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CRITICAL ISSUES IN POLICING SERIES Defining Moments for Police Chiefs Page intentionally blank CRITICAL ISSUES IN POLICING SERIES Defining Moments for Police Chiefs February 2015 This publication was supported by the Motorola Solutions Foundation. The points of view expressed herein are the authors’ and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the Motorola Solutions Foundation or all Police Executive Research Forum members. Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, D.C. 20036 Copyright 2015 by Police Executive Research Forum All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-934485-28-6 Cover and text page design by Dave Williams. Photos by James McGinty. Contents Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction, by Chuck Wexler ....................................................................................... 3 Ferguson, Missouri: A National “Defining Moment” for Policing ................................. 5 Releasing the Name of an Officer and Other Critical Information ......................................................................9 “Militarization” of the Police ................................................................................................................................... 17 De-Escalation of Incidents ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Sidebar by Toronto Chief William Blair: Shootings Are Often “Justified Under the Circumstances,” But We Should Look at What Led to the Circumstances ...................................................................................................26 Sidebar by BJA Director Denise O’Donnell: We Are Looking to Provide Training As a Result of the Ferguson Events .....................................................................................................................................30 Defining Moments for Police Chiefs ...............................................................................31 Engaging the Community ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Internal Issues ........................................................................................................................................................... 42 Working with the News Media ............................................................................................................................... 54 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................57 About PERF ................................................................................................................................................ 61 About the Motorola Solutions Foundation ............................................................................................ 63 Appendix: Participants at the PERF Summit ......................................................................................... 64 Acknowledgments The Critical Issues in Policing Series has well as their own defining moments that tested their produced much of PERF’s best work on the lead- leadership skills. (Later, in December 2014, Com- ing edge of new issues facing police chiefs. In just missioner Ramsey was chosen by President Obama the last few years, this series has produced ground- to co-chair the President’s Task Force on 21st Cen- breaking reports on the heroin epidemic and tury Policing, along with former Assistant Attorney marijuana legalization, the role of local police in General Laurie Robinson. The Task Force’s mission preventing and investigating cybercrime, changes is to “identify best practices and otherwise make in how aggressively police respond to active shooter recommendations to the President on how polic- situations, federal civil rights investigations of local ing practices can promote effective crime reduction police, de-escalation of police encounters with while building public trust.”) mentally ill persons, remedies for weaknesses in Once again, I am deeply grateful to the Motor- police handling of sexual assaults, the wide variety ola Solutions Foundation for supporting the Criti- of new technologies in policing, and more effective cal Issues in Policing Series, and for giving PERF the approaches to managing large political demonstra- flexibility to respond immediately to this emerging tions and other major public events. issue. I’m grateful to Motorola Solutions Chairman Whew! and CEO Greg Brown; to Mark Moon, Executive But never has the Critical Issues Series taken Vice President and President of Sales and Product on a more pressing and important issue, on very Operations; Jack Molloy, Senior Vice President for short notice, than in the report you are holding Sales, North America; Gino Bonanotte, Executive now. This “Defining Moments” report is about the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer; Robert various experiences of police chiefs in handling Hoffman, Corporate Vice President, Government the incidents that they consider the toughest chal- Relations; Domingo Herraiz, Vice President, North lenges they ever faced. This report is also about a American Government Affairs; Matt Blakely, Direc- national “defining moment” affecting police depart- tor of the Motorola Solutions Foundation; and Rick ments nationwide—namely, the police response to Neal, retired Vice President at Motorola Solutions demonstrations and protests following the officer- and now President of the Government Strategies involved shooting of Michael Brown on August 9, Advisory Group, for their continued support and 2014 in Ferguson, Missouri. advice. As I write this, more than four months after that Thanks also go to all of the police leaders who defining moment in Ferguson, large-scale demon- participated in our Summit in Chicago, telling the strations are continuing across the nation and stories of their defining moments and sharing their around the world. The events in suburban St. Louis, wisdom about the lessons we all can take from the along with more recent incidents in New York City, defining moment of Ferguson. The strength of the Cleveland, and other locations, have raised ques- Critical Issues reports comes from the willingness tions about public trust in the police, especially with of police chiefs and other experts to come together regard to police use of force. and discuss the issues, and to be quoted in these Only five weeks after the shooting in Ferguson, reports. PERF President Chuck Ramsey covened our Criti- A number of PERF staffers also deserve rec- cal Issues Summit in Chicago, where 180 police ognition for this report. Chief of Staff Andrea executives discussed the implications of Ferguson as Luna and Deputy Chief of Staff Shannon Branly Acknowledgments — 1 managed the Defining Moments project, with help report, which is one of the most significant in the from Research Associate Sunny Schnitzer, Research Critical Issues series. Communications Coordinator Assistants Matt Harman, Sarah Mostyn, and Chris James McGinty took the photographs, and PERF’s Coghill and Membership Coordinator Balinda graphic designer, Dave Williams, brought his skill Cockrell. Once again, Communications Director and attention to detail to designing this document. Craig Fischer superbly organized and edited this Executive Director Police Executive Research Forum Washington, D.C. 2 — Acknowledgments Introduction By Chuck Wexler The position of police chief has always In the summer of 2014, PERF decided to hold been a demanding job. A police chief must know a national conference to address these issues. We how to run a complex organization, in many cases decided to name the conference “Defining Moments a very large organization. Chiefs must have strong for Police Chiefs.” We wanted to ask leading police leadership skills and a vision for meeting the needs officials, “In your career, what was the one criti- of the community. And the stakes are high, because cal moment when you really felt tested? What did police have unique power and authority over peo- you do that worked well? And looking back, is ple. The consequences of a mistake by any member there anything you wish you could do over and do of the organization can be catastrophic. As a result, differently?” police departments undergo closer scrutiny than As we were planning the Defining Moments other types of organizations. conference, the fatal shooting of Michael Brown by Since PERF’s creation in 1976, one of our prior- a police officer in Ferguson, Missouri on August 9, ities has been to work with police chiefs to identify and the large-scale protest marches and riots that best practices and policies for meeting the chal- followed, brought international attention to many lenges of the job. Our goal is to help police depart- of the issues we were addressing. ments learn from each other about the critical issues For example, a key issue for a police department they face. in any critical incident is how effectively it shares And one thing we have seen is that even in a information with the public and the news media. well-run department, a department with good poli- Traditionally, police have often held back on releas- cies, thorough training of officers, strong leaders, ing information, believing that they should exer- and solid management systems, things