Dairy Farming • This Is the Keeping of Cows for Milk Production

Cash crop farming in Kenya

Cash crops are crops grown for sale. Cash crop farming is the growing of crops for sale. Cash crops grown in Kenya are tea, coffee, wheat, flowers, cotton and sisal.

Tea

• It is the leading cash crop export of Kenya. • It grows well under the following conditions: – High altitude, ranging between 1,520 – 2,300m. – High and reliable rainfall of about 1,250 –1,650 mm. – Deep, well drained volcanic soil. – Cool and wet climate. • It is mainly grown in Kericho, Nandi Hills, Limuru, Bomet, Gucha, Nyeri, Kiambu, Vihiga, Nyamira, parts of Murang’a and Kirinyaga. Wheat

• Grown in gently sloping areas. • Requires moderate rainfall. • Needs well drained fertile soils. • Needs cool temperatures. • Harvested using machines. • Makes bread, biscuits, cakes, chapatis and scones. • Grown in Nakuru, Londiani, Narok, Eldoret, Trans-Nzoia and Laikipia. Flowers

• The growing of flowers is called floriculture. • The growing of flowers, fruits and vegetables is called horticulture. • Flowers are grown in special houses called greenhouses. • The main flowers are roses and carnations. • Flowers are mainly grown in Naivasha, Thika, Juja, Nyandarua, Kiambu and Athi River. • They are transported from the farms with special vehicles with refrigerators. • They are transported by aircrafts to other countries because they are perishable (go bad quickly). • They are exported to earn foreign exchange for the country. • They are mainly used for decoration. Cotton

• Grown on plains where land is flat.

• Requires fertile, well drained soils (black alluvial cotton soil). • Grow well in areas with moderate rainfall of between 500 – 1,000 mm. • They need warm temperatures of between 18° - 21°C. • A lot of sunshine during the growing period and dry weather during ripening and harvesting. • Harvesting is done by hand. • Mainly grown in Kisumu, Bondo, Busia, Nyando, Teso, Rachuonyo, Tharaka, Mbeere, Kitui, Kibwezi, Makueni, Mwingi, Kirinyaga, Taveta, Kilifi, Malindi and Tana River. • It is grown under irrigation in Hola, Bura and Galole. • Cotton is processed in a factory called a ginnery. • It is used in making clothes. • The seeds are used to make soap, cooking oil, margarine, wool and animal feeds. Importance of cash crop farming

• Cash crop farming creates employment opportunities to the people. • When exported, they earn the country foreign exchange. • Farmers earn income from sale of crops. • They provide raw materials for the industries. • Foreign exchange earned is used to improve infrastructure such as roads. • Need for processing leads to growth of industries. Dairy farming • This is the keeping of cows for milk production.

• Milk is processed in a creamery. • Dairy cows kept in Kenya are Friesian, Guernsey, Jersey and Ayrshire.

Conditions favouring dairy farming

• Requires cool and wet climate. • It is practised mainly in the highlands. • It is done both on small and large scale. • Some farmers keep dairy cows in sheds where they feed them. This is called zero-grazing. Areas where dairy farming is practiced

• Kiambu, Thika, Naivasha, Eldoret, Trans-Nzoia, Bungoma, Kisii, Nakuru, Nyeri, Nandi, Meru and Uasin Gishu. • In densely populated areas, farmers practise zero grazing, also called stall grazing.

Benefits of dairy farming

• Earns dairy farmers income. • Milk provides proteins. • Creates employment opportunities to many people. Problems facing dairy farming

• Attacks from pests and diseases. • Bad transport system because of poor roads. • Bad management of creameries reduces milk profitability. • Low payment from milk processing industries. • High costs of dairy feeds. • Competition from imported dairy products. Mining • This is the removal of minerals from the ground or places where they occur. • Major minerals mined in Kenya are soda ash, limestone, diatomite, salt, sand and fluorspar. • Others are marble, gold, graphite, oil and titanium.

Mineral Methods of mining Uses Where mined Making glass, soap, dyes, animal Soda ash Dredging Lake Magadi in the Rift Valley feeds and papers.

Strengthening steel and Fluorspar Open cast alluminium, making toothpaste, Kimwarer in Kerio Valley making cans and sulphuric acid.

Open cast and underground Making water filters, oven lining Diatomite Kariandusi near Gilgil method and paints. Making cement, animal feeds Athi River, Bamburi and Sultan Limestone Quarrying and open cast and paints. Hamud

Making glass, as a food preservative, flavours food, Lake Magadi, Ngomeni and Salt Evaporation and scooping making soap and is used in oil Fundisa near Malindi refinery

Making glass and isused in the Athi River, Machakos, Sand Scooping construction of buildings. Taita Taveta and Kajiado Importance of mining

• It is a source of employment to many people. • Encourages development in areas it is carried out. • Some minerals are exported to earn the country foreign exchange. • Urban centers develop around mining areas which provide market for many consumer goods. Fishing • This is the activity of catching fish from the water. • The two types of fishing grounds are inland and marine (or sea) fishing. • Inland fishing is done in lakes such as Victoria, Baringo, Naivasha, Jipe and Chala and rivers such as Tana and Athi. • It is also done in ponds where fingerlings (baby fish) are reared to maturity before harvesting. • The main fish caught include tilapia, dagaa, mud fish, trout and shell fish. • Marine and sea fishing is done in the Indian Ocean. • Main fish caught in marine fishing include tuna, mullet, king fish, parrot fish, oysters, lobsters, crabs and prawns.

Methods of fishing

• Traditional methods of fishing are use of traps, baskets, herbs, hooks and line and harpooning (use of spears). • Modern methods of fishing are trawling, purse seining, net drifting and long lining.

Methods of preserving fish

• Traditional methods are smoking, sun drying and salting. • Modern methods are refrigeration, freezing and canning. Forestry • Forestry is the planting and taking care of forests.

Types of forests • A forest is a large area of land covered by trees. • Trees that grow on their own form a natural forest. • Trees that are planted form a planted forest.

Natural forests

• They are also called indigenous forest. • Consists of hardwood trees like Meru oak, camphor, mvule, elgon teak, podo, rosewood and cedar. • These trees take long time to mature, about 100 years. • The forests have different species of trees. Planted forests

• They mainly consists of softwoods like cypress, eucalyptus, grivellea, wattle, pine, spruce and fir. • They mature faster than hardwoods. • They are mainly of one tree species. • These forests are as result of: (a) Agrofrestry, which is the growing of trees and crops on the same piece of land. (b) Reafforestation, or planting trees where they have been cut. (c) Afforestation, which is planting treeswhere they did not exist. Distribution of forests in Kenya

1. Planted forests are mainly found in highland areas such as Molo, Timboroa, Burnt Forest, Timau, Kirinyaga, Kaptagat, Maji Mazuri, Londiani, Njabini, Kibirichia and Dundori. 2. Natural forests are found in the following areas: (a) Mountain slope forests on Mt. Kenya, Mau and Aberdare. (b) Kakamega and Nandi forests, which are tropical rain forests. (c) Coastal forests in Arabuko Sokoke and Shimba. (d) Mangrove forests along the coast.

Importance of forests

Deforestation is the cutting down of trees without replacing them. This should be discouraged because: • trees protect sources of rivers. • they protect the soil from erosion. • forests are homes for wild animals. • forest conservation creates employment. • forests help in the formation of rainfall. • trees are sources of firewood. • trees are used to provide herbal medicine. • trees are sources of timber. Wildlife and tourism • Wildlife refers to plants, insects, birds and wild animals in their natural habitat. • They are protected in both game parks and game reserves. • Game parks are managed by the central government through Kenya Wildlife Service (K.W.S.). • No human activity is allowed in these areas. • Such game parks are Hell’s Gate, Tsavo, Amboseli, Mount Kenya, Nairobi, Sibiloi, Malka Mari, Meru, Ruma and Mt. Elgon. • Game reserves are managed by county governments in which they are found. • Examples are Maasai Mara, Marsabit, South Turkana, Shimba Hills, Samburu, Boni, Arawale and Kitui South. • Marine national parks are protected waters in the Indian Ocean where fishing and collection of sea shells is prohibited. Marine national parks in Kenya are in Mombasa, Malindi, Kisite, Watamu and Shimoni. • Other national parks surrounded or in water are Ndere Island National Park in Lake Victoria, Central Island and South Island National Parks in Lake Turkana, Nakuru National Park and Saiwa Swamp National Park. Importance of wildlife

1. It is a source of employment. 2. Some wild plants and animals give us food. 3. Wildlife conservation leads to better use of land. 4. Wildlife encourages tourism which earns the government revenue by generating foreign exchange. 5. It provides study and research areas for scholars.

Problems facing wildlife

1. Poaching, which is illegal killing of wild animals for meat, horns, skins and ivory. 2. Poor roads that lead to most game parks and reserves. 3. Competition from other tourist destinations in other countries. 4. High taxes and fees charged discourages tourists. Meaning of wildlife conservation

Wildlife conservation is the management and protection of animals, birds, fish and plants and their natural habitats.

Efforts in conserving wildlife

1. Establishing sanctuaries for endangered wildlife species. 2. Imposing heavy penalties to those who trade in game trophies. 3. Educating people on the importance of wildlife. 4. Setting up animal orphanages for injured and endangered animals. 5. Creating artificial boundaries around wildlife such as electric fences. 6. Carrying out routine checks and patrol to monitor animal and plant population and tourist behaviour in parks as well.

Tourism

• Tourism is the activity of travelling and visiting places of interest for leisure. • Domestic tourism is where a person travels and visits places within his/her own country. • Foreign tourism is travelling from other countries to visit Kenya. • Tourism earns the country foreign exchange.

Main tourist attractions in Kenya

• Wildlife which is the main tourist attraction. • Sandy beaches in the coastal regions. • Warm climate throughout the year. • Beautiful natural scenaries such as the Great Rift Valley, snow-capped Mt. Kenya, waterfalls, lakes, hot springs and geysers. • Pre-historic and historic sites such as Olorgesailie, Fort Ternan, Koobi Fora and Kariandusi. • Cultural activities. • Games and sports such as safari rally,mountain climbing and fishing. • Conferences and conference facilities such as KICC. Importance of tourism

1. Earns the country foreign exchange. 2. Is a source of employment. 3. Leads to improvement of infrastructure. 4. Promotes international relations. 5. Helps in environmental conservation.

Problems facing tourism 1. Political instability discourages tourists from coming. 2. Environmental pollution. 3. Inadequate marketing locally and internationally. 4. High cost of maintaining tourist sites. Trade • This is the selling and buying of goods and services. • Before modern trade, people exchanged goods and services for other goods and services. This was called barter trade. • Modern trade uses money as a means of exchange. • The two types of trade are internal trade and external trade. • Internal trade is trade conducted within a country while external trade is trade done between two or more countries. • It involves export and import of goods and services. • Kenya exports various agricultural products such as tea, coffee, flowers, meat and horticultural crops. • Exports earn the country foreign exchange. • Kenya imports crude oil, machinery, motor vehicles, medicines and electronics. Importance of trade

• Creates employment opportunities. • Promotes agriculture. • Improves transport and communication. • Earns the government income through taxes. • Facilitates the growth of urban centres • Leads to growth of industries. • Promotes national unity. • Enables goods and services to be readily available. Industries An industry is a place where raw materials are turned into useful finished products.

Types of industries There are four types of industries. These are: 1. Processing industries, which are also known as primary industries. • They change agricultural raw materials into more useful products. Processing industries are divided into food processing and non-food processing. • Food processing gives out products such as tea, sugar, coffee, milk, fish, vegetables and meat. • Non-food processing gives products such as tobacco, timber, leather, sisal, cotton and pyrethrum. 2. Manufacturing industries, also called secondary industries. • They use raw materials which are semi processed.Products for these industries include paper, cigarettes, medicine, shoes, fertilisers, glass and steel rolling. • Some manufacturing industries use raw materials directly. Examples are cement and oil refinery. 3. Assembling industries, which use parts of machines to make one complete product. • Examples are motor vehicle assembly in Mombasa, Thika and Nairobi, radio and television assembly and bicycle assembling. 4. Service industries, which provide services to the people. These are hotels and catering, tourism, banking, medical, repairs, salon and barber shops, insurance, transport and communication. Transport and communication • Transport is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. • The main forms of modern transport used in Kenya are roads, railways, airways and waterways.

Road • It is one of the oldest means of transport. • It is the most commonly used. • Roads are divided into three types. – Tarmac roads that are used in all seasons. – All weather loose surface roads or murram road. – Dry weather roads best used during the dry season. • There are two major roads that pass through and connect Kenya to countries in Africa. These are: 1. Trans-Africa Highway, starting from Mombasa to Lagos in Nigeria. 2. Great North Road, starting from Cape Town to Cairo in Egypt. Railway transport • The railway in Kenya and Uganda was first called Kenya – Uganda Railway. • Its construction started in 1896 in Mombasa and reached Kisumu in 1901. • Transport by rail carries bulky or heavy goods on land over long distances. • It is also preferred by many passengers.

Water transport • The two types of water transport in Kenya are inland and marine transport. • Inland water transport takes place on big rivers and lakes such as Victoria and Turkana. • Marine transport is the cheapest in transporting bulky imports and exports by sea. • Mombasa is Kenya’s main sea port.

Air transport • It is the fastest means of transport. • It is used to transport people and perishable goods. • Kenya has four International Airports, which are Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (J.K.I.A.) in Nairobi, Moi International Airport in Mombasa, Eldoret International Airport in Eldoret and Kisumu International Airport in Kisumu. Causes of road accidents 1. Poor roads. 2. Speeding. 3. Ignoring traffic rules by road users. 4. Driving while drunk. 5. Bad weather that hinders visibility. 6. Unqualified drivers. 7. Use of unroadworthy vehicles. 8. Use of mobile phones while driving. 9. Corrupt police officers that take bribes and allow mistakes on roads. 10. Overloading.

Ways of preventing road accidents (a) Repair poor roads (b) Penalise drivers who break traffic rules by: • speeding • driving while drunk • using unroadworthy vehicles • overloading (c) Isolating corrupt police officers. (d) Driving cautiously during bad weather. (e) Educating road users how to observe road safety. Urbanisation • It is the growth of urban centres or towns. • Kenya has many towns but the major ones are Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Eldoret, Thika and Nakuru.

Nairobi • Started as a communication centre during the construction of Kenya – Uganda Railway. • It is the largest city in Kenya. • It is Kenya’s capital city.

Functions of Nairobi • Administrative centre. • Industrial centre. • Transport centre. • Communication centre. • Educational centre. • Residential centre. • Tourist centre. • International centre. • Commercial centre. • Medical centre. Mombasa • Second largest city in Kenya. • Located along the coast. • It is Kenya’s gateway to and out of the country by sea. • Oldest city in Kenya. • Started as a result of trade.

Functions of Mombasa • It is Kenya’s sea port. • Transport centre. • Tourist centre. • Administrative centre. • Millitary centre for Kenya Navy. • Residential centre. • Industrial centre. Kisumu • It is the third largest city. • It started as a result of fishing activities. • The railway opened it up in 1901. • It links Kenya to Tanzania and Uganda.

Functions of Kisumu • Administrative centre. • Major lake port in Eastern Africa. • Industrial centre. • Residential centre. • Educational centre.

Eldoret • It started as an agricultural collection centre.

Functions of Eldoret • Industrial centre. • Communication centre. • Residential centre. • Educational centre. • Transport centre. • Medical centre. • Agricultural collection centre. • Trading centre. Thika • It started as an agricultural centre. • The town has grown due to industrial activities.

Functions of Thika • Industrial centre • Administrative centre • Agricultural centre • Tourist centre • Educational centre • Residential centre .

Nakuru • Started as an agricultural collection centre.

Functions of Nakuru • Transport centre. • Industrial centre. • Commercial centre. • Agricultural centre. • Educational centre. • Tourist centre. • Residential centre. • Administrative centre. Political development and systems

Contributions of prominent traditional leaders in Kenya Masaku

• He was son of Chief Kivoi, a long distance trader. • He was a Kamba leader, a prophet and medicineman. • Machakos town got its name from the English statement “kwa Masaku’s place”. • He foretold the coming of Europeans in Kambaland and the building of the railway. • He transferred his capital to Kangundo where he died in 1904.

Koitalel arap Samoei

• He was a famous Nandi leader, also referred to as Orkoiyot. • He was a prophet, a medicineman and military leader. • He lead his people against the Europeans who were building the railway between 1895 and 1905. • His father was called Kimnyole. • He was killed by a European called Meinertzhagen in 1906. Mekatilili wa Menza

• She was a prophetess and a medicine woman among the Giriama. • She resisted the establishment of the British rule in Giriamaland. • The British interfered with their worshipping places known as Kaya. • They also took away their fertile land. • She was arrested and imprisoned in Gusii land. Traditional forms of government The Abawanga

• Abawanga belong to the Luhya community. • Before the coming of Europeans, they were ruled by kings called “Nabongo”. • The position of Nabongo was hereditary. • The most famous Nabongo was Mumia. • Mumias town is named after him. • When the British came, the Wanga under Nabongo Mumia collaborated. • The British helped him extend his traditional rule and made him a paramount chief. • Nabongo had an army called Olukuyaba. • He died in 1949. Ameru

• Belong to the Eastern Bantu. • Were ruled by a council of elders called Njuri Ncheke. • It was made up of wise old men. • Njuri Ncheke had the following functions: (i) Solving disputes. (ii) Presiding over important ceremonies. (iii) Taught young people the community cultural values. • The Ameru had a religious leader called Mugwe. • Njuri Ncheke is still active among the Meru. Establishment of colonial rule in Kenya

• Colonialist came to Kenya after explorers and missionaries. • They forcefully took land from Africans and made them work on farms. • They settled in White Highlands where they practised agriculture. • They established administrative posts in places like Machakos, Marsabit, Meru and Kisii. • They formed a trading company, Imperial British east Africa Company (IBEACO) that administered the areas they operated in. • They declared Kenya a protectorate in 1895. • Kenya became a colony in 1920.

African response to colonial rule

• African responded to colonial rule in two ways. • Some resisted while others collaborated. Resistance

Community Leader

Nandi Koitalel Arap Samoei

Ababukusu Mukite wa Nameme

Agiriama Mekatilili wa Menza Collaboration

Community Leader

Wanga Nabongo Mumia

Maasai Oloibon Lenana

Agikuyu of Dagoretti Waiyaki wa Hinga Citizenship

Introduction A citizen is a person who belongs to a particular country.

Ways of becoming a citizen in Kenya

1. By Birth: This is when one is born in Kenya by Kenyan parents or one of the parent is a Kenyan. 2. By registration: This is when a person becomes a citizen after a successfull application. 3. Dual Citizenship: This is when one becomes a citizen of more than one country.

. Importance of trade

1. Showing respect for other people’s lives and property. 2. Obeying the law. 3. Voting during elections. 4. Taking care of the environment. 5. Being fair and honest. 6. Being loyal to the authority. 7. Being patriotic by defending one’s country and talking positively about it. 8. Paying taxes. 9. Taking care of public property. 10. Reporting law breakers to the police Importance of good citizenship

1. Promotes peace and harmony. 2. Enables people to work freely without fear. 3. Allows people to live democratically. 4. Promotes equality and justice. 5. It brings unity in the country. 6. Encourages environmental protection. 7. Taxes paid are used for development. 8. Good citizenship encourages peace which promotes economic activities such as tourism