1. Introduction
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Has Joint Implementation Reduced GHG Emissions? Lessons Learned for the Design of Carbon Market Mechanisms
Stockholm Environment Institute, Working Paper 2015-07 Has Joint Implementation reduced GHG emissions? Lessons learned for the design of carbon market mechanisms Anja Kollmuss, Lambert Schneider and Vladyslav Zhezherin Stockholm Environment Institute Linnégatan 87D 104 51 Stockholm Sweden Tel: +46 8 674 7070 Fax: +46 8 674 7020 Web: www.sei-international.org Author contact: Anja Kollmuss, [email protected] Director of Communications: Robert Watt Editors: Elaine Beebe and Marion Davis Cover photo: A steel plant in Ukraine with a coal waste heap in the background. Photo © Mykola Ivashchenko. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educa- tional or non-profit purposes, without special permission from the copyright holder(s) provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose, without the written permission of the copyright holder(s). About SEI Working Papers: The SEI working paper series aims to expand and accelerate the availability of our research, stimulate discussion, and elicit feedback. SEI working papers are work in progress and typically contain preliminary research, analysis, findings, and recom- mendations. Many SEI working papers are drafts that will be subsequently revised for a refereed journal or book. Other papers share timely and innovative knowledge that we consider valuable and policy-relevant, but which may not be intended for later publication. Copyright © August 2015 by Stockholm Environment Institute STOCKHOLM ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER NO. 2015-07 Has Joint Implementation reduced GHG emissions? Lessons learned for the design of carbon market mechanisms Anja Kollmuss, Lambert Schneider Stockholm Environment Institute – U.S. -
Moscow, Russia
Moscow, Russia INGKA Centres The bridge 370 STORES 38,6 MLN to millions of customers VISITORS ANNUALLY From families to fashionistas, there’s something for everyone meeting place where people connect, socialise, get inspired, at MEGA Belaya Dacha that connects people with inspirational experience new things, shop, eat and naturally feel attracted lifestyle experiences. Supported by IKEA, with more than to spend time. 370 stores, family entertainment and on-trend leisure and dining Our meeting places will meet people's needs & desires, build clusters — it’s no wonder millions of visitors keep coming back. trust and make a positive difference for local communities, Together with our partners and guests we are creating a great the planet and the many people. y w h e Mytischi o k v s la Khimki s o r a Y e oss e sh sko kov hel D RING RO c IR AD h ov Hwy TH S ziast ntu MOSCOW E Reutov The Kremlin Ryazansky Avenue Zheleznodorozhny Volgogradskiy Prospect Lyubertsy Kuzminki y Lyublino Kotelniki w H e o Malakhovka k s v a Dzerzhinsky h s r Zhukovskiy a Teply Stan V Catchment Areas People Distance Kashirskoe Hwy Lytkarino Novoryazanskoe Hwy ● Primary 1,600,000 < 20 km ● Secondary 1,600,000 20–35 km ● Tertiary 3,800,000 35–47 km Gorki Total area: <47 km: 7,000,000 Leninskiye Volodarskogo 55% 25 3 METRO 34 MIN CUSTOMERS BUS ROUTES STATIONS AVERAGE COME BY CAR NEAR BY COMMUTE TIME A region with Loyal customers MEGA Belaya Dacha is located at the heart of the very dynamic population development in strong potential the South-East of Moscow and attracts shoppers from all over Moscow and surrounding areas. -
The Supplementarity Challenge: CDM, JI & EU Emissions Trading
Policy Paper Nr. 1/2004 Erstellt im März 2004 The Supplementarity Challenge: CDM, JI & EU Emissions Trading This policy paper is a contribution to the ongoing discussion on the Commission’s proposal for a directive ‘amending the Directive 2003/…/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, in respect of the Kyoto Protocol’s project mechanisms’ (henceforward called Proposed Directive and ET Directive respectively). It is largely based on a policy brief that has been produced within the framework of the IEEP/Ecologic contract ‘External expertise on emerging regulatory and policy issues within the responsibility of the EP Environment Committee’ (project EP/IV/A/2003/09/01). This policy brief can be downloaded from the European Parliaments website at http://www.europarl.eu.int/comparl/envi/externalexpertise/default_en.htm. The focus of this paper is on the question of supplementarity in the context of linking the project-based mechanisms CDM and JI to the EU Emission Allowance Trading. The EU 15 as a whole as well as many of its member states will find it very difficult to achieve compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. It might therefore become necessary to make use of the flexibility provided by the Kyoto Protocol. However, the EU’s credibility crucially depends on meeting the supplementarity requirement, i.e. achieving at least 50% of its emission reductions through domestic action. The relevant provision contained in the Proposed Directive is not comprehensive enough to guarantee this outcome, the authors therefore recommend that a more wide-ranging approach is taken. Introduction: The Situation in the EU with Respect to Compliance with the Kyoto Protocol Most of the EU 15 member states will have to make significant additional efforts to achieve compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. -
Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Soils
Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Soils A Multidisciplinary Approach to Innovative Methods Bearbeitet von Alessandro Piccolo 1. Auflage 2012. Buch. xiv, 310 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 642 23384 5 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 649 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Geologie, Geographie, Klima, Umwelt > Geologie > Bodenkunde, Sedimentologie Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. Chapter 2 The Kyoto Protocol and European and Italian Regulations in Agriculture Davide Savy, Antonio Nebbioso, Rocı´oDa´nica Co´ndor, and Marina Vitullo Abstract Climate change represents the most important challenge for the interna- tional scientific community, for the inherent and irreversible modification brought about in natural ecosystems. International institutions increasingly adopt measures to promote preservation of ecosystems and counteract the social and economical consequences of environmental decline. Here we review the actions undertaken by both the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), aimed to stabilize and reduce concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) in atmosphere, including the Kyoto Protocol that obliges developed countries to provide the political and legal framework to meet the Protocol’s expectations. Moreover, it is mandatory for national policies to reduce the occurrence of main risky events, such as landslides, floods, and desertification processes, whose frequency have rapidly risen in the Mediterranean regions mostly susceptible to climatic changes. -
Download 'Market Study on Greenhouse Sector in the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan Republic'
MARKET STUDY GREENHOUSE SECTOR IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND KAZAKHSTAN REPUBLIC January 2020 1 Ltd. «Rusmarketconsulting» www.agricons.ru, [email protected] +7 (812) 712 50 14 CONTENT METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 5 THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ............................................................................................................ 9 1 GREENHOUSE SECTOR SITUATION ........................................................................................ 9 1.1 RUSSIA IN THE WORLD ................................................................................................. 9 1.2 AREA AND STRUCTURE OF GREENHOUSES IN RUSSIA....................................... 10 1.3 MAIN TYPES OF PRODUCTS ...................................................................................... 13 1.4 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE SECTORS ....................................................................... 14 1.4.1 PRODUCTION OF GREENHOUSE VEGETABLES ....................................................................... 14 1.4.2 PRODUCTION OF CUT FLOWERS ................................................................................................ 16 1.4.3 PRODUCTION OF SEEDLINGS AND POTTED PLANTS .............................................................. 21 1.5 PRODUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GROWN VEGETABLES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION .......................................................................................................................... -
IKEA CENTRES RUSSIA IKEA Centres — One Vision Across 43 SHOPPING the Globe CENTRES
Places to meet, discover and be inspired IKEA CENTRES RUSSIA IKEA Centres — one vision across 43 SHOPPING the globe CENTRES WORLDWIDE 450MILLION Clear and simple VISITORS GLOBALLY Unique and visionary The IKEA brand was founded on amazing shopping experiences that people love. And it is this same principle that we at IKEA Centres Russia apply to our shopping malls. Making it possible for everyone to enjoy better everyday MILLION lives. 3.4 IKEA Centres is IKEA Group’s global shopping centre company — present in China, Europe and Russia, owning and operating 43 shopping centres in 15 countries, totalling more than 3.4 million m2 of GLA with over 450 million М² GLA visitors annually. 15 COUNTRIES RUSSIA CHINA CZECH REPUBLIC FINLAND FRANCE NORWAY POLAND PORTUGAL SLOVAKIA SPAIN GERMANY ITALY SWEDEN SWITZERLAND CROATIA 265 Million visitors across Russia IKEA Centres in Russia 5.5 Great opportunities billion to grow your business euro sales in 15 years Russia At IKEA Centres Russia, we speak your language. We OF PROVEN know it’s not easy entering a new market, no matter SUCCESS how big the opportunity. That’s why our English speaking team of local market experts is committed to exceeding your expectations. Supported by IKEA Centres global resources and with 15 million m2 years of proven success in the region, we’ve become the modern retail space biggest shopping developer in Russia. Our MEGA branded 21 in Russia,2016 shopping centres are located in Russia’s 11 largest cities with more than 265 million visitors annually. We have the experience and the talent to deliver appealing cities 2 2 market conditions for entering and taking advantage of 11 m million m2 retail stock per Russia’s fast-developing retail market. -
4. Markets for Carbon Offsets
4. Markets for carbon offsets Widely dismissed as far-fetched only a few years ago, today there is a strengthening scientific consensus that global warming is a real and dangerous phenomenon. Global warming results from what scientists refer to as the Greenhouse Effect, which is caused by the build up of greenhouse gases (GHGs) including carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, in the atmosphere. GHGs absorb heat radiated from the Earth’s surface and, in the past, have been responsible for maintaining the Earth’s temperature at an average 15 degrees Celsius. Over the twentieth century the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change, an international group of leading climate scientists set up to advise the United Nations’ Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), estimates that a 30% increase in atmospheric GHG levels has caused world temperatures to rise 0.6 degrees Celsius. By far the largest contributor has been fossil fuel burning, which accounts for about 75% of the increase in GHG, followed by forest degradation and deforestation, accounting for an estimated 20%. The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change has predicted that at present rates, temperatures will increase by a further 1.4 – 5.8 degrees Celsius over the next 100 years (IPCC, 2001). The increase in global temperatures will have uncertain implications for humans, but the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change posits several potential impacts including rising sea levels, more severe climatic events, coastal erosion, increased salinisation, loss of protective coral reefs, increased desertification, damaged forest ecosystems and increased disease. Poor people are particularly vulnerable to global warming. -
Governing Large-Scale Carbon Dioxide Removal: Are We Ready? November 2018
Governing large-scale carbon dioxide removal: are we ready? November 2018 Carnegie an initiative of Climate Geoengineering Governance Initiative This report was funded by the Carnegie Climate Geoengineering Governance Initiative (C2G2) which is an initiative of the Carnegie Council for Ethics and International Affairs. The report was prepared in partnership between Climate Analytics and C2G2. Any views expressed in this report are solely those of its authors, and do not reflect any official positions nor those of other contributors or reviewers. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for education or non-profit purposes without special permission from C2G2, provided acknowledgement or proper referencing of the source is made. Suggested citation: Mace, M.J., Fyson, C.L., Schaeffer, M., Hare, W.L. (2018). Governing large-scale carbon dioxide removal: are we ready? Carnegie Climate Geoengineering Governance Initiative (C2G2), November 2018, New York, US. Acknowledgments: The authors are grateful to the C2G2 team for coordinating, contributing to, and supporting this paper. The authors would also like to thank the following for very helpful conversations and insights that improved this paper: Katia Simeonova, Sabine Fuss, Anke Herold, Feja Lesniewska, Florian Claeys, Christine Dragisic, Ian Fry, Ursula Fuentes Hutfilter, Eduardo Reyes, Kuki Soejachmoen and Maria Cristina Urrutia Villanueva. The authors would also like to express their gratitude to a number of anonymous reviewers for their much-appreciated comments -
Understanding Land Use in the UNFCCC
Understanding Land Use in the UNFCCC MAY 2014 Understanding Land Use in the UNFCCC Peter Iversen Donna Lee Marcelo Rocha MAY 2014 The authors would like to express their gratitude to the following people for their review of this document: Paulo Canaveira, Geoffrey Davis, Pipa Elias, Sandro Federici, Jason Funk, Thelma Krug, John Lanchberry, Brian Mantlana, Till Neeff, Jim Penman, Karin Simonson, Shira Yoffe, and Dan Zarin. The authors also thank Paulo Canaveira and Robert O’Sullivan for their special contributions to this report, and Eszter Szocs (Visilio Design) for the graphic design of this report. Comments received during peer review were considered and incorporated by the authors in their sole discretion. All errors are the sole responsibility of the authors. Please cite this report as Iversen P., Lee D., and Rocha M., (2014) Understanding Land Use in the UNFCCC The views contained in this document are the views of the authors in their personal capacity. The document does not necessarily represent the views of any government, the peer reviewers, or the funders. Financial support was provided by the Climate and Land Use Alliance. The Forest Carbon, Markets, and Communities (FCMC) program provided financial and technical support. Understanding Land Use in the UNFCCC 1 Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Why was this Guide created? ................................................................................................. 3 1.2. What is “land use”? ................................................................................................................. 3 1.3. Why is land use different from other sectors? ......................................................................... 5 1.4. Why is land use important and what is its relative contribution to GHG emissions? ............... 9 2. Guidance for reporting and accounting land use under the UNFCCC ....... -
Sections 4.2 and 4.3
Introduction 4.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the supplementary methods and good practice guidance specifically linked to the land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities in the Kyoto Protocol and gives full consideration to the requirements and methodologies for measuring, estimating and reporting of activities under Article 3.3, and under Article 3.4 (if elected by a Party). The supplementary methods and good practice guidance of this chapter apply generally to those Parties listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol that have ratified the Protocol. This chapter also provides good practice guidance for LULUCF projects hosted by Parties listed in Annex B (Article 6 projects) and afforestation / reforestation projects hosted by Parties not listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol 1 (Article 12, Clean Development Mechanism or CDM projects), see Section 4.3. Under the Kyoto Protocol, Parties are to report emissions by sources and removals by sinks of CO2 and other greenhouse gases resulting from LULUCF activities under Article 3.3, namely afforestation (A), reforestation (R) and deforestation (D) that occurred since 1990. They are also to report any elected human-induced activities under Article 3.4, which can be: forest management, revegetation, cropland management and grazing land management.2 In the commitment period Parties have to report annually, along with their annual reports of greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks, supplementary information related to LULUCF under the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol and the Marrakesh Accords to ensure compliance with their emission-limitation and reduction commitments.3 The annual reporting requirement does not imply a need for annual measurements; however, Parties are expected to develop systems that combine measurements, models and other tools that enable them to report on an annual basis. -
City Abakan Achinsk Almetyevsk Anapa Arkhangelsk Armavir Artem Arzamas Astrakhan Balakovo Barnaul Bataysk Belaya Kholunitsa Belg
City Moscow Abakan Achinsk Almetyevsk Anapa Arkhangelsk Armavir Artem Arzamas Astrakhan Balakovo Barnaul Bataysk Belaya Kholunitsa Belgorod Berdsk Berezniki Biysk Blagoveshensk Bor Bolshoi Kamen Bratsk Bryansk Cheboksary Chelyabinsk Cherepovets Cherkessk Chita Chuvashiya Region Derbent Dimitrovgrad Dobryanka Ekaterinburg Elets Elista Engels Essentuki Gelendzhik Gorno-Altaysk Grozny Gubkin Irkutsk Ivanovo Izhevsk Kaliningrad Kaluga Kamensk-Uralsky Kamyshin Kaspiysk Kazan - Innopolis Kazan - metro Kazan - over-ground Kemerovo Khabarovsk Khanty-Mansiysk Khasavyurt Kholmsk Kirov Kislovodsk Komsomolsk-na- Amure Kopeysk Kostroma Kovrov Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk area Kurgan Kursk Kyzyl Labytnangi Lipetsk Luga Makhachkala Magadan Magnitogorsk Maykop Miass Michurinsk Morshansk Moscow Airport Express Moscow area (74 live cities) Aprelevka Balashikha Belozerskiy Bronnitsy Vereya Vidnoe Volokolamsk Voskresensk Vysokovsk Golitsyno Dedovsk Dzerzhinskiy Dmitrov Dolgprudny Domodedovo Drezna Dubna Egoryevsk Zhukovskiy Zaraysk Zvenigorod Ivanteevka Istra Kashira Klin Kolomna Korolev Kotelniki Krasnoarmeysk Krasnogorsk Krasnozavodsk Krasnoznamensk Kubinka Kurovskoe Lokino-Dulevo Lobnya Losino-Petrovskiy Lukhovitsy Lytkarino Lyubertsy Mozhaysk Mytischi Naro-Fominsk Noginsk Odintsovo Ozery Orekhovo-Zuevo Pavlovsky-Posad Peresvet Podolsk Protvino Pushkino Pushchino Ramenskoe Reutov Roshal Ruza Sergiev Posad Serpukhov Solnechnogorsk Old Kupavna Stupino Taldom Fryazino Khimki Khotkovo Chernogolovka Chekhov Shatura Schelkovo Elektrogorsk Elektrostal Elektrougli Yakhroma -
Carbon Market
4/27/2011 Carbon markets Miguel E. LEAL Wildlife Conservation Society REDD specialist Outline – What are carbon markets? – Voluntary vs. regulatory – International negotiations (summary) – Current trends – Ugandan involvement 1 4/27/2011 What is the carbon market? • The carbon market is like any other market, but in this particular market “people” are shopping for “carbon credits” measured in tCO2e. – Emission Reduction Units (ERU) – Certified Emission reduction (CER) – Verified Emissions Reductions (VER) – Removal Units (RMU) Source: Freefoto.com Who are the shoppers? • Compliance shopper, i.e. (big) carbon emitters from Europe • Pre- compliance shoppers, i.e. (big) carbon emitters from the US • Voluntary shoppers, e.g. corporations (CSR), individuals, (N)GOs 2 4/27/2011 Who are the sellers? • Developing countries, i.e. Lower emission countries or with large tracks of forests – China, India, Indonesia, Brazil • Developed countries, i.e. countries trading off their surplus in carbon credits – A country like Sweden has reduced its emissions far below its 5.2% obligation The compliance shopper • from EU, under the Kyoto Protocol every ratifying country has to reduce its national emissions to 5,2% below their emissions back in 1990. Top ten emitters: Example: the Netherlands 1. China – 17% Emissions target: 200.1 MtCO2e/y (-6%) 2. United States – 16% 1990: 212.9 MtCO2e/y 3. European Union – 11% 4. Indonesia - 6% 2004: 217.8 MtCO2e/y (8.8%) 5. India – 5% 6. Russia – 5% Problem: increase of 8.8% 7. Brazil – 4% Solution: purchase of 20MtCO2e/y 8. Japan– 3% 9. Canada – 2% 10. Mexico – 2% End total: 197.8 MtCO2e/y (MNP, 2007) 3 4/27/2011 The pre-compliance shopper • from US, certain industries (mainly power companies) have to comply with newly emerging state emission requirements Top ten emitters: Example: California (AB 32) 1.