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Relations Between the Italians and African Communities in Malindi, Kilifi County, Kenya, 1963-2007

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Relations Between the Italians and African Communities in Malindi, Kilifi County, Kenya, 1963-2007 RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ITALIANS AND AFRICAN COMMUNITIES IN MALINDI, KILIFI COUNTY, KENYA, 1963-2007 BY NJERU NICHOLAS NYAGA C50/CE/27854/2013 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER, 2019 ii DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been submitted for a degree in any other university. _______________________Signature Date______________________ Njeru Nicholas Nyaga Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision. ____________________________ Signature Date___________________ Dr. Peter W. Wafula Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies, Kenyatta University. ______________________Signature Date______________________________ Dr. Joel M. Imbisi Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies, Kenyatta University. iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my wife Olinda Mukami and my son Dan-Alves Murithi. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the Almighty God for the gift of health, life and sound mind to undertake my studies at Kenyatta University. I am grateful to Kenyatta University for offering me the opportunity to undertake my Masters of Arts studies in History. My stay at Kenyatta University offered me a good opportunity to interact with scholars as well as initiating me into the world of scholarship. I would also like to appreciate my supervisors Dr. Peter Wekesa wafula and Dr. Joel Imbisi for their tireless efforts and academic guidance which led to the success and completion of this thesis. I acknowledge the support and contributions of my numerous respondent without which this work could have not been realized. I would also like to thank Dr. Pius Kakai, Dr. Edward. Kisiang‘ani, Dr, Washington Ndiri, Dr. Gordon Omenya and Dr. Isaiah Oduor for their input and guidance which contributed to the success of this work. I cannot forget my postgraduate colleagues, Ms. Betty Kagwiria, Mr. Ashoya Cosnet and Charles Ojiambo who shared their views with me when the going got tough at some point. My sincere thanks also go to the entire staff of History, Archaelogy and Political studies of Kenyatta University for their moral support during my studies. I would like to acknowledge my wife who has been very patient with me as well as my dad, mum and entire family for their Prayers. I also acknowledge the encouragement as well as financial and moral support from my brothers and sisters. I am also indebted to my uncle Rev. Peterson Kithaka and his family for the moral support which enabled me to stay in Nairobi as I pursued my studies. James Omondi and Alfred Anangwe of the Kenya National Archives were of a great support to me and I say thank you. It is impossible to name all the people who supported me on this journey but to all of them, I owe my greatest appreciation. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION............................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION.................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... ix GLOSSARY OF TERMS ................................................................................................ xi OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS .............................................................. xii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background of the Study .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 The Statement of the Problem....................................................................................... 5 1.3 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Research Premises ........................................................................................................ 7 1.6 Justification and Significance of the Study ................................................................... 8 1.7 The Scope and the Limitation of the Study .................................................................. 9 1.8 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................... 11 1.8.1 Review of the Related Literature ............................................................................. 11 1.9 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................... 19 1.10 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................ 26 1.10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 26 1.10.2 Research design ..................................................................................................... 26 1.10.3 Study Locale .......................................................................................................... 26 1.10.4 Target Population ................................................................................................... 27 1.10.5 Research Instruments ............................................................................................. 27 1.10.6 Methods of Data Collection ................................................................................... 28 1.10.7 Data Analyses ........................................................................................................ 29 1.10.8 Data Management and Ethical Consideration........................................................ 29 1.11 Summary and Conclusion ......................................................................................... 30 vi CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................ 31 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE PEOPLE OF MALINDI UPTO 1963 ................................................................ 31 2. 0 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 31 2.1 Origins and the Settlements of the People of Malindi………………………..……..31 2.2 Economic Organization .............................................................................................. 35 2.3 Socio-political Organization ....................................................................................... 45 2.4 Summary and Conclusion ........................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................ 62 THE AFRO-ITALIAN SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN MALINDI DURING THE POST-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD, 1963-1990 . 62 3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 62 3.1 The Afro-Italian agreement of 1963 -The Launch of San Marco Research Base in Malindi, Ngomeni ................................................................................................. 63 3.2 Kenyan Mission to Italy, 1965 .................................................................................... 68 3.3 Tourist promotion in Malindi and Watamu, 1969 ...................................................... 70 3.4 The Afro-Italians‘ Socio-Economic Relations in Malindi .......................................... 72 3.4.1. Afro-Italians‘ Relations in Tourism Industry ......................................................... 72 3.4.2 African-Italian Participation in Trading, Mining and Fishing Activities in Malindi, 1969-1990 ............................................................................................................. 79 3.4.3 Afro-Italian interactions on Land Ownership in Malindi Township and Watamu .. 84 3.5 The Afro-Italians Social –Cultural Relations 1963-1990 ........................................... 89 3.5.1 Education and Health ............................................................................................... 89 3.5.2 Housing and Sanitation ............................................................................................ 91 3.5.3 Prostitution and Crime ............................................................................................. 96 3.5.4 Language and Culture ............................................................................................ 100 3.6 Summary and Conclusion ......................................................................................... 106 vii CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................... 108 AFRO-ITALIAN RELATIONS
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