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Plutonium Oxide Water Reactor Fuel on Spent Fuel Management No IAEA Nuclear Energy Series IAEA Nuclear No. NF-T-3.8 No. Management Fuel Spent on Fuel Reactor Water Oxide Uranium-Plutonium Mixed and Oxide Uranium Burnup High of Impact IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. NF-T-3.8 Basic Impact of High Burnup Principles Uranium Oxide and Mixed Uranium– Objectives Plutonium Oxide Water Reactor Fuel on Spent Guides Fuel Management Technical Reports INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978–92–0–114310–5 ISSN 1995–7807 11-19291_P1490_cover.indd 1 2011-07-25 13:37:51 IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES PUBLICATIONS STRUCTURE OF THE IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES Under the terms of Articles III.A and VIII.C of its Statute, the IAEA is authorized to foster the exchange of scientific and technical information on the peaceful uses of atomic energy. The publications in the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series provide information in the areas of nuclear power, nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste management and decommissioning, and on general issues that are relevant to all of the above mentioned areas. The structure of the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series comprises three levels: 1 — Basic Principles and Objectives; 2 — Guides; and 3 — Technical Reports. The Nuclear Energy Basic Principles publication describes the rationale and vision for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Nuclear Energy Series Objectives publications explain the expectations to be met in various areas at different stages of implementation. Nuclear Energy Series Guides provide high level guidance on how to achieve the objectives related to the various topics and areas involving the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports provide additional, more detailed, information on activities related to the various areas dealt with in the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series. The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series publications are coded as follows: NG — general; NP — nuclear power; NF — nuclear fuel; NW — radioactive waste management and decommissioning. In addition, the publications are available in English on the IAEA’s Internet site: http://www.iaea.org/Publications/index.html For further information, please contact the IAEA at PO Box 100, Vienna International Centre, 1400 Vienna, Austria. All users of the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series publications are invited to inform the IAEA of experience in their use for the purpose of ensuring that they continue to meet user needs. Information may be provided via the IAEA Internet site, by post, at the address given above, or by email to [email protected]. 11-19291_P1490_cover.indd 2 2011-07-25 13:37:51 IMPACT OF HIGH BURNUP URANIUM OXIDE AND MIXED URANIUM–PLUTONIUM OXIDE WATER REACTOR FUEL ON SPENT FUEL MANAGEMENT The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA NORWAY ALBANIA GREECE OMAN ALGERIA GUATEMALA PAKISTAN ANGOLA HAITI PALAU ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PANAMA ARMENIA HONDURAS PARAGUAY AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PERU AUSTRIA ICELAND PHILIPPINES AZERBAIJAN INDIA POLAND BAHRAIN INDONESIA PORTUGAL BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF QATAR BELARUS IRAQ REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELGIUM IRELAND ROMANIA BELIZE ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BENIN ITALY SAUDI ARABIA BOLIVIA JAMAICA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SENEGAL BOTSWANA JORDAN SERBIA BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SEYCHELLES BULGARIA KENYA SIERRA LEONE BURKINA FASO KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE BURUNDI KUWAIT SLOVAKIA CAMBODIA KYRGYZSTAN SLOVENIA CAMEROON LATVIA SOUTH AFRICA CANADA LEBANON SPAIN CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SRI LANKA REPUBLIC LIBERIA SUDAN CHAD LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA SWEDEN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CHINA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CONGO MADAGASCAR THAILAND COSTA RICA MALAWI THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CÔTE DIVOIRE MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CROATIA MALI TUNISIA CUBA MALTA TURKEY CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS UGANDA CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UKRAINE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES OF THE CONGO MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF DENMARK MONACO GREAT BRITAIN AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONGOLIA NORTHERN IRELAND ECUADOR MONTENEGRO EGYPT MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC EL SALVADOR MOZAMBIQUE OF TANZANIA ERITREA MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ESTONIA NAMIBIA URUGUAY ETHIOPIA NEPAL UZBEKISTAN FINLAND NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA FRANCE NEW ZEALAND VIETNAM GABON NICARAGUA YEMEN GEORGIA NIGER ZAMBIA GERMANY NIGERIA ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES No. NF-T-3.8 IMPACT OF HIGH BURNUP URANIUM OXIDE AND MIXED URANIUM–PLUTONIUM OXIDE WATER REACTOR FUEL ON SPENT FUEL MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2011 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2011 Printed by the IAEA in Austria June 2011 STI/PUB/1490 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Impact of high burnup uranium oxide and mixed uranium-plutonium oxide water reactor fuel on spent fuel management. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2011. p. ; 29 cm. — (IAEA nuclear energy series, ISSN 1995-7807 ; no. NF- T-3.8) STI/PUB/1490 ISBN 978-92-0-114310-5 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Uranium as fuel. 2. Mixed oxide fuels (Nuclear engineering). 3. Spent reactor fuels — Management. 4. Nuclear fuels — Analysis. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series. IAEAL 11-00688 FOREWORD The use of uranium oxide (UOX) nuclear fuel with higher enrichments and burnups has been increasing around the world as the reliability of UOX fuel increases and the economics of moving to higher burnup fuel improves. Burnup extension affects all important stages of the nuclear fuel cycle and thus concerns the entire nuclear industry. There are many aspects of switching to higher burnup UOX or MOX fuels, such as reliability, safety, sustainability and economics that decision makers should take into account prior to switching fuels or increasing the burnup limits. The potential changes to the fuel rods and assemblies will affect the operation of the components of the back end of the fuel cycle, in particular, wet and dry storage, transportation and final disposition by either direct disposal in a repository or reprocessing. This report provides information on the impacts on spent fuel management to those countries operating LWRs and HWRs with zirconium alloy-clad UOX fuels who are considering the use of higher burnup UOX or the introduction of reprocessing and MOX fuels. Despite intensive studies of extended burnup, there continues to be a need for additional information since the first Water Reactor Fuel Extended Burnup Study (WREBUS, started in 1988) was conducted. This report has compiled the latest available data on high burnup of UOX and MOX fuels and their potential influence on spent fuel management. The analysis in this report is focused on the back end of the fuel cycle. It compares lower burnup UOX fuel and cladding types from LWRs and HWRs having zirconium alloy based cladding and structural materials to either higher burnup UOX or MOX for the same reactors and cladding types. This publication is a result of a technical meeting in 2001 followed by six consultants meetings. The last two meetings, when this report was finalized, were held in 2006 and 2007. The contributions of the meeting participants and assistance from other experts are appreciated. Special acknowledgement is given to R. Einziger and W. Goll for their assistance in compiling this report. The IAEA officers responsible for this publication were Z. Lovasic and X. Zou of the Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology. EDITORIAL NOTE This report has been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA to the extent considered necessary for the reader’s assistance. It does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. CONTENTS SUMMARY . 1 1. INTRODUCTION . 3 1.1. Background. 3 1.2. Objective. 3 1.3. Scope of the report . 3 1.4. Reactor types. 4 1.4.1. Light water reactors . 4 1.4.2. Pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) . 5 1.4.3. Other reactor types . 5 1.5. Nuclear fuel cycles . 6 2. UOX AND MOX FUEL BURNUP. 7 2.1. Spent Fuel statistics and trends towards use of high burnup UOX and MOX . 7 2.1.1. UOX fuel. 8 2.1.2. MOX fuel . 10 3. COMPONENTS OF THE ANALYSIS. 11 3.1.
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