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Organized Crime Law Enforcement Executive FORUM Organized Crime June 2009 Law Enforcement Executive Forum Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute Western Illinois University 1 University Circle Macomb, IL 61455-1390 www.ILETSBEI.com Senior Editor Thomas J. Jurkanin, PhD Editor Vladimir A. Sergevnin, PhD Associate Editors Jennifer M. Allen, PhD Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, North Georgia College and State University Barry Anderson, JD School of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, Western Illinois University Tony Barringer, EdD Division of Justice Studies, Florida Gulf Coast University Lewis Bender, PhD Department of Public Administration and Policy Analysis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville Michael Bolton, PhD Chair, Department of Criminal Justice and Sociology, Marymount University Dennis Bowman, PhD School of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, Western Illinois University Becky K. da Cruz Criminal Justice and Law and Society, Armstrong Atlantic State University Jose de Arimateia da Cruz Political Science and Comparative Politics, Armstrong Atlantic State University Weysan Dun Special Agent-in-Charge, FBI, Newark Division Kenneth Durkin, MA School of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, Western Illinois University Larry Hoover, PhD Director, Police Research Center, Sam Houston State University William Lewinski, PhD Director, Force Science Research Center, Minnesota State University William McCamey, PhD School of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, Western Illinois University John Millner State Senator of 28th District, Illinois General Assembly Stephen A. Morreale, DPA School of Public Policy and Administration/Criminal Justice, Walden University Gregory Boyce Morrison Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Ball State University Michael J. Palmiotto Wichita State University Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2009 • 9(2) Law Enforcement Executive FORUM Organized Crime June 2009 Associate Editors (cont.) Gene L. Scaramella, PhD Dean of Graduate Studies, Ellis College of New York Institute of Technology Wayne Schmidt, LL.M., JD Director, Americans for Effective Law Enforcement Editorial Production Document and Publication Services, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois Production Assistant Linda Brines The Law Enforcement Executive Forum is published four times per year by the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute located at Western Illinois University in Macomb, Illinois. There will also be a monograph published in the summer. Subscription: $40 (see last page) ISSN 1552-9908 No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission of the publisher. Disclaimerº Reasonable effort has been made to make the articles herein accurate and consistent. Please address questions about individual articles to their respective author(s). Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2009 • 9(2) Table of Contents Editorial ................................................................................................................. i Thomas J. Jurkanin Organized Crime and Investigations Drug Cartels: The War on Drugs and Organized Crime at the Southwest Border ............................................................................................... 1 Bonnie A. Rudolph Transnational Crime in the 21st Century: Regulating Cyber Crime in a Global Society ............................................................................................. 11 José de Arimatéia da Cruz Becky Kohler da Cruz The Weakest Link: The Dire Consequences of a Weak Link in the Informant Handling and Covert Operations Chain-of-Command .......... 21 Michael Levine Criminal Activity Among Young Adults in the Club Scene ........................ 47 Steven P. Kurtz James A. Inciardi Elisa Pujals Arizona v. Johnson, Frisks in the Traffic Stop Context: “Just a Little of That Human Touch” ........................................................................... 61 Tom “Tad” Hughes Attitudes Toward Illegal Immigration and Their Impact on Support for Immigration Policies ................................................................... 75 Jason A. Daza Shannon K. Fowler Alejandro del Carmen Police Administration and Leadership Thinking Toward the Future: Dynamic Simulation as a Planning Tool for Police Administration ........................................................................ 91 Matthew Jones Authority Versus Power: Implications for Law Enforcement Leaders ....... 101 Brian D. Fitch The Need for Situational Awareness Assessment: Tools to Improve Police Decision-Making Competence (Part One) ........................................ 109 Hyeyoung Lim David Webb Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2009 • 9(2) Police Practices and Perceptions of Public Safety: The Impact of Community Policing ............................................................... 121 Randy L. LaGrange Liz Marie Marciniak Terrorism Radiological Risk Assessment of Direct Irradiation of Biosolids by Terrorists ......................................................................................................... 133 Terrence James Stoke Terrorism and the Media ..................................................................................... 151 Dennis Giannisopoulos Theory Theories of Punishment and Their Influence on the Treatment of Sex Offenders ...................................................................................................... 159 David Burlingame Frank Hughes International Trends in Regional Criminal Groups and Their Control over the Russian Economy ............................................................................................... 175 Serguei Cheloukhine Vladimir Sergevnin Materials/publications are available through the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute. Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2009 • 9(2) Editorial I want to welcome new as well as long-time readers of the Law Enforcement Executive Forum to this latest edition. This edition provides readers with a number of insightful articles related to police administration and leadership, criminal investigations, and terrorism. Consistent with the mission of the Forum, the articles presented are written by academics and practitioners alike, with the purpose of guiding professional service delivery based upon research and best practice examinations. On a personal note, the publication of this edition coincides with a transition I am making in my professional career. For the past 17 years, I have had the privilege and honor to work with thousands of police administrators in my capacity as Executive Director of the Illinois POST (Police Officers Training and Standards Board). During this time, I am proud of the accomplishments achieved in founding the Illinois Law Enforcement Executive Institute and the Forum. Both projects, now institutionalized, are designed to promote police professionalism, with special attention given to the critical role of informed and intelligent leadership. I have recently announced my retirement from the State of Illinois and the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board after a total of 34 years in law enforcement. I have accepted a faculty position in the Department of Criminal Justice Administration at Middle Tennessee State University. However, I will remain as Senior Editor of the Law Enforcement Executive Forum. In reflecting upon a career of working with police administrators and officers, I am filled with confidence about the future of the profession. The men and women who choose to serve others leave a legacy of unselfish commitment. The following quote by Albert Schwietzer underscores this notion: “I don’t know what your destiny will be, but one thing I know: the only ones among you who will be really happy are those of you who have sought and found how to serve.” Thomas J. Jurkanin, PhD Senior Editor Executive Director, Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2009 • 9(2) i Drug Cartels: The War on Drugs and Organized Crime at the Southwest Border Bonnie A. Rudolph, Department of Applied Behavioral Science and Criminal Justice, Texas A&M International University In terms of its sheer magnitude, drug trafficking represents the greatest organized crime threat in the world today (Galeotti, 2005). Some argue that drug trafficking is the “linchpin” of transnational crime (Grayson, 2005). The United Nations’ Center for International Crime Prevention states, “The economic incentives for the illicit drug trade serve to make organized trafficking extremely durable” (Newman, 1999, p. xviii). The United Nations (UN) Office on Drugs and Crime (2003) estimated that approximately $76 billion in retail sales of illegal drugs occur in the United States annually. Globally, it is estimated that drug trafficking is a $500 billion business (Galeotti, 2005). Mexico is a growing source of the narcotics trafficked into the U.S. (Bagley, 2005), and Mexico and Texas share a 1,200 mile border that is difficult to patrol and perhaps impossible to seal. Just the most southern portion of this shared border stretches for six hundred plus rugged miles from Brownsville at the south to Big Bend National Park at the north. This paper serves to provide a basic overview of the organized drug trade and its impacts along the Southwest border. The author also reports on the current status of the “War on Drugs” in this locale and suggests additional strategies.
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