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The Significance and Sustainability of Charcoal Production in the Changing Landscape of Dakatcha Woodland, Se Kenya

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The Significance and Sustainability of Charcoal Production in the Changing Landscape of Dakatcha Woodland, Se Kenya Master’s thesis Development Geography THE SIGNIFICANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY OF CHARCOAL PRODUCTION IN THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF DAKATCHA WOODLAND, SE KENYA Eeva Ruuska March 2012 Supervisors: Prof. Petri Pellikka and Dr. Mika Siljander UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES AND GEOGRAPHY DIVISION OF GEOGRAPHY P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a) FI-00014 University of Helsinki Finland HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET – UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion ) Faculty Laitos Institution ) Department Faculty of Science Department of Geosciences and Geography TekijäFörfattare ) Author Ruuska, Eeva Maria Työn nimi Arbetets title ) Title The Significance and Sustainability of Charcoal Production in the Changing Landscape of Dakatcha Woodland, SE Kenya Oppiaine Läroämne ) Subject Development geography Työn laji Arbetets art ) Level Aika Datum – Month and Year Sivumäärä Sidoantal – Number of Pages Master’s thesis March 2012 141 pages + 5 appendices Tiivistelmä Referat ) Abstract The study contributes to the studies of land cover change and sustainable development in Kenya. It scrutinizes the land use and land cover change (LULCC) and deforestation; forest ecosystem services and vulnerability of natural and human systems; forest management and land tenure; sustainable land management, development and livelihoods; and woodfuel energy in a Kenya and in Africa. It is a case study from Dakatcha Woodland, an un-protected global hotspot for biodiversity adjacent to the Kenyan coast. The local setting of Dakatcha Woodland; the relation of livelihoods, especially charcoal production, to the land cover change; and the environmental and socio-economic impact of land cover change in the study area, are studied in detail. The possibilities to promote sustainable development, livelihoods and ecosystem services in the area are reflected, too. The main objective of this study is to contribute to the planning of sustainable management of land and forests, and sustainable livelihoods of the local population in Dakatcha Woodland. Environment and its change affect biodiversity and ecosystems, and thus ecosystem services that all human beings rely upon. Weakened ecosystem services deteriorate the possibilities to have good living conditions and livelihoods. Dakatcha Woodland is experiencing both environmental and socio-economical problems due to uncontrolled clearance of hilltop Cynometra-Brachylaena forests for agriculture and for charcoal burning to meet the energy demands of both local population as well as to supply the nearby centres and towns. The main underlaying problems are poverty and lack of alternative income generating activities coupled with weak institutional framework and poor land tenure and management system. Drawing from a holistic research epistemology, the study resolves the study objectives with various methods. Remote sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) provide means to assess the land cover and thus the change in the state of environment. Combined with socio-economic data collected with methods often used in Development Geography they offer ways to assess the poverty- environment linkages and offer data to land and forest resource management planning. This study contributes to the existing local land cover data by analyzing four SPOT satellite images from 2005/06 and 2011, and by forming a supervised land cover classification for those years, thus scrutinizing also the change in land cover. In-situ observation, household questionnaires (90 households were assessed in October 2010) and semi-structured expert interviews (2 from October 2010 and 3 from April 2011), add to literature review in order to reveal the significance of charcoal production to local livelihoods and environment. It was found that more than half of the 90 assessed households are involved in charcoal production which is higher figure than peer studies have suggested, and that the charcoal network is a complex entity that offers income to many, but bears an negative impact on the environment. It was discovered that, like in Kenya, in Dakatcha Woodland, too, the demand for woodfuel (charcoal and fuelwood) is one of the key drivers of deforestation and land degradation. As such, woodfuel energy is a cross-cutting issue, that ties together forest resources, livelihoods and sustainable development, and demands thus further research. The woodland areas are fragmenting and the relevance of the Important Bird Area (IBA) demarcation should be questioned because it was found that the IBA has lost woodland areas to agriculture and to woody vegetation land cover classes from 2005 to 2011. The land and forest management of Dakatcha Woodland must be planned in accordance with all stakeholders in a sustainable manner, drawing from agroforestry and participatory forest management systems, and keeping environmental factors in mind for the relevance of ecosystem services that the environment offers. Sustainable future for Dakatcha Woodland is possible, but changes are needed today. Avainsanat – Nyckelord ) Keywords Kenya, Dakatcha Woodland, forest ecosystem services, land cover change, livelihood, charcoal, sustainable land and forest management, sustainable development Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited University of Helsinki, Kumpula Science Library Muita tietoja ) Övriga uppgifter ) Additional information HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET – UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion ) Faculty Laitos Institution ) Department Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta Geotieteiden ja maantieteen laitos TekijäFörfattare ) Author Ruuska, Eeva Maria Työn nimi Arbetets title ) Title Puuhiilen tuotannon merkittävyys ja kestävyys Dakatcha Woodlandin muuttuvassa maisemassa Kaakkois- Keniassa Oppiaine Läroämne ) Subject Kehitysmaantiede Työn laji Arbetets art ) Level Aika Datum – Month and Year Sivumäärä Sidoantal – Number of Pages Pro gradu Maaliskuu 2012 141 sivua + 5 liitettä Tiivistelmä Referat ) Abstract Tämä pro gradu -tutkimus tuo lisätietoa Keniaan liittyvään maanpeitteen muutoksen ja kestävän kehityksen tutkimukseen. Se tutkii maankäytön ja maanpeitteen muutosta (LULCC) ja metsäkatoa, metsäekosysteemipalveluja sekä luonnon- ja ihmissysteemien haavoittuvaisuutta, metsänhoitoa ja maanhallintaa, kestävää maanhoitoa, kehitystä ja elinkeinoja, ja puupolttoaine-energiaa Keniassa ja Afrikassa. Tutkimus on tapaustutkimus Dakatcha Woodlandin alueelta, joka on suojelematon kansainvälisesti tunnustettu luonnon monimuotoisuuden keskittymä Kenian rannikon tuntumassa. Pro gradussani tutkin erityisesti Dakatcha Woodlandin miljöötä, elinkeinojen (erityisesti puuhiilen tuotannon) vaikutusta maanpeitteen muutokseen, ja maanpeitteen muutoksen vaikutusta ympäristöön ja sosioekonomiseen tilanteeseen alueella. Tutkimuksessa pohditaan myös kestävän kehityksen, elinkeinojen ja ekosysteemipalvelujen kehittämisen mahdollisuuksia. Tutkimuksen päätavoite on myötävaikuttaa maan- ja metsänhoidon suunnitteluun ja paikallisväestön elinkeinojen kestävyyteen Dakatcha Woodlandin alueella. Ympäristö ja sen muutos vaikuttavat luonnon monimuotoisuuteen ja ekosysteemeihin, ja siten ekosysteemipalveluihin, joista kaikki ihmiset ovat riippuvaisia. Heikentyneet ekosysteemipalvelut huonontavat väestön mahdollisuuksia hyviin elinolosuhteisiin ja elinkeinoihin. Dakatcha Woodlandin alueella on havaittu sekä ympäristöön että sosioekonomiseen tilaan liittyviä ongelmia johtuen kukkuloiden Cynometra-Brachylaena – metsien hallitsemattomista hakkuista, joita on tehty maanviljelyn ja puuhiilen tuotannon vuoksi. Puuhiiltä tuotetaan sekä paikallisväestön että lähialueiden kylien ja kaupunkien energiantarpeen tyydyttämiseksi. Köyhyys ja puuttelliset toimeentulolähteet yhdistettynä heikkoon institutionaaliseen viitekehykseen ja vaillinaisiin maanomistus ja – hallintajärjestelmiin ovat perustavanlaatuiset syyt tilanteeseen. Nojaten holistiseen tutkimusotteeseen tutkimus ratkoo tutkimusongelmia monin menetelmin. Kaukokartoitus (RS) ja paikkatietojärjestelmät (GIS) tarjoavat keinoja maanpeitteen ja ympäristöntilan muutoksen tutkintaan. Yhdistettynä kehitysmaantieteen käyttämiin sosioekonomisen aineiston keruu- ja analysointimenetelmiin, ne tarjoavat sekä keinoja arvioida köyhyys-ympäristö – yhteyksiä että aineistoa maa- ja metsävarojen hoidon ja hallinnan suunnitteluun. Neljän, vuosilta 2005/06 ja 2011 olevien SPOT satelliittikuvien analysoinnin ja ohjatun maanpeitteen luokittelun kautta tämä tutkimus tuo lisätietoa jo tehtyyn maanpeitteen tutkimukseen tarkastellen maanpeitteen viimehetkistä muutosta alueella. Paikalla tehdyn havainnoinnin, kotitalouskyselyjen (90 kotitaloutta haastateltiin lokakuussa 2010) ja puoli-struktu- roitujen asiantuntijahaastattelujen (kaksi lokakuulta 2010 ja kolme huhtikuulta 2011) sekä kirjallisuus- katsauksen keinoin tutkin puuhiilentuotannon merkittävyyttä paikalliselinkeinojen ja ympäristön kannalta. Tutkimuksessa kävi ilmi, että yli puolet 90 haastatellusta kotitaloudesta osallistuu puuhiilen tuotantoon, mikä on korkeampi luku kuin rinnakkaistutkimuksissa. Puuhiilen tuotanto ja kulutus muodostavat laajan verkoston, joka tarjoaa elinkeinoja monelle, mutta jonka ympäristövaikutukset ovat usein negatiivisia. Tutkimuksessa selvisi, että puupolttoaineiden (puuhiilen ja polttopuiden) kysyntä on Dakatcha Woodlandin alueella, kuten muuallakin Keniassa, yksi merkittävimmistä metsäkadon ja maan laadun heikentymisen aiheuttajista. Puupolttoaine-energia on siten läpileikkaava teema, joka yhdistää metsävarat,
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