadronically, or the use to improve the extraction of Standard Model being the SPS North Area at CERN. The is in discussion with DESY as a potential site. of the physics motivation of the proposed There is nevertheless a recurrent concern of quantum interference effects to constrain parameters and to gain higher sensitivity to interplay between potential future operation IAXO and a potential precursor experiment experiments in the worldwide context by the expressed by many physicists that the lack the Higgs-decay width. New proposals are deviations from the Standard Model. of the existing SPS fixed-target experiments (Baby-IAXO) benefit from CERN PBC BSM and QCD physics groups. One overview of direct evidence for new physics at the also emerging to detect exotic long-lived The strong attendance at the kick-off (NA61, NA62, NA64, COMPASS) and support for the design of their magnets. document will provide an executive summary LHC is already diminishing the expected particles, with the possible help of workshop attests the great interest present the installation of new proposed detectors The workshop also included a session of the overall landscape, prospects and relevant returns from the HL-LHC. The conflict with additional detector elements. The workshop in the community in the post-LHC era. The (NA64++, MUonE, DIRAC++, NA60++) devoted to the presentation of exciting new issues. It should also be emphasised that the the expectation that new physics should environment should stimulate the youngest outcomes will be documented in a report to be has started to be addressed in both ideas, following a call for contributions goal of the PBC study is to gather facts on the have already appeared at the LHC forces researchers to develop ideas and leave their submitted to the 2019 review of the European accelerator and physics respects. The from the community. One noticeable proposed projects, not to rank them. us to reconsider that prejudice, and own signature on future analyses. Strategy for Particle Physics. The projections technical study of the SPS proton beam new idea consists of the construction of a A follow-up plenary meeting of the PBC strongly underscores the mysterious origin Indications of lepton-flavour-universality for the ultimate outcome of the HL-LHC dump facility and the optimisation of the low-energy linac using CLIC technology working groups is foreseen in mid-2018, of the Higgs boson and the need to study it in violation (see p48) are being closely will provide an essential reference for the SHiP detector for investigating the hidden for electron injection and acceleration in and the main findings of the PBC study will the greatest detail. This orients the HL-LHC monitored and will be further scrutinised assessment of the other future initiatives to be sector are also advancing well. the SPS. A slow extracted SPS e-beam in be presented to the community in an open goals towards increasing the sensitivity to during the workshop. Were these hints to be evaluated during the strategy review. Different options for fixed-target the 10–20 GeV energy range would allow closeout workshop towards the end of the year. elusive exotic phenomena, and increasing the confirmed with more data, it would open a ● indico.cern.ch/event/647676 experiments at the LHC, for instance using hidden sector searches similar to NA64 ● pbc.web.cern.ch
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CCJanFeb18_Faces&Places.indd 44 03/01/2018 13:44 CCJanFeb18_Faces&Places.indd 45 03/01/2018 13:45 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 CERN Courier January/February 2018 Faces & Places Faces & Places
CERN and Member States talk med-tech Top physics focus in Portugal The first annual knowledge-transfer thematic application of CERN’s technologies and each country, allowing CERN to develop forum on medical applications took place know-how to the medical field. common approaches with its Member Since its discovery in 1995 by the CDF and The top-quark couplings to gauge bosons at CERN on 30 November, bringing CERN The knowledge transfer (KT) forum, States and to identify potential industry D0 experiments at the Tevatron, Fermilab, can be tested at the LHC via measurements — — and its Member State and associate Member known as ENET until the end of 2015 and academic partners while minimising the top quark has provided physicists with of the production cross sections of ttW, ttZ, — — State representatives together to discuss the comprises one or more representatives for duplication of effort. Medical applications a powerful handle on the Standard Model ttγ and ttH processes, which was another J Kvita & C Nellist are one of CERN’s most significant KT (SM). Being the heaviest known elementary source of detailed discussion at the Portugal activities, and this year CERN gave each particle, the top quark is difficult to produce event. The measurements are particularly country the chance to nominate an expert in and study but its large mass makes it sensitive challenging given the low predicted cross PT2026 NMR Precision Teslameter the field to attend special sessions of the KT to new physics beyond the SM. sections and the overwhelming irreducible forum dedicated to medical applications. The series of international workshops backgrounds. These measurements will Some 20 invited speakers from the physics on top-quark physics started in 2006 in become more important during the high Reach new heights and medical communities took part in the Coimbra, Portugal, with the main goal luminosity phase of the LHC. The current inaugural event in November. The scope of establishing a close collaboration Participants of TOP2017 in Braga, Portugal. precision of the measurements, as presented at — of the discussions demonstrated CERN’s between experimentalists and theorists. TOP2017, ranged from 13% for the ttγ channel — in magnetic eld deep and longstanding involvement in The 10th edition took place in Bom Jesus predictions. It is also noteworthy that the to 15% for the ttZ production and 22% for — areas such as medical imaging, hadron Sanctuary in Braga, northern Portugal, measurements can now be compared with ttW. All measurements are within the SM therapy and computing, and highlighted the from 17–22 September and attracted around predictions at next-to-next-to-leading expectations and were therefore used to set measurement enormous potential for future applications 150 participants. order (NNLO) in QCD with next-to-next- constraints on new physics. Also, for the first of high-energy physics technologies to the The mass of the top quark has always to-leading-logarithm (NNLL) soft gluon time, the search for the production of the rare The Metrolab PT2026 sets a new medical arena. triggered passionate discussion, given the resummation, as presented at TOP2017. four top-quark production at the LHC (pp → — — standard for precision magnetometers. Imaging Bio MARS increasing precision of its measurement. The Describing the differential distributions, tt tt) was shown at TOP2017. This process puts mass measurement has come a long way since for instance of the transverse momentum in perspective the different contributions from Leveraging 30 years of expertise building the first edition of the top-quark workshop, of top quarks, is an increasing challenge the gauge bosons to the overall production the world’s gold standard magnetometers, when the Tevatron Run I/II mass combination to top-quark researchers. In particular, the cross section, allowing a reinterpretation it takes magnetic eld measurement to was 172.7±2.9 GeV, to the present sub-GeV mis-modelling of the distribution tails are of the result as a constraint on the Yukawa precision obtained at the LHC in 2017. Still, coming under increasing scrutiny in case couplings of top quarks to the Higgs boson. new heights: measuring higher elds with the interpretation of the measurement, both they contain hidden signs of physics On its 10th anniversary, the series of better resolution. from theoretical and experimental points of beyond the SM, and will be a particularly International Workshops on Top Quark view, is a continuing hot topic that motivated important target of analyses at the Physics continues to build a sense of vivid sessions at TOP2017. high-luminosity LHC. A significant effort community worldwide on top-quark physics, The PT2026 offers unprecedented exibility 3D colour X-ray imaging of a mouse carried Measured cross sections for both from the theoretical community is with a strong physics case ahead. Stay in the choice of parameters, interfacing out by a start-up company based on double and single top-quark production ongoing to understand the shape of tuned for the next edition in Bad Neuenahr, and probe placement, as well as greatly CERN-developed Medipix technology. are in remarkable agreement with the SM differential distributions. Germany, in 2018. improved tolerance of inhomogeneous After an introduction regarding CERN’s elds. And with Ethernet & USB interfaces strategy for medical applications and the CERN presents high readiness-level technologies in Atlanta governance put in place for these activities R Engels and LabVIEW software, it ts perfectly into (see p5), much of the event was devoted to During the IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium modern laboratory environments. updates from individual Member States and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/ and associate Member States, where much MIC), held on 21–28 October in Atlanta in www.agence-arca.com - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master le - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master www.agence-arca.com activity is taking place. Some of them clearly the US, a technology-transfer programme indicated that medical applications are an organised by HEPTech, CERN and Siemens important activity in their countries, and that presented CERN technologies with a high engaging with CERN more closely is of great technology-readiness level. To be selected added value to such efforts. for the programme, the technologies had In the second half of the meeting, to prove the availability of solid academic presentations from CERN experts substance in addition to clear IP access introduced the various technology fields in conditions, applications and dissemination/ The poster-themed knowledge-transfer event was attended by more than 500 visitors. which CERN is already actively pursuing the commercialisation plans. Ten posters were application of its technologies to the medical exhibited, representing mature technologies semiconductor and gas-filled detectors that FLUKA, a particle-transport simulation fields, such as high-field superconducting originating from the US, Canada and can be applied in X-ray imaging, particle code with many applications in high-energy magnets, computing and simulations, and Europe. Seven of them visualised CERN’s track reconstruction or radiation detection particle physics and engineering; and Pantone 286 Pantone 032 high-performance particle detectors. radiation detection, pixel detector and and monitoring; GEMPix, a novel generation RaDoM, a very compact radon detector The event was an all-round success, electronic technologies, as well as software of radiation detectors for dose measurements measuring indoor radiation concentrations and more will follow this year to continue developments. in hadron therapy; NINO ASIC, an rapidly and accurately. The annual IEEE identifying ways in which CERN can Among the CERN technologies presented ultrafast and low-power front-end amplifier NSS/MIC forum is the main event for the Magnetic precision has a name www.metrolab.com contribute to the medical applications were: Timepix3, a general-purpose discriminator ASIC chip for use in medical detector and electronic community and strategy of its Member States. integrated circuit for read-out of imaging, life science or materials research; attracts more than 1500 participants.
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CCJanFeb18_Faces&Places.indd 46 03/01/2018 13:46 CCJanFeb18_Faces&Places.indd 47 03/01/2018 13:47 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 CERN Courier January/February 2018 Faces & Places Faces & Places
Implications of LHCb results brought into focus Particle physics meets quantum optics More than 300 physicists from the LHCb Collaboration and the theory community met The sixth International Conference on New doubly-charmed χcc baryon, new results were
at CERN on 8–10 November for a workshop Frontiers in Physics (ICNFP) took place on reported– – including the prediction of a stable devoted to the implications of LHCb 17–29 August in Kolymbari, Crete, Greece, bbbu d tetraquark and a quark-level analogue measurements, the seventh since the series bringing together about 360 participants. of nuclear fusion. began. The very accurate results obtained Results from LHC Run 2 were shown, in Presentations on the future low-energy by LHCb in a broad range of topics have addition to some of the latest advances in heavy-ion accelerator centres, FAIR in made a large impact on the flavour-physics quantum optics. Darmstadt and NICA at JINR in Dubna, landscape and have implications on classes A mini-workshop dedicated to showed that the projects are progressing on of extensions of the Standard Model (SM). “highly-ionising avatars of new physics” schedule for operation in the mid-2020s. The discussions also considered the interplay brought together an ever-growing community The roundtable discussion, with panel Delegates were also treated to the role of of searches for on-shell production of of theorists, astroparticle physicists and members including former CERN director of non-commutative geometry as a way to unify new particles at ATLAS and CMS. This collider experimentalists. There were also research, Sergio Bertolucci (left), and two gauge theories and gravity, self-interactions series of joint workshops allows informal presentations of advances in the theory of directors-general of major laboratories: among right-handed neutrinos with masses discussions between theorists and LHCb highly ionising particles as well as light John Womersley of the ESS (middle) and in the warm-dark-matter regime, and the experimentalists, leading to a fruitful, monopoles, with masses accessible to LHC Victor Matveev of JINR (right). subtle physics behind sunsets and the aurora. mutual exchange of information. and future colliders, and discussions included The conference ended with two-day experimental searches both extraterrestrial entanglement and nonlocality. workshops on supergravity and strings, and New ideas and terrestrial, including results on magnetic In the exotic hadron workshop the nature a workshop on the future of fundamental Four streams were addressed: mixing monopoles from MoEDAL-LHC experiment of the exotic meson X(3872) was discussed physics. Major future projects were presented, and CP violation in beauty and charm; The attendance at the LHCb workshop in November was such that it had to be moved to that have set the strongest limits so far on in considerable detail, especially with regard together with visionary talks about the future semileptonic decays, rare decays and tests the more spacious main auditorium. high-charge monopoles at colliders. to its content: is it a mixture of a hadronic of accelerators and the challenges ahead of lepton-flavour universality; electroweak In the “quantum” workshops, this year molecule and excited charmonium, or a in the interaction of fundamental physics 0 * + physics, heavy-flavour production, data present an overwhelming agreement level, when measuring B → D( )l ν, or B c dedicated to the 85th birthday of theorist diquark–antidiquark state? Detailed studies and society. The conference also hosted a implications for PDFs and exotic searches; with the SM, but the majority of these → J/ψ l ν (with l = τ, μ or e). Taken together, Yakir Aharonov, leading experts addressed of the decay modes and pT dependence of well-attended special session on physics and QCD spectroscopy and exotic hadrons. measurements are so far statistically these anomalies represent the largest fundamental concepts and topics in quantum the production cross section in proton– education and outreach. The next ICNFP Following an experimental overview of each limited, with theoretical uncertainties coherent set of possible new-physics effects mechanics, such as continuous variables proton collisions emerged as two most conference will take place on 4–12 July 2018 stream, a series of theoretical presentations on the interpretation of the physical in the present LHCb data. and relativistic quantum information promising avenues for clarifying this issue. in Kolymbari, Crete. covered the latest calculations or suggested observables much smaller than the attainable Although there are well-motivated measurement theory, collapse, time’s arrow, Following the recent LHCb discovery of ● https://indico.cern.ch/event/559774/ interesting observables or analysis methods experimental precision. models that attempt to explain the effects, it to test new ideas. A significant part of the workshop is too early to draw definite conclusions. So V i s i t s S Bennett/CERN Examples of recent results that was devoted to exciting and intriguing far not a single LFU measurement deviates Italian minister for On 8 November, Czech have attracted a lot of interest include anomalies in the b-quark sector that test with respect to the SM above the 3σ level. education, university minister for regional spectroscopy of conventional and exotic lepton-flavour universality (LFU), a However, what is particularly interesting, and research, Valeria development Karla
hadrons such as four- and five-quark cornerstone of the SM. These anomalies is that these anomalies challenge the Ordan/CEERN J Fedeli, came to CERN Šlechtová toured CERN’s hadrons, which provide new challenges can naturally be grouped into two assumption of LFU, which we have taken on 18 December. After Synchrocyclotron, for QCD. Measurements of CP-violating categories according to the underlying for granted for many years. Furthermore, signing the guestbook ATLAS experiment and observables in B meson decays are another quark-level transition: those arising in b → these measurements have been performed + – she toured ATLAS and LHC superconducting hot topic, since they can be used to determine sl l flavour-changing neutral-currents at so far with Run-1 data only. Updates with + – met with Italian staff at magnet test hall. She is the angles of the unitarity triangle and hence one-loop level when measuring B0 → K*l l , Run-2 data are under way and should + + + – CERN. photographed signing probe for manifestations of new physics or B → K l l (with l = e or μ); and those allow LHCb to rule out the possibility of the guest book with beyond the SM paradigm. Unfortunately, the arising in b → c l ν charged-currents at tree statistical fluctuations. Manuel Heitor, minister management liaison of science, technology Vladislav Benda (left) and higher education and Czech engineer Electromagnetic interactions with nucleons J Ordan/CERN of the Portuguese David Belohrad. Republic, visited CERN S Bennett/CERN on 15 December on On 17 November, areas of nuclear and hadronic physics. of the proton; precision electroweak The 12th Electromagnetic Interactions with the occasion of the Wolfgang Burtscher, It also serves as a forum for contacts physics; and new physics searches. With Nucleons and Nuclei (EINN) conference symposium “25 Years deputy director-general took place in Paphos, Cyprus on 29 October and discussions of current and future the study of QCD being a major focus of of the LHC Experimental for research and to 4 November and attracted 84 participants developments in the field. present activities and future plans in physics Programme”, during innovation at the European from 39 institutes located in 15 countries The conference covered a wide range of research worldwide, the EINN conference which he signed an Commission (EC), visited in Europe, North America, Asia and theoretical and experimental developments will continue to provide an important administrative protocol CERN for the annual EC– Australia. The conference was dedicated in hadron physics including: contributions international forum, particularly for young between Portugal and CERN meeting, signing to the memory of Kees de Jager, the first beyond single-photon exchange; the proton physicists, for the foreseeable future. Since CERN, represented the guestbook with CERN conference chair in 1995 who passed away radius puzzle; new experimental facilities; 2011 the event has also offered dedicated by Director-General Director-General Fabiola in 2016. The conference series covers dark-matter searches; neutrino physics; skills sessions for postdoctoral fellows and Fabiola Gianotti. Gianotti. experimental and theoretical topics in the lattice QCD; spectroscopy; spin structure advanced graduate students.
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CCJanFeb18_Faces&Places.indd 48 03/01/2018 13:48 CCJanFeb18_Faces&Places.indd 49 03/01/2018 13:49 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 Faces & Places Introducing...Best Cyclotron & Best Particle Therapy Systems from TeamBest® Companies! O b i t u a r i e s Best Cyclotron Systems provides 15/20/25/30/35/70 MeV Lev Lipatov 1940–2017 Proton Cyclotrons as well as 35 & 70 MeV Multi-Particle On 4 September our friend and colleague Lev using remainder functions, and worked on (Alpha, Deuterons & Protons) Cyclotrons Nikolaevich Lipatov of the Russian Academy PNPI the duality of the BFKL pomeron with the of Sciences (RAS) passed away unexpectedly graviton. Although Lev’s work was purely Currents from 100uA to 1000uA (or higher) depending while attending a physics meeting in theoretical, he never neglected experimental on the particle beam Dubna. Lev grew up in Leningrad (now St. data: his last papers studied the application Petersburg) and entered the physics faculty of the QCD BFKL equation to HERA data, Best 20u and 30u are fully upgradeable on site at the Leningrad State University in 1957. In thus gaining a deeper understanding of his 1963 he joined the group of Vladimir Gribov “favourite child”, the BFKL pomeron. at the Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of Lev was well known in the high-energy Energy Cyclotron Isotopes Produced RAS, defending his dissertation in 1968. He physics community and was invited to give (MeV) remained in Gribov’s group when it moved talks at countless international meetings to the Leningrad Nuclear Physics Institute in and conferences. He set up numerous 18F, 99mTc, 11C, 13N, 15O, Gatchina in 1970 and obtained a permanent collaborations, paid several visits to CERN Best 15 15 64 67 124 103 position. He became a professor of physics and, since the early 1990s, made regular visits Cu, Ga, I, Pd in 1990 and, since 1997, was the director of to DESY. Lev received many national and the theory division. In 1998 he also became Lipatov was an expert in the high-energy international prizes and awards, including Best 20u/25 20, 25–15 Best 15 + 123I, 111In, 68Ge/68Ga a member of St. Petersburg State University, behaviour of quantum field theory. the research award of the Alexander where he lectured, and in 2011 he was elected von Humboldt Foundation in 1993, the Best 30u as a full member of the RAS. applying it to QCD, became known as the Pomeranchuk Prize in 2001, the Marie 30 Best 15 + 123I, 111In, 68Ge/68Ga Lev was a leading figure worldwide in “BFKL” equation. It took several years Curie Excellence Chair of the European (Upgradeable) the high-energy behaviour of quantum before this equation received international Community, hosted by Hamburg University field theory. Supported by Gribov, he began attention, but today the BFKL papers are in 2006–2009, and the European Physical Greater production of to analyse the high-energy behaviour of among the publications with the highest Society High Energy and Particle Physics Installation of Best 70 MeV Best 35 35–15 Best 15, 20u/25 isotopes QED processes and became involved in the numbers of citations in high-energy physics. Prize in 2015. As well as his research in plus 201Tl, 81Rb/81Kr investigation of the “double logarithms”. Lev’s scientific work extends much Russia, he set up collaborations in Germany, Cyclotron at Italian National His main focus was first on the Regge limit further, however. He found a new approach France, England, Spain, Israel and Chile. 82Sr/82Rb, 123I, 67Cu, (at the time, Regge theory had just started to for investigating large orders in perturbation Those who had the privilege to know Laboratories (INFN), Legnaro, IT Best 70 70–35 81 become popular for analysing high-energy theory, generalized the concept of partonic Lev up close experienced a very friendly Kr + research scattering processes), but the discovery of evolution equations beyond the leading-twist person whose interest and understanding in Bjorken scaling transferred his focus to the approximation and spent several years physics was extraordinary. In any situation kinematic limit of deep inelastic scattering. computing the NLO corrections to the he was ready and more than happy to discuss Proton-to-Carbon High Energy It was after a seminar given by Gribov when BFKL equation. He discovered that the physics, and was enthusiastic about new Particle Delivery System: Lev spotted a gap in the theoretical argument BFKL Hamiltonian (after generalizing ideas. Behind this, Lev was a loving husband – leading to the famous “GL” paper, which to many-gluon states) is equivalent to to his wife Elvira and a caring father of his Intrinsically small beams facilitating later became a theoretical cornerstone of an integrable Heisenberg spin model, daughters Irina and Katja, and their families. the DGLAP evolution equations. These are thus demonstrating that the concept of Last but not least, he was very attached to beam delivery with precision now an important pillar in the analysis of integrability plays an important role in his home city of Leningrad and to his home high-energy scattering processes at the LHC. high-energy physics, and developed a new country of Russia. Small beam sizes – small magnets, After the rise of non-abelian gauge formulation in terms of a gauge-invariant Together with his numerous collaborators light gantries – smaller footprint theories in the early 1970s, it was again the “effective action”. In gravity he discovered and friends, we deeply regret that Lev is no Regge limit that attracted Lev’s interest: the reggeization of the graviton and within longer with us. Highly efficient single turn extraction together with his collaborators in 1975 he the conjectured AdS/CFT duality he pointed ● Jochen Bartels, on behalf of his derived an integral equation which, after out the need for correcting the BDS formula collaborators and friends. Efficient extraction – less shielding Flexibility – protons and/or carbon, John Smith 1938–2017 future beam delivery modalities John Smith, an eminent theoretical particle positions at Nordita as a NATO fellow and with data. Among his early works were physicist at the C. N. Yang Institute for at the University of Adelaide as a Rothman papers on weak interactions, calculating ion Rapid Cycling Theoretical Physics (ITP) at Stony Brook fellow. In 1967 he joined the ITP as a predictions of various electroweak gauge University in the US, passed away on 16 July research associate, becoming a key member theories for neutral-current reactions and Medical Synchrotron aged 79. John, who was known by everyone of the faculty for more than three decades. using these in conjunction with new data to (iRCMS) as “Jack”, was born in Selkirk, Scotland, and Jack retired in 2007 but kept active in constrain the theories. In a 1983 paper he earned a BSc, MSc and PhD at the University research as professor emeritus. co-authored, Jack demonstrated the power of of Edinburgh. During his graduate study, he Jack made important contributions the Jacobean peak in determining the mass spent a year at the Joint Institute for Nuclear spanning a range of areas in particle physics, and width of the W boson – a method still Research (JINR) in Dubna, receiving his and a constant theme in his work was to in use today at the LHC. Over the ensuing doctorate in 1963. He held postdoctoral perform calculations that could be compared years, Jack’s often-legendary calculations TeamBest Companies © 2017–2018 Specifications shown are subject to change.
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in perturbative QCD contributed mightily Brook. His excellent pedagogical skills were toward establishing the contemporary evident in the textbook Field Theory and picture of fundamental interactions. These Particle Physics (1986), and one of the last included several papers in 1989 and the projects he worked on was the completion of a BIG SCIENCE early 1990s with various coauthors, in which new textbook on quantum field theory. calculations of the production of heavy Jack Smith’s research accomplishments quark–antiquark pairs in p̄p and pp collisions were recognised with a Humboldt Research were presented. Theese provided valuable Award and as a fellow of the American BUSINESS FORUM and timely input for the analysis of Fermilab Physical Society. In the autumn of 1993 he data by the CDF and D0 collaborations that held the visiting Kramers chair at Utrecht led to the discovery of the top quark in 1995. University, in 2005 he received the Stony In 2003, together with his colleagues Brook President’s Award for Excellence in 26-28 FEBRUARY 2018 Willy van Neerven and Vajravelu Ravindran, Smith carried out landmark calculations Scholarship and Creative Activities, and in COPENHAGEN, DENMARK Jack published a landmark calculation in QCD. October 2016 we were honoured when he was of higher-order QCD corrections to the able to participate in a symposium celebrating cross-section for Higgs-boson production in gentle personality. He gave generously of his the anniversary of the establishment of the EUROPE’S NEW ONE-STOP-SHOP ON THE BIG SCIENCE MARKET hadronic collisions. This work was valuable time to colleagues and students, and taught the ITP, in whose development he played such an in the analysis of LHC by the ATLAS and full range of courses, from advanced quantum important role. CMS collaborations that led to the discovery field theory to freshman physics. Students We miss Jack greatly. He will always be Read more and register now at www.bsbf2018.org of the Higgs boson in 2012. It was quite were very much aware of his expertise in remembered by his former students, postdocs, fitting that Jack was invited to attend the research, his dedication to teaching and colleagues and co-authors, and, indeed, by all Stay updated on @bsbf2018 and /BSBF2018 2013 ceremony at which his doctoral advisor, mentoring, and his kind nature. Jack served the people who knew him across the world. Peter Higgs, received the Nobel Prize (shared as the supervisor for many doctoral thesis ● Bernard de Wit, Rohini Godbole, Eric with François Englert). students and as a mentor for a number of Laenen, Robert Shrock, George Sterman, Jack was renowned for his modest and postdoctoral research associates at Stony and Jos Vermaseren.
Maria Krawczyk 1946–2017 Photo credit: LNM / Engage Maria Krawczyk passed away suddenly on she concentrated mainly on LHC physics. 24 May 2017. It was a shock not only for her During her career, Maria collaborated family but also for many of the physicists G Branco with many distinguished physicists around and her friends in the faculty of physics the world and coordinated a number of at the University of Warsaw and abroad. scientific grants financed by Polish and She was a very well-known and respected European agencies – right up to her last scientist within the physics community for project, HARMONIA. She served in a her passion and involvement in research, number of advisory committees and was teaching and outreach. involved in several international workshops Maria graduated from the University and conferences. Maria served on the TESLA of Warsaw, and her scientific career was collaboration board, represented Poland in intertwined with the university, first as an outreach within the European linear collider assistant, then adjunct university professor steering group, and in 2004 was invited to join and full professor. In 1975 she defended Maria Krawczyk was a proponent of the the programme committee of the Rencontres her PhD thesis under the supervision of International Linear Collider, in particular de Moriond series of conferences on QCD. the photon—photon option. Grzegorz Białkowski based on studies_ Maria enjoyed contact with students. She of the charge exchange reaction π p → was concerned not only with their scientific π0n. During a postdoc at the Max Planck including the two-Higgs-doublet models, development but also their living conditions, Institute in Munich in 1977/78 her scientific searches for light Higgs particles in existing and helped in sending them to physics interest shifted towards the parton model and planned accelerators, the CP properties schools and conferences, finding grant and quantum chromodynamics (QCD). of the scalar sector, the role of the Higgs in opportunities and editing grant applications. She worked on the hadronic properties of astrophysics and cosmology, and the structure She was very active in daily matters at the photons within QCD, where her speculations of the vacuum. She was an enthusiast for faculty and university, and engaged heavily on direct photon pair production in hard studying photon collisions at a future linear in outreach activities, giving radio and TV collisions were then verified by experiments. collider, and took an active role in workshops interviews, lecturing at scientific festivals Later she worked on the resummation of devoted to the physics potential of future and organising LHC exhibitions. higher order QCD corrections. experiments. During a stay at CERN in 2002 Maria was a very kind and helpful person. In 1990 Maria became interested in she initiated discussions and studies of CP Her advice, including in private matters, and electroweak interactions, in particular violation in non-standard Higgs models, friendliness will be greatly missed. She was “WELDED SOLUTIONS FOR COMPLEX AND the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism becoming an organiser of the workshop on also a beloved wife, a mother of two children of spontaneous electroweak symmetry CP studies and non-standard Higgs physics – and grandmother of four grandchildren. UNIQUE INSTALLATIONS” breaking and the Higgs sector. The Higgs which culminated in the delivery of a CERN ● Colleagues and friends from the particle became her main research direction, Yellow Report. With the advent of the LHC, University of Warsaw. www.cadinox.com
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CCJanFeb18_Faces&Places.indd 52 03/01/2018 13:51 CCJanFeb18_p53.indd 1 03/01/2018 15:32 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 Recruitment PhD Excellence Fellowships
F o r advertising e n q u i r i e s , c o n ta c t CERN C o u R i E R recruitment / c l a s s i F i e d, ioP P u b l i s h i n g , te m P l e c i r c u s , te m P l e Way, b r i s t o l bs1 6hg, uK. at the We announce the opening of a full professor position te l +44 (0)117 930 1264 Fa x +44 (0)117 930 1178 e- m a i l s a l e s @ cerncourier . c o m Department of Physics, P l e a s e c o n ta c t u s F o r inFormation a b o u t r at e s , c o l o u r o P t i o n s , Publication d at e s a n d d e a d l i n e s . PROFESSORSHIP (W3) University of Basel, Switzerland IN THEORETICAL PARTICLE PHYSICS in the Physikalisches Institut of the Department of The PhD School “Quantum Computing and Quantum Technologies” Physics and Astronomy of the Faculty of Mathematics (QCQT) of the Physics Department (https://physik.unibas.ch/), University of National Basel, is announcing several PhD excellence fellowships. We are looking for and Natural Sciences at the University of Bonn. outstanding candidates with MSc degree in quantum science (or related field). Institute for Candidates should have an outstanding research profile Applications are accepted at any time throughout the year; the selection Subatomic Physics committee will evaluate candidates and award fellowships four times per in theoretical elementary particle physics. This position year, after deadlines set for April 1st, July 1st, October 1st and January forms a bridge between mathematical physics and more 1st. The Excellence Fellowships provide full funding for up to four years to phenomenological particle and astroparticle physics. complete a PhD thesis. The official language of the PhD School program is Possible areas of research are: beyond the Standard English. Model physics, astroparticle physics and cosmology, as The QCQT PhD school brings together over 13 research groups from both well as formal aspects of theoretical particle physics. theoretical and experimental quantum science and quantum technology at the University of Basel and EUCOR -- the European campus. Together, NIKHEF INVITES APPLICATIONS FOR The successful candidate is expected to play a leading we are offering an excellent graduate program covering basic courses, role in the excellence cluster proposal “Computational advances seminars, summer/winter schools and workshops, performing senior researcher positions on experimental particle physics Sciences for Complex Systems (CASCADE)”, and to research at the forefront of quantum science and quantum technology. take over the directorship of the Bethe Center for Further, the program also provides soft skill courses, industry contacts, in ATLAS and and an international, interdisciplinary and thriving environment in strong Theoretical Physics. exchange with partner programs and centers such as the NCCR QSIT. We in LHCb with focus on detector development are aiming at attracting outstanding PhD students from in- and outside of Teaching according to state regulations is mandatory. Switzerland and providing training at the forefront of QCQT research. Formal requirements are regulated by § 36 HG NRW. The main areas of research are quantum computing, quantum measurements, Nikhef is the Dutch institute for subatomic physics in Amsterdam hosting The University of Bonn is an Equal Opportunity spintronics and quantum magnonics, quantum sensing, quantum optics and approximately 175 physicists and 75 technical staff members in an open and international Employer. cold atoms, quantum transport and nanoelectronics, topological properties of scientic environment. condensed matter systems, and quantum communication. To learn more about Applicants are invited to send the usual documents each of our research groups please visit our website (https://phdschoolqcqt. (curriculum vitae, summary of research interests, unibas.ch/en/people/). The Nikhef groups have strong involvements in the ATLAS and LHCb collaborations at CERN’s list of publications, copies of all university certificates) To apply for an excellence fellowship, submit the following via the online- portal (https://academicjobsonline.org/ajo/jobs/9444) large hadron collider. Candidates are expected to have several years of postdoctoral experience until 15.02.2018 electronically to the Chairperson 1. Curriculum vitae. and take a leading role in international collaborations and in the scientic staff of Nikhef. We have of the Department of Physics and Astronomy: [email protected] 2. Official transcripts MSc, BSc, diplomas etc. with grades, from all relevant an open position for a candidate to work on data analysis and detector contributions in ATLAS and . institutions of higher education (all in English or German). for a candidate to work on detector hardware physics in LHCb. For both positions the applicant is 3. Statement of objectives/Motivational letter. A short statement of your research interests and how they relate to the work of our department. To expected to have proven experience in supervision of postdocs and/or students and to have good increase your chances to be accepted to the PhD school, we encourage you communication skills. to contact one of the professors of our department and secure their support for your application.Visit 4. List of publications, if available. 5. One to three recommendation letters. The referees should upload their The Collaborative Research Center CRC 1073 “Atomic scale control of energy for your next career move recommendation letters directly to the portal. It is your responsibility to The ATLAS candidate is expected to lead a The LHCb candidate is expected to work on conversion” at the Georg-August Universität Göttingen and collaborating institutions contact your referees and to check that the recommendation letters are high-prole data analysis effort and to take invite applications for a PhD Position (Salary group 13 TV-L, at least 50 %, i.e. 19.9 h/ advanced particle detector systems and have Register now to receive our e-mail alerts uploaded before the deadline. responsibilities in ongoing upgrade activities. extensive knowledge on particle detection week) in project B03 “Relaxation, thermalization, transport and condensation in highly excited solids”. The position will start at the earliest by April 1st 2018 and is limited to 6. Masters thesis (pdf). The Nikhef ATLAS group has as strong track technology. The Nikhef LHCb group has strong three years. Please address your questions to Dr. Thilo Glatzel: [email protected] record in data analysis on Higgs and top quark involvements in the construction of the upgrade You will drive research in fundamental mechanisms of energy conversion in complex decays, as well as searches for dark matter, materials down to the atomic scale. You will work in a team of highly motivated VELO pixel detector and the scintillating ber researchers from different scientific disciplines and contribute to the development of supersymmetry and lepton avor violation. tracker. an improved microscopic understanding of elementary steps of energy conversion in materials with tunable excitations and interactions. You are expected to participate in The jobs site the structured doctoral program of the Further information on this position can be Further information on this position can be CRC and to enjoy an intense collaboration with the other PhD students of the for physics and obtained from prof. dr. Wouter Verkerke obtained from prof. dr. Marcel Merk collaborative research center. For further detailed information, please refer to our engineering ([email protected]). ([email protected]). website: www.sfb1073.uni-goettingen.de. In your application, please mention explicitly the project B03 (group Manmana, Institute for Theoretical Physics). We are looking for excellent PhD candidates with an above-average university degree in physics or theoretical physics. You know English very well both in writing and speaking. Good For more information and applications, please consult the Nikhef portal German language skills are desirable. You are enthusiastic about the subject and www.nikhef.nl/en/vacancies/ interested in understanding scientific mechanisms in detail. You like developing codes and numerical approaches to Theoretical Physics. You are a team-worker and you The deadline for applications is 11 Februari 2018. possibly possess the appropriate prior knowledge in quantum many-body theory or All qualied individuals are encouraged to apply. programming. Please send your application either in electronic form or via mail – only in copies – by 31 January 2018 to the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, SFB 1073 – Office, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, eMail: [email protected]. The jobs site for physics and engineering Untitled-154 1 14/12/2017 08:59
CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 More than The jobs site for physics Visit and engineering 23 000 for your next career move monthly unique visitors Register now to receive Visit our e-mail alerts for your next career move CERN Courier January/February 2018
Accelerators Photon Science Particle Physics Accelerators Photon| Science Particle| Physics | | Accelerators Photon Science Particle Physics Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron | | A ResearchDeutsches Centre of Elektronen-Synchrotron the Helmholtz Association Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association Accelerators Photon Science Particle Physics A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association | | Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association
Accelerators Photon Science Particle Physics PHOTOPHOTO | | PHOTO Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron INJECTORACCELERATORA Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association INJECTOR INJECTOR • • • DESY,DESY, Zeuthen Zeuthen location, location, is is seeking: seeking: DESY, Zeuthen location, is seeking: PostdocPostdocPHYSICS (f/m) (f/m) for for the the Photo Photo Injector Injector Test Test Postdoc (f/m) for the Photo Injector Test A new year. A new opportunity. A new challenge? FacilityACCELERATOR PITZ in Zeuthen• Facility PITZ in Zeuthen FacilityDESY PITZ has openings in Zeuthen for: PHYSICSDirector (f/m) for Accelerators DESY CERN has a range of opportunities to work and learn, from its flagship summer student programme DESY(successor of R.• Brinkmann) DESY DESY is one of the world’s leading research centres for photon science, DESY is one of the world’s leading research centres for photon science, DESYDESY is one of has the world’s openings leading research for: centres for photon science, to technical, administrative and doctoral studentships, fellowships, the technician training particle and astroparticle physics as well as accelerator physics. particle and astroparticle physics as well as accelerator physics. particleDirectorDESY and astroparticle (f/m) physics for as Accelerators well as accelerator physics. experience, and diverse staff opportunities for professionals. The(successorDESY Photo is one Injector of the Test world’s of Facility R. leading PITZ Brinkmann) in research Zeuthen centres(near Berlin) for photon develops science, high The Photo Injector Test Facility PITZ in Zeuthen (near Berlin) develops high The Photo Injector Test Facility PITZ in Zeuthen (near Berlin) develops high brightnessparticle and electron astroparticle sources physics for Free as Electron well as Lasers accelerator (FELs) physics. like FLASH brightness electron sources for Free Electron Lasers (FELs) like FLASH brightness electron sources for Free Electron Lasers (FELs) like FLASH andDESY European XFEL. The main focus of the research program at PITZ is on and European XFEL. The main focus of the research program at PITZ is on and European XFEL. The main focus of the research program at PITZ is on furtherDESYTheisposition improvement one of the world’s of pulsed leading high research brightness centres photo for injectors photon andscience, on deve- further improvement of pulsed high brightness photo injectors and on deve- Whatever the stage of your career, whatever your field of expertise, furtherparticle improvement and astroparticle of pulsed physics high brightness as well as accelerator photo injectors physics. and on deve- lopmentsThe Director towards forAccelerators future high brightness leads the CW Machine electron (M-) sources. Division We with also about work lopments towards future high brightness CW electron sources. We also work find your opportunity at CERN & take part in 2018! lopments towards future high brightness CW electron sources. We also work on600 beam scientists, driven plasma engineers acceleration and technicians for particle and and will astroparticle - as a member physics. of the on beam driven plasma acceleration for particle and astroparticle physics. on beamThe positiondriven plasma acceleration for particle and astroparticle physics. Board of Directors - decisively take part in shaping the overall laboratory The Director for Accelerators leads the Machine (M-) Division with about The position The600strategy scientists, position and its engineers execution. and Thetechnicians M-Division and will is responsible - as a member for of the the operation The positionWork in one of the world-leading international groups of physicists and Work in one of the world-leading international groups of physicists and Boardand•Work development ofin Directorsone of the - ofworld-leadingdecisively the PETRA-III, take international part FLASH in shaping groupsand the European overall of physicists laboratory XFEL and accelerators • Find out more: careers.cern • engineers for the development of photo injectors engineers for the development of photo injectors strategyandengineers for andconducting for its the execution. development a worldwide The M-Division of leadingphoto injectors is R&D responsible program for in the accelerator operation physics Perform numerical simulations to support the accelerator R&D program Perform numerical simulations to support the accelerator R&D program andand•Perform development technology numerical (ARD).of simulationsthe PETRA-III, to support FLASH theand accelerator European XFEL R&D accelerators program • • at PITZ or to optimize subcomponents of the photo injector towards at PITZ or to optimize subcomponents of the photo injector towards andat PITZ for conducting or to optimize a worldwide subcomponents leading R&D of the program photo injector in accelerator towards physics Theapplications Upgrade of of FLASH high brightness and of PETRA-III electron beams towards for ultra-lowFELs and emittance, in plasma the applications of high brightness electron beams for FELs and in plasma andapplications technology of (ARD). high brightness electron beams for FELs and in plasma acceleration experiments preparationacceleration of an experiments upgrade of the superconducting XFEL linac as well as the acceleration experiments Development of innovative concepts and techniques for the diagnostics ThedevelopmentDevelopment Upgrade of of FLASH advancedof innovative and of high-gradient PETRA-III concepts andtowards acceleration techniques ultra-low forconcepts emittance, the diagnostics for the future • •Development of innovative concepts and techniques for the diagnostics of high-quality electron and laser beams • preparationof high-quality of an upgrade electron of and the laser superconducting beams XFEL linac as well as the compactof high-quality facilities electron are at and the laser core beams of DESYs mid- and long-term strategy. Organization of and participation in the shift operation of PITZ for acce- developmentOrganization of advanced of and participation high-gradient in accelerationthe shift operation concepts of PITZ for future for acce- • •Organization of and participation in the shift operation of PITZ for acce- lerator R&D • compactInternationallylerator facilities R&D very are atwell the recognized core of DESYs scientists mid- and with long-term a record strategy. of excellence in lerator R&D The ELI (Extreme Light Infrastructure) Project is an integral the field of accelerator physics and/or technology and who have demonstra- Internationally very well recognized scientists with a record of excellence in Requirements part of the European plan to build the next generation of large ted leadership in the environment of a larger scientific laboratory are invited to Requirementsthe field of accelerator physics and/or technology and who have demonstra- Excellent university degree in physics or engineering with PhD research facilities. ELI-Beamlines as a cutting edge laser Requirementsapply.Excellent university degree in physics or engineering with PhD • ted•Excellent leadership university in the environmentdegree in physics of a larger or engineering scientific laboratory with PhD are invited to Extensive experience in beam dynamics simulations with space charge facility is currently being constructed near Prague, Czech • Extensive experience in beam dynamics simulations with space charge • apply.•Extensive experience in beam dynamics simulations with space charge dominated beams as well as in numerical methods Republic. ELI will be delivering ultra-short, ultra-intense laser • Knowledgedominated of beams the German as well language as in numerical would methods be considered as an advantage. dominated beams as well as in numerical methods Very deep knowledge of accelerator physics and accelerator technology pulses lasting typically a few tens of femtoseconds with peak KnowledgeVery deep of the knowledge German oflanguage accelerator would physics be considered and accelerator as an advantage. technology • For•Very further deep knowledge information of please accelerator contact physics Helmut and Dosch, accelerator dosch-offi[email protected]. technology Very good knowledge of English is required and knowledge of German power projected to reach 10 PW. It will make available time • Very good knowledge of English is required and knowledge of German • For•Very further good information knowledge please of English contact is required Helmut andDosch, knowledge dosch-offi[email protected]. of German is of advantage synchronized laser beams over a wide range of intensities • is of advantage is of advantage for multi-disciplinary applications in physics, medicine, biology, For further information please contact Dr. Mikhail Krasilnikov, +49-33762-7- material science etc. The high intensities of the laser pulse ForSalary further and information benefits are please commensurate contact Dr. Mikhail with those Krasilnikov, of public +49-33762-7- service organi- Salary and benefits are commensurate with those of public service organi- 7213 or [email protected]. will be also used for generating secondary sources Forsations further information in Germany. please Classification contact Dr. is Mikhail based Krasilnikov, upon qualifications +49-33762-7- and assigned 7213sations or in [email protected]. Germany. Classification is based upon qualifications and assigned of e- and p+ and high-energy photons. Our research groups 7213duties. or [email protected]. Handicapped persons will be given preference to other equally qua- duties. Handicapped persons will be given preference to other equally qua- The position is limited to 3 years. are expanding and recruiting physicists and engineers. Thelified position applicants. is limited DESY to 3 operates years. flexible work schemes. DESY is an equal Salary and benefits are commensurate with those of public service organi- Thelified position applicants. is limited DESY to 3 operates years. flexible work schemes. DESY is an equal Salaryopportunity, and benefits affirmative are commensurate action employer with and those encourages of public service applications organi- from sations in Germany. Classification is based upon qualifications and assigned Salaryopportunity, and benefits affirmative are commensurate action employer with and those encourages of public applications service organi- from In our team we therefore have the following positions sationswomen. inVacant Germany. positions Classification at DESY is based are in upon general qualifications open to part-time-work. and assigned Du- duties. Handicapped persons will be given preference to other equally qua- sationswomen. in Germany. Vacant positions Classification at DESY is based are in generalupon qualifications open to part-time-work. and assigned Du- available: duties. Handicapped persons will be given preference to other equally qua- lified applicants. DESY operates flexible work schemes. DESY is an equal duties.ringring Handicapped each each application application persons procedure procedure will be DESY given DESY will preference assess will assess whether to other whether the equally post the can qua-post be can be lified applicants. DESY operates flexible work schemes. DESY is an equal opportunity, affirmative action employer and encourages applications from • Junior Scientist • Mechanical Designer lifiedfilledfilled applicants. with with part-time part-time DESY employees. operates employees. flexible work schemes. DESY is an equal opportunity, affirmative action employer and encourages applications from women. Vacant positions at DESY are in general open to part-time-work. Du- • Senior Scientist • Control System Specialist opportunity, affirmative action employer and encourages applications from women.We are looking Vacant forward positions to at your DESY application are in general quoting open the reference to part-time-work. code pre- Du- ring each application procedure DESY will assess whether the post can be • Laser Physicist • Safety Engineer women.We are Vacant looking positions forward at DESY to your are application in general quotingopen to part-time-work.the reference code Du- pre- ringferably each via application our electronic procedure application DESY System: will assess Online-Application whether the post can be filled with part-time employees. • Junior Engineer • Optical Engineer ringferably each application via our electronic procedure application DESY will System:assess whether Online-Application the post can be filledDeutsches with part-time Elektronen-Synchrotron employees. DESY • Senior Engineer • X-ray Scientist filledDeutsches with part-time Elektronen-Synchrotron employees. DESY Human Resources Department Code: MMA066/2017 We are looking forward to your application quoting the reference code pre- • Vacuum Technician • Opto-mechanics Human Resources Department| Code: MMA066/2017 WeNotkestraße are looking 85 forward22607to Hamburg your application|Germany quotingPhone: the +49 reference 40 8998-3392 code pre- ferably via our electronic application System: Online-Application WeNotkestraße are looking forward 85| 22607 to your Hamburg application| Germany quoting| thePhone: reference +49 code 40 8998-3392pre- ferablyEmail: [email protected] via our electronic| application System:| Online-Application| Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY JOIN US! For more information see our website www.eli-beams.eu ferably via our electronic application System: Online-Application DeutschesDeadlineEmail: [email protected] for Elektronen-Synchrotron applications: 28 February DESY 2018 Human Resources Department Code: MPO003/2017 The future is in laser technologies and send your application, please. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY | Humanwww.desy.deDeadline Resources for applications: Department 28Code: February MPO003/2017 2018 Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 40 8998-3392 Human Resources Department Code:| MPO003/2017 | | | Notkestraßewww.desy.de 85 22607 Hamburg| Germany Phone: +49 40 8998-3392 Deadline for applications: 31 January 2018 Notkestraße 85 22607| Hamburg Germany| Phone:| +49 40 8998-3392 Deadline for| applications: 31| January 2018| www.desy.de Deadline for applications: 31 January 2018 www.desy.de www.desy.de
CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 Bookshelf
C o m p i l e d b y V i r g i n i a g r e C o, Cern
I am the Smartest Man I know: A Nobel person who has made the most of his life. Laureate’s Difficult Journey Two impressions stand out: he is lucky By Ivar Giaever to have found in Inger a partner with World Scientific whom he has been able to share his long At the end of his last semester studying life; and he is lucky to have had a second mechanical engineering at the Norwegian chance to study and discover that he is Institute of Technology, Ivar Giaever smarter than many people thought. gained a grade of 3.5 for a thesis on the ● Christine Sutton, former CERN Courier editor. efficiency of refrigeration machines – just a little better than the 4.0 needed to pass. Books received The thesis had been hastily written as the machines worked badly, and he and his Fermilab at 50 friend had had little time to collect their By Swapan Chattopadhyay and Joseph David careers data. But they both scraped through and, as Lykken (eds.) Giaever writes, “maybe sometimes life is a World Scientific little bit fair after all?”. On the occasion of the 50th It’s a reference to the opening words of anniversary of its foundation his light-hearted autobiography: “Life is (CERN Courier June 2017 p18), not fair, and I, for one, am happy about the management of Fermilab that.” The title sounds provocative, but asked leading scientists and the book is a reflection on how life’s supporters, whose careers and little twists and turns can have extremely life paths crossed at the US laboratory, to important consequences. share their memories and thoughts about Giaever calls this “luck” and admits that its past, present and future. The short he has had more than his share of it – from essays received have been collected in this relatively humble beginnings in Norway to commemorative book. a Nobel prize and beyond. Among the many prestigious contributors In many respects Giaever had been a are Nobel laureates T D Lee, Burton “bad” student. Good at cards, billiards, quantum mechanical tunnelling between Richter and Jack Steinberger; in addition chess – and drinking – he had little interest thin films, which Giaever went on to do to present and former Fermilab directors in mechanical engineering. He finished with great success in 1959. (Nigel Lockyer, Piermaria Oddone and with a grade of 4.0 in both physics and Then, during his studies at RPI, John Peoples); present and former CERN mathematics; but had at least married Inger, he learned about the new Bardeen– Directors-General (Fabiola Gianotti his long-time sweetheart. Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory of and Rolf Heuer), as well as many other His first job was at the patent office in superconductivity, which predicted the important physicists, scientific leaders and The destination for anyone recruiting Oslo, but apartments were hard to find, so appearance of a forbidden energy gap near even politicians and businessmen. the couple decided to emigrate to Canada. the Fermi level when a metal becomes Through the recollections of the authors, A few twists led Giaever to General superconducting. Giaever realised that key events in Fermilab’s history are brought physicists and engineers in 2018 Electric (GE), where he had the chance to he could measure this gap using his to life. The milestone of 50 years study again through the company’s “A, B tunnelling apparatus, and so provide of research are also retraced in a rich and C” courses. crucial verification of the BCS theory. He photo gallery. This second chance to learn proved also realised that tunnelling between two While celebrating its glorious past, 2018 pivotal. Seeing how the studies related superconductors with different energy Fermilab is also looking towards its Bursting with careers advice, real-life case studies to GE’s production of generators, motors gaps would produce a negative resistance, future, as highlighted in the book. Many and such like, made learning exciting, and and could allow for active devices such experiments are ongoing, or planned at the Giaever graduated as the best student on as amplifiers. He worried that if he talked laboratory and its scientific programme and an extensive STEM employer directory the A course. But GE in Canada offered about his work, others would realise this includes research on neutrinos; only the A course and, eager to learn more, before he had done the relevant experiment. accelerator science; quantum computing; powered by brightrecruits.com he moved to GE’s Research Laboratory in To his surprise nobody did, hence his dark matter and the cosmic background Schenectady in the US. comment to his family: “I am the smartest radiation, as well as a continuous There he completed the B and C courses, man I know!”. His children thought he was participation in the LHC physics, especially and also began studying for a master’s being big-headed, but in 1973 the whole in the CMS experiment. Contact us today for a free consultation degree in physics at the Rensselaer family went with him to Stockholm when A light read, this book will appeal to all Polytechnic Institute (RPI). He was to he was rewarded with a share of the Nobel the scientists who at some point in their Natasha Clarke remain with GE for the next 30 years, after Prize in Physics in 1973 for his work on career stepped on the floor of Fermilab. It being offered a permanent job, even though tunnelling in superconductors. will also appeal to those readers who are [email protected] he did not yet have a PhD. Giaever, of course, covers much more interested in discovering more about the As a fully-fledged member of the of his life story in this book. There is little history of the laboratory through the records +44 (0)117 930 1864 research lab, Giaever needed a project. technical detail, but a plethora of anecdotes of the people who participated in it, whether John Fisher proposed that he look into that provide fascinating insight into a it was directly or indirectly.
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an e oo shelf.indd CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 www.edwardsvacuum.com/RandD www.edwardsvacuum.com/ELD500 Bookshelf ULTRA HIGH VACUUM. Loop Quantum Gravity: The First 30 Years part, comprising five chapters, introduces but concise, account of exact solutions By Abhay Ashtekar and Jorge Pullin (eds.) the conceptual, mathematical and physical in three-dimensional (or 2+1) Einstein World Scientific foundation of LQG. In part three, the gravity. It presents the theoretical WE HAVE THE FULL SOLUTION. This book, which is part of application of this theory to cosmology and frameworks and the general physical and the “100 Years of General black holes is discussed, also introducing geometrical characteristics of each class To complement our innovative range of vacuum pumps we also offer products that Relativity” series of predictions that might be testable in the of solutions, and includes information will provide you with a complete solution for your ultra high vacuum requirements. monographs, aims to provide foreseeable future. about the researchers who discovered or an overview of the foundations Written by young theoretical physicists studied them. • In order to reach ultra high vacuum, a leak tight system is essential. Our new ELD500 and recent developments of who are expert in the field, this volume is These solutions are identified and precision leak detector has a class leading sensitivity with ability to measure leaks as loop quantum gravity (LQG). meant both to provide an introduction to ordered on the basis of their geometrical small as 5x10-12 mbar l/s. This is a theory that merges quantum the field and to offer a review of the latest invariant properties, their symmetries and mechanics and general relativity in an developments, not discussed in many other their algebraic classifications, or according effort to unify gravity with the other three existing books, for senior researchers. It to their physical nature. They are also • Our Pirani, Penning, Inverted Magnetron, Ion and Extractor gauges offer multiple fundamental forces. In the approach of will also appeal to scientists who do not examined from different perspectives. solutions for measuring pressures from atmospheric, through ultra high and up to LQG, space–time is not a continuum, work directly on LQG but are interested in Emphasis is given to solutions to the extreme high vacuum. but it is quantised, and is considered issues at the interface of general relativity Einstein equation in the presence of matter as a dynamic entity. Different from and quantum physics. and fields, such as: point particle solutions, string theory, loop quantum gravity is a perfect fluids, dilatons, inflatons and “background-independent” theory, which Exact Solutions in Three-Dimensional cosmological space-times. aims to explain space and time instead Gravity The second part of the book discusses of being plugged into an already existing By Alberto A García-Díaz solutions to vacuum topologically massive space–time structure. Cambridge University Press gravity with a cosmological constant. The book comprises eight chapters, As stated by the author Overall, this text serves as a thorough distributed in three parts. The first is a himself, this book is the catalogue of exact solutions in (2+1) general introduction that sets the scene result of many years of Einstein gravity and is a very valuable and anticipates what will be discussed in work and has the purpose of resource for graduate students, as well as detail in the following sections. The second providing a comprehensive, researchers in gravitational physics. M Mogenburg Mosquitoes environmental impact of what she is doing, A play by Lucy Kirkwood believing that the LHC poses existential risks. National Theatre, London 18 July–28 Sept 2017 He also frequently bemoans his mother’s commitment to her work, which he believes Lucy Kirkwood’s play Mosquitoes is an comes at the expense of himself. Through the ambitious piece of theatre. It combines the play, it becomes apparent that Luke and his telling of an eclectic family drama with the mother previously lived in the UK, and that he asking of a variety of questions ranging was made to follow her to Switzerland, but he from personal relationships to the remit would like to go back to England. of science. Mosquitoes tells the story of These personal relationships are played CERN scientist Alice (Olivia Williams), and out in front of the sisters’ ailing mother the fractious relationship she has with her Karen (Amanda Boxer). A former physicist sister Jenny (Olivia Colman). After working herself now suffering from dementia, Karen for 11 years at CERN on the French–Swiss frequently laments missing out on her border, Alice is visited by Jenny just as work chances at winning a Nobel Prize. Karen’s on discovering the Higgs boson is nearing character, who provides the audience with a its peak. Conflict between Jenny and Alice’s glimpse of her daughter Alice’s future, adds a challenged son, Luke (Joseph Quinn), drives sense of futility to Alice’s work. much of the plot. Overall, Mosquitoes – the title coming from Domestic scenes between these three a line of dialogue in which protons smashing characters are interspersed with glimpses in the Large Hadron Collider are compared to of Luke’s absent father, who momentarily mosquitoes hitting each other head on – is a turns the theatre into a planetarium while stunning piece of work. waxing lyrical over the science which the play Not just for the way it weaves together is set against. story lines to explore a range of complex The spectacle of these brief moments questions, but also for the immensely high is a highlight of the play; contrasting her professional life as a scientist, often quality of acting talent which it boasts. wonderfully with the often mundane lives struggles to relate personally to those around This is bettered only by the faultless light, of the characters. Kirkwood also makes a her. Chief amongst those is her son Luke sound, and set design, which complement poignant contrast between the characters’ who, despite showing the occasional interest each other perfectly during the play’s most personal and professional lives. Alice, in his mother’s work, is ultimately critical of dramatic moments. despite exuding a certain confidence in it for a number or reasons. He questions the ● Mack Grenfell, Brainlabs, UK.
60 © Edwards Limited 2017. All Rights Reserved.
an e oo shelf.indd Physics World Full Page - DecemberTurbo Print ad_[211 x 282mm].indd 1 9/26/2017 1:00:27 PM CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 8 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 CERN Courier January/February 2018 CERN Courier Archive: 1975 The new Laboratory A l o o k b A c k t o cERN c o u R i E R v o l . 15, J A N u A R y A N d F E b R u A R y 1975, c o m p i l E d b y p E g g i E R i m m E R Whisperers T r i u m f TRIUMF triumph On 15 December the 500 MeV cyclotron Champagne flows in the TRIUMF control
at Vancouver produced its first full energy TRIUMF room to celebrate first operation of the beams. After a month of gradually spiralling cyclotron at 500 MeV. Towards the right of the the beam further and further out in the picture, E W Vogt (chairman of the TRIUMF machine, success came precipitately. board of management) is congratulating the On 14 December an energy of 360 MeV laboratory director, J R Richardson. had been reached at 690 cm machine radius and beam transmission out to this energy By 16.00 hours the champagne corks had was looking good. By 12 noon the following been popped. BICOM_20111.02 0.11.2017 day, protons were again at 360 MeV. In the We congratulate Professor Richardson and © next hour, appropriately with the TRIUMF his team on their success in bringing such an Director J R Richardson at the helm, the adventurous machine into action. They join beam was taken to the design energy of detected and soon manoeuvred over 15 m to Los Alamos and Villigen as the world’s three 500 MeV by tuning the trim coils. a beam dump. Using quadrupoles, it could be major ‘meson factories’. An hour later, extracted beam of 10 nA was focused on a 1 cm2 spot. ● Compiled from texts on pp11–12.
V i l l i g e n Applications from analytics and physics laboratories Superconducting muon SIN following the shutdown and re-starts of the require reliable vacuum components with outstanding accelerator schedule. channel begins operation Pions are focused on the entrance to product features. Leybold vacuum components and the solenoid and it can take a wide range system solutions have shown their benefits in major of momenta. Muons emerge from the research centers worldwide. Operation of the 590 MeV cyclotron at the solenoid within a 20 cm2 area and can be Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research, SIN, transported to two experimental regions by We are able to design a complete vacuum system is going very well following improvements conventional magnets. perfectly matching your individual application. carried out during a shutdown last year. The When the solenoid worked so well on most satisfying success was the smooth start 15 January, pions of 200 MeV/c were fed to Within just a few minutes - thanks to our smart of operation of the new superconducting The long superconducting solenoid at the the channel. The muon extraction was slowly state-of-the-art simulation software. Highly flexible muon channel. brought down to lower momenta and at SIN cyclotron has yielded the world’s and absolutely precise. Chosing a new vacuum Muon beamlines at intermediate energies 180 MeV/c a pure muon beam was achieved. highest fluxes of muons. have almost always used quadrupoles to Maximum muon flux was reached at system has never been easier. focus the pions produced when the ejected December, the current climbed to 690 A 115 MeV/c. The design intensity was 2.4 × 107 proton beam hits a target, and to retain some before a quench. After repair, on 15 January muons per second. After only a preliminary of the muons produced as the pions decay. the magnet immediately reached 5 T and tuning 2 × 107 was achieved. Already the SIN The idea of a solenoid is to produce a beam stayed there for days. Since then it has cyclotron has the world’s highest muon fluxes. Smart vacuum solutions for of pions on large spirals with small radii, operated continuously with no problems in ● Compiled from texts on pp36–37. laboratory and industry use close to the axis, so that the decay muons are much less likely to escape. Close on 100% efficiency can be expected. Compiler’s Note Long, large aperture solenoids are needed The photo of TRIUMF triumphant shows the prevailing gender – the SIN solenoid is 8 m long with a 12 cm demographics. Data aides and scanners apart, females were rare in Shop our products online: aperture and a field of 5 T. To provide these physics, the Nobel category in which they are the least represented. Of the www.leyboldproducts.com conditions with a conventional magnet would 206 physics Nobel prize winners since 1901, only two have been women: involve a power consumption of 10 M W. Marie Curie in 1903 with a 1/4 share, and Maria Goeppert-Mayer in 1963 The solenoid uses copper stabilized also with a 1/4 share, Curie however becoming the sole recipient of the 1911 niobium-titanium superconductor wound in sixteen sections on reinforced epoxy resin. chemistry Nobel. The outer surface is in contact with a layer of The lack of role models for women has long been overwhelming. The copper pipes carrying the helium cooling, all Royal Greenwich Observatory, founded in 1675, took almost 300 years enclosed in a thick walled steel tube, which before entrusting executive responsibility to a woman, Margaret Burbidge Leybold GmbH is a magnetic return path. Gas cooled current in 1972, though denying her the associated illustrious post of Astronomer Bonner Str. 498 · D-50968 Köln leads connect the solenoid to a 1 kA supply. Royal. In 1945 she had been turned down for a Carnegie Fellowship because only men were allowed to T +49 (0) 221-347-0 Cooling is by supercritical helium under a observe at Mount Wilson. But things look brighter for the daughters of today and tomorrow. In 2016, barely F +49 (0) 221-347-1250 pressure of 6 to 10 atmospheres. a year beyond its 60th anniversary, CERN appointed its first female Director-General, Fabiola Gianotti. In the first test of the full solenoid in [email protected] www.leybold.com 62
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5 V i ew p o i n t 15 S c i e n cew a t c h 32 The changing landscape of cancer therapy Proton and ion therapy set to transform global cancer treatment. 7 N ew s 17 A s t r ow a t c h 35 Bridging the gap LHC back with a splash Workshop puts advanced accelerators • • Working towards medical linacs for challenging environments. International committee backs 250 GeV ILC The case of the F e a t u r e s • • 19 The long road to Linac4 disappearing neutrinos Copper reveals nickel’s doubly magic 37 Networking against cancer • CERN’s newest accelerator is soon to join the LHC injection chain. nature • Novartis acquires CERN spin-off AAA • Fermilab joins ENLIGHT: 15 years of promoting hadron therapy in Europe. CERN openlab on data reduction • SESAME sees first light ... 25 Therapeutic particles 39 F a ce s & P l a ce s • ... while SwissFEL carries out first experiment• Searches for Targeting linacs for new hadron-therapy treatment modes. dark photons at LHCb ATLAS extends searches for natural • 54 R ec r u i t me n t supersymmetry • CMS studies rare top-quark processes • 29 Isotopes for precision medicine Longitudinal asymmetry tracked in heavy-ion collisions CERN-MEDICIS has produced its first radioisotopes for medical 59 B oo k s h elf research. 62 A r c h i ve
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