Beiji A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS Vol. 30, No. 46 November 16-22, 1987 Profiles of Major Party Leaders stock Market Slump: Causes & Effects Ye Chenghu (second left), a Han Party secretary of Menlouxia Yaozu Township in Xintian County, Hunan Province, drinking wine with the masses out of the same bowel. Ye has lived in this Yao area for over 10 years, and has always been eager to help the Yao people develop their economy. Over the last three years, the agricultural output value of his township has increased at an annual rate of 25 percent. by Long Qiyun BeijingR?>ir HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

. Mi. \o 4(. NOV. iDIS• Introducing Top Party Leaders CONTENTS • The new 13th Central Committee of the Communist NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 Party of China has selected its leaders. Their profiles, CiiiiiiMi! I.iik'rpiisL-> Ilir.mi.'li some with facts published for the first time, are this issue's \1>irlM.-i top story (p. 14). EVENTS/TRENDS 5-9 I'oil Imliciucs MiML- ('i>nriili.MKL' III Kctorii VKiinkiiul tiiL-L-is '1 aiu.in Huan Xiang on the Stock Market Crash VisimiN l)lk-i;iK l\pl;n!i 1 ;iriiil;iiul Plan • The economist Huan Xiang, director-general of the S^.iciiv.v Pi,in M;ik-lK-> (i(i;il> Centre of International Studies of the State Council, lllliLMIlk- DlvJil'^L-. I iidui discusses some of the factors contributing to the crash and ('i)iili-nl its impact on the West's economy. Failing to remove the \\Lvkl\e causes, Huan predicts, will leadd to continuing instability on the world's stock markets and perhaps a worldwide INTERlylATlONAL 10-13 economic recession (p. 29). USA-USSR: Soviets Bite the Bullet in Arms Talks South Asia: SAARC Conliiuics lis Move I-orwartl So\icl L'nion: 70 Years Al'icr Open Policy and Cultural Ferment The October Revolution IJiiitcd Slates: Economy • The concluding instalment of a travelogue which Conlinucs to Grow examines the conflicts of values and the changes in Profiles of Top Party lifestyles of Chinese society under the impact of the open Leaders 14 policy (p. 23). Deliberations on China's 2nd Revolution (II): Breaking the Ossified Mentality 21 Open Policy and Cultural Guiding Enterprises Through the IVIarket Ferment (III) 23 Causes and Impact of the • Zhao's report to the 13th Party Congress discusses the Stock Market Crash 29 need to establish new economic mechanisms which will Revision of Some Articles allow the state to regulate supply and demand through Of the Constitution of the Communist Party of China 30 economic, legal and administrative means, and allow the Biographical Notes 32 market to guide enterprises to correct management decisions. The report shows planning can be integrated FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 36-37 with the market and outlines the means for doing this (p. BUSINESSA«ADE 38-39 4). CULTURE/SCIENCE 40-41 COVER: PkUiiV ol a Mij.ir |->i'\\v;ieJ lighthouse, a pri/c wtuner.

Published every Monday by Subscription rates (1 year) USA US$24.00 General Editorial Office Tel: 893860 BEIJING REVIEW English Dept Tel: 831.5599 Ext. 546 Australia A.$24.00 Canada Can.$23.00 ?4 Baiwanzhuanq Road Distributed by China International Book New Zealand NZ.$33.00 Belling 10003/ Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) The People s H.p,ihl . o! CM P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China £13.00 m NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

Guiding Enterprises Througli Market by Jin Qi

hao Ziyang's October 25th and its reward can be sought only ced and co-ordinating the devel• Zreport to the 13th Party through the exchange of commod• opment of various economic Congress says the aim of the ities. Only in this way can socialist sectors. Changes in supply and economic reform is the establish• production be rapidly developed demand, and competition, will ment of a mechanism by which and co-ordinated while constantly force enterprises to be flexible in "the state regulates the market, meeting the people's growing making their decisions. and the market guides enterpr• material and cultural needs. The regulatory mechanisms to ises." Zhao elaborated by saying it Meanwhile, there exists a basic be used for these purposes include: would work by having "the state difference between the socialist • Formulating and imple• regulate the relations between and capitalist commodity menting correct economic supply and demand through economies because of their policies. This implies choosing the economic, legal and necessary differing ownership systems. formulas for the optimal deploy• administrative means and create a Under the socialist system, which ment of resources. Planning will suitable economic and social is based on public ownership there mainly regulate the long-term environment in which enterprises is no fundamental conflict of changes in the economic structure, are guided towards correct interests. As far as the entire while the market, through its management decisions." society is concerned, this makes it quick response to fluctuations in This is the practical application possible consciously to maintain a demand, will mainly regulate the of the theory of a planned balanced economic development. short-term changes. commodity economy in macro- The reform is aimed at translating • Establishing a rational price economic control. It provides an this possibility into reality through system and the means to regulate answer to the long-standing regulation by both planning and it. Planning will attempt to controversy of whether planning the market. regulate those factors which go to can be integrated with the market The key to achieving this is decide prices, including interest and how that can be done. revamping the overly centralized rates, taxes and tax rates, and Traditionally, the socialist planning system so that the depreciation rates. The market planned economy and the com• market can fully play its role. That will regulate the actual prices modity economy were thought to is to say, planning must be based themselves. be mutually exclusive. The on the exchange of commodities • Establishing a suitable inves• commodity economy was bound and the law of value; guidance tment structure. Planning should up with private ownership and planning should be taken as the decide the scale of investment in was often equated with capitalism. dominant factor, and medium- capital construction and in fixed Meanwhile, the system of public and long-term plans should be assets, general investment policies ownership having eliminated ex• stressed. Generally, the plan and key construction projects. The ploitation, property is publicly should only be an outline which market should regulate the owned, collective labour is allows for flexibility. It should not operation and management of encouraged, and distribution is be all-inclusive or rigidly ordinary projects and the produc• based on the principle "to each controlled. tion of capital goods. according to his work." This In implementing the plan by • Establishing an appropriate meant the exchange of equal economic, legal and necessary consumption structure. Planning labour can be realized without administrative means, the state should design the consumption using the market or currency. should seek to keep a primarily structure and set the levels in However, solid socialist expe• balanced development of general accordance with the overall rience has proved this to be supply and demand. This includes capacity now or at any given point Utopian. It was found that the maintainig a proper ratio between as planned in the future. The exchange of labour can be accumulation and consumption; market will regulate variety, properly realized only through the achieving a balance in funds, quality and quantity of market and an objective criterion materials, and credit; keeping commodities. forjudging the value of the labour foreign exchange accounts balan• • The state will keep a few

4 BEIJING REVIEW. NOVEMBER 16-22. 19X7 EVENTS/TRENDS

Poll Indicates More Confidence In Reform

hinese workers, scientists, The establishment of channels Cgovernment employees, entre• of communication between off• preneurs, students and farmers are icials and citizens were seen as now more optimistic about necessary by 87.6 percent of China's political reforms than respondents, 4 percent said it was they were before the 13th National not necessary, and 8.4 percent Congress of the Chinese Commu• were undecided. mandatory plans and direct those nist Party. This was the indication The poll also indicated an enterprises and financial organiz• of a poll conducted in Beijing on unchanged attitude in people over ations which constitute the November 1, the day the congress the age of 61 on the separation nation's economic lifelines. It will closed. , between Party and government also decree the distribution of At 16 locations in the capital, administrative functions. Before scarce, important materials, using including Wangfujing Street, Beij• the congress, 66.7 percent were these as levers for regulating the ing Railway Station, Beijing optimistic, none were pessimistic, market and controlling prices. University, Tiananmen Square and 33.3 percent registered no Nevertheless, it is still necessary to and the Beilaipingzhuang Free opinion. The figures were the same apply here the principle of Market, the China Social Survey after the congress. On the question exchange at equal value and Institute distributed question of handing over more power to reasonably balance the interests of cards to 4.550 people and 3,541 low-level leaders, elderly citizens all quarters. responded to the questions on were more optimistic than the All this is not mere theory, but China's political reform, a major young. After the congress, 47.7 has already been put into practice, issue addressed at the Party's 13th percent of people between 18 and totally or partially. The categories Congress. Of these, 65.2 percent 30, and 78.6 percent above the age of industrial goods earmarked for were Beijing citizens and the rest of 61 were optimistic. distribution under state manda• were from other provinces. Beijing residents are generally tory planning has decreased from The poll showed that prior to pleased with the outcome of the over 300 in \91?, to 60 at present, the 13th Party Congress, about congress. Hong Sisi. an expert on and materials for unified state 29.8 percent of the people were the history of overseas Chinese, distribution from 256 to 26. All optimistic about the political said he was pleased to see that agricultural products are already reforms, nearly 19.8 percent were some younger people were elected subject just to guidance planning pessimistic. After the congress, to the new Party Central and market regulation. 49.9 percent were optimistic and Committee, Political Bureau and Because work in various sectors only 6.3 percent were pessimistic. Secretariat. "By withdrawing was not well co-ordinated, the About 20 percent of the from the Party's leading body. economy was "over-heated" in respondents became more optim• Deng Xiaoping and other veteran late 1984 and 1985, but sub• istic about the separation of Party Party leaders have contributed to sequently, a stable and balanced and administrative functions after the rejuvenation of the Party economic development was the congress. Before the congress. leadership." he said. achieved. That experience proved 27.2 percent were optimistic about Qian Jiaju. an economist, that it is not only possible, but also granting more power to low-level described the move as an necessary, to combine planning leaders, but at its close, 49.6 indication of the Party'sdetermia- with the market when regulating percent were optimistic. ation to accelerate reform. • the macroeconomy. On the question of reforms in The regulatory mechanisms government administration, 28.1 have not yet been fully established. percent were optimistic before the The vital price reform, which is 13th Congress and 47.9 percent Mainland Greets unusually complicated, still needs were optimistic after it ended. Taiwan Visitors to be carried out actively and Reforms to the personnel system steadily. Despite all this, it is were seen in a positive light by 18.2 gratifying to note that the reform percent of the people and in a warm welcome awaited of the last nine years has negative light by 33.1 percent A Taiwan compatriots who strengthened people's confidence before the congress. The figures rushed to the mainland after the in pursuing its aims to eventual changed to 39.5 percent optimistic Kuommtang authorities lifted success. • and 11 percent pessimistic after their travel ban. About 100 the congress. visitors from Taiwan arrived in

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22. 19X7 5 m EVENTS/TRENDS

At the same time, people on the mainland are demanding to go to see their relatives and friends in Taiwan. Both the government and the people on the mainland hope that Taiwan authorities will permit free travel both into and out of Taiwan. The Red Cross Society of China has formally begun accepting applications from mainland resi• dents who want to see relatives in Taiwan. The society is also ready to help them locate their kin and forward their letters. •

Officials Explain Farmland Plan by LI XIAOGUO The Sha brothers are reunited in Beijing after 38 years. The visitor from Taiwan is 86 years old hina is considering a policy Cwhich for the first time would allow farmers to transfer the land Guangzhou in the two days after tourists get in buying plane, train which they have contracted to Taiwan's new regulations permitt• and ship tickets and in hotel farm for the state to others. The ing travel to the mainland went charges. Customs regulations announcement was made by Du into effect on November 2. which give preferential treatment Runshcng, the director of the Meanwhile thousands of elderly to Taiwan compatriots visiting the Rural Policy Research Office of people queued at Taiwan Red mainland were announced by the the Secretariat of the Communist Cross offices in Taibei (Taipei) Chinese General Administration Parly of China, at a press and in the southern city of of Customs on November 2. The conference on October 26, the Gaoxiong (Kaohsiung) to apply regulations allow Taiwan visitors second day of the 13th National to visit long-lost relatives on the to bring three large consumer Party Congress. Chinese mainland. items, such as television sets or refritzerators. each costing In response to a question on Some homesick Taiwan resi• between 200 (USS54) and 1.000 China's land system raised by a dents turned up at the Red Cross yuan without paying any duty. foreign journalist, Du said China office hours before it opened to plans to adopt two policies. First, handle applications on behalf of The Shanghai branch of the it will charge fees for land used for the Taiwan "interior ministry" — Civil Aviation Administration of non-farming purposes in an effort the first time the Taiwan China has increased its flights to to curb the startling reduction of authorities have accepted such Hong Kong and replaced the farmland by about 400,000 applications since the Kuomin- original MD-80 plane on the route hectares every year. Second, tang fled the mainland in 1949. with an A310 airbus to provide for although China will maintain More than 100,000 application Taiwan visitors. public ownership of its land, it will forms have been handed out in A lot of people in Shanghai are separate land ownership from the Taibei and in Gaoxiong since looking forward to seeing their right of management. Managers October 14, a Red Cross official relatives and friends from Taiwan. will have the right to use the land said. Xu Yang, a news announcer at the they have contracted for farming Since the Kuomintang author• Shanghai broadcasting station, and will be allowed to transfer ities announced their decision to said she had saved up 70 days of their right to use it with or permit Taiwanese to travel the vacation in anticipation of a visit without payment. "If land man• mainland on October 14. the from her brother. "When my agers have invested in the land to mainland has been doing a lot of brother comes back, I'll go with improve the soil, they can ask for preparations to receive Taiwan him to see our 84-year-old mother compensation," he said. Although visitors. An October 16 circular in Beijing who's been expecting farmers can transfer their farm• promised them freedom of travel her son for several decades," she land through mutual agreement, and the same treatment mainland said. they will have to report the

BEI.IING REVIEW. NOVEMBER 16-22. 1987 transfer to the villagers' commit• enterprises are permitted in China This year the Chinese govern• tee, as the owner of the land, he for their contribution to the ment began to implement a high- added. development of production. "We technology development pro• Du told about 300 Chinese and are working out regulations on gramme that aims to reduce the foreign jounalists that the growth private enterprises to guarantee gap between China and developed of rural industries has made land the legal rights of the private countries. The programme covers transfers necessary because many sector and direct it towards seven areas — biology, space, farmers are leaving their con• healthy and correct information, automation, lasers, tracted land to join the industrial development." • energy and new materials. China labour force. "Such a shift of land now has 8.25 million people who as a key element of production is are engaged in basic and advantageous to economic devel• Science Plan technological sciences. Eighty opment. It is transfer of land usage Matches Goals percent of them are working to rather than ownership," he said. accomplish the immediate objec• tives of economic construction. Gao Shangquan, vice-minister hina's scientific and techn• In China, there is no such a of the State Commission for ological plan is in line with the C thing as discrimination against Restructuring the Economy, also country's medium- and long-term intellectuals. Song said. Respect fielded questions at the press goals for economic development, for knowledge and educated conference. said Song Jian, state councillor people has been promoted and Asked about labour hiring by and minister in charge of the State taken root in China. Over the past private enterprises, Gao said some Science and Technology Com• few years the government has private enterprises have hired mission. He was speaking on taken effective measures to more than a hundred workers. But October 27 at a press conference improve the working and living he stressed that labour hiring in during the 13th National Congress conditions of its intellectuals. China is different from in the of the Communist Party of China. West. Answering questions about Song, who is also a cyberneticist Fang Lizhi, an astrophysicist who and space scientist, said China's "China's private enterprises are was expelled from the Communist plan for scientific and technolog• closely linked with public owner• Party earlier this year. Song said ship and under its great in• ical development is being im• Fang still enjoys full respect as a fluence," he said. "The hiring of plemented at three levels. First, gifted scientist. "We think highly labour by these enterprises is the majority of the country's of his research work and will do guided by state laws and policies. scientists and technicians will be our best to help him in academic Also, workers' status as masters of encouraged to devote themselves work." As far as the State Council society remains unchanged." to economic construction and and the State Science and Asked about the maximum make their contributions to achieving the objectives set for the Technology Commission are con• number of workers to be hired by a cerned, there are no restrictions on private enterprise, Gao said end of the century. Second, efforts Fang that would prevent him from further studies on the question will will be made to study and develop attending academic events ab• be made. high technology, follow the latest road. He recently attended an On China's price reform, he said scientific developments and strive to make breakthroughs in certain international academic conference it will be pushed forward under the in Rome. principle of "persisting in the fields while at the same time reform, progressing steadily and setting up high-technology indus• In response to a question from keeping prices basically stable." tries. And third, basic scientific Chieh-hsing Pi, deputy editor of research will be strengthened to Gao also answered questions the Trans-world News Agency of raise the country's scientific level about reforms to the wage system. Taiwan, Song said scientists from as a whole and prepare for China's These reforms should occur Taiwan are welcome to come to economic development in the together with the reform of the mainland to co-operate with future. enterprises' management and their counterparts. He noted that structure, and should be linked Since 1985, Song said, China there is considerable overlap in with other reforms. Wage rises has been carrying out a compre• scientific research on the mainland should be considered with rises in hensive reform of its scientific and and Taiwan. Therefore, scientists productivity and efficiency, and technological management sy• on both sides of the strait should the development of production. stem. Through this reform, the join hands in research work. Of course, people's living stan• country is trying to gradually Through their co-operation. Song dards should not be influenced by build up a scientific and predicted, remarkable progress price hikes, he said. technological management mech• could be made in many important Asked about the private anism suited to its socialist fields. economy, Gao said private commodity economy. There are more than 100

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 EVENTS/TRENDS

Song Jian (second right) answers questions at a press conference during the 13th CPC National Congress. LI PING

academic organizations on the Talking about co-operation operation and exchanges in the mainland. Song said many of them with the United States in space field have been going well. have formally invited Taiwan technology. Song disclosed that On Sino-Soviet co-operation in scientists to come to work on the several discussions were held and science and technology, Zhu said a mainland. However, the reply was the results were encouraging. But memorandum was signed last year that the Taiwan authorities do not he said the Challenger space between the two governments and permit them to come. Mainland shuttle disaster had postponed prospects for co-operation are and Taiwan scientists have been plans for co-operation. He added being explored in about 10 fields actively co-operating in the that China will one day send its including machinery, hydro• United States, Japan, Western own astronauts into space but the electric power and hygiene. • Europe and elsewhere. timing depends on the state Song also said that reform and budget. the open policy have greatly On the recent decision of the US spurred co-operation and ex• government to suspend a study of Endemic Diseases changes in science and technology liberalizing restrictions on high- between China and other coun• technology exports to China, Zhu Under Control tries. China has science and Lilan, vice-minister of the com• technology ties with 106 countries mission, who joined Song at the and regions, and 50 governments press conderence, said the US have signed agreements with action was entirely unreasonable. hina has basically controlled China in this field. Half of the She urged Washington to remove Cits four major endemic parasi• agreements were signed after 1978, all remaining obstacles to further tic diseases — malaria, kala-azar, when China started its reform and Sino-US co-operation in science snail fever and filariasis, according opening to the outside world. and technology. to data released in a recent Non-governmental scientific Zhu also said further steps national seminar on parasites of exchanges also have shown a should be taken to promote the human body. remarkable increase. China has scientific and technological co• With the improvement of close relations with 250 intern• operation between China and medical conditions and an in• ational organizations in the Japan. She added that non• creased awareness of hygiene, the science and technology field. governmental Sino-Japanese co• incidence of malaria has dropped

8 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 from 3.3 million cases in 1980 to Weekly Chronicle ECONOMIC 363,000 last year. (November 2-8) According to a report released November 5 • Export transactions totalled a recently by, the World Health POLITICAL Organization, the number of record US$4.7 billion at the 1987 patients suffering from kala-azar autumn session of the Chinese Export Commodity Fair at has risen sharply in most countries November 2 where the disease is endemic, but Guangzhou, which closes today. has declined in a few countries, Deals for manufactured goods, • Deng Xiaoping tells Ryoichi especially China. arts and crafts, silk fabrics and Sasakawa, chairman of the Japan textiles made up half of the total. Of the 864 counties and cities in Foundation for Shipbuilding Some 43 percent of the orders China plagued by filariasis, 709 Advancement in Beijing that he is came from Hong Kong. had wiped out the disease by 1986; sure the young leaders chosen at this year more localities are the just concluded 13th National claiming elimination of the Congress of the Chinese Commu• CULTURAL disease. nist Party will do very well. In Henan Province, according Deng also says he hopes a new November 4 to Deputy Governor Hu Tingji, era will emerge in Sino-Japanese filariasis was an endemic problem relations after Noboru Takeshita • More than 40 animal stars for the area, but since the province comes into power. including monkeys, orangutans, invested 26 million yuan (about pandas, lions and elephants, will USS7 million) in the prevention play in a unique TV film of a fairy and treatment of the disease it has November 3 tale being produced by the Hubei been eliminated. television station. By 1986, snail fever, a disease • Chinese Premier The film is entitled "Larceny in once rampant in 372 counties and meets visiting Mozambican Prime the Animal Kingdom," and all the cities, had been eradicated in 278 Minister Mario Fernandes da roles are played by animals. of these areas. Graca Machungo. During their Members of the production Chinese medical experts talks, Zhao says China is in the team said the acting feats were pointed out, however, that some primary stage of socialism and it unbelievably good. parasitic diseases other than the will make efforts to develop a four mentioned here have long socialist commodity economy. SOCIAL been neglected and prevention He stresses that the primary work is in jeopardy. They stage of socialism thesis is the November 7 suggested that more efforts be fundamental prerequisite for made to cope with these over• building socialism with Chinese • Chinese medical researchers looked diseases while prevention characteristics, as well as the basis have successfully separated the and monitoring of the four main for formulating and implementing AJDS virus from a person's blood diseases is continued. the correct political line and for the first time in China. The policies. patient was a foreign visitor. Meanwhile, 15 provinces and The separation is of great prefectures in north and northwest significance in the diagnosis, China have controlled the spread November 4 treatment and prevention of of endemic goiter. One of the AIDS. control measures adopted was to • Commenting on the report by give more salt containing a high US newspapers that China has FOREIGN RELATIONS iodine content to goiter patients. sold 96 missiles to Iran and that Lip to the end of 1986, reports there are Chinese military specia• November 5 stated that about 330 million lists in Iran helping operate people, accounting for more than Silkworm missiles, a Chinese • Chinese President Li Xiannian 90 percent of the population in Foreign Ministry spokesman says and his wife Lin Jiamei leave disease affected regions, were these are groundless rumours and Beijing on a state visit to France, taking the high-iodine salt. • "really ridiculous." Italy, Luxembourg and Belgium. "We express our strong dissatis• Li says at the airport, "My visit faction with the practice of is aimed at enhancing mutual shifting to China the responsibility understanding and strengthening for the escalation of tensions in the friendly co-operation in a bid to Gulf. Such attempts will get safeguard world peace through nowhere." joint efforts."

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 9 •1 INTERNATIONAL I

USA-USSR 10 years. Whenever the two superpowers tackle the arms reduction ques• Soviets Bite ttie Bullet in Arms Talks tion, Moscow attempts to link progress in arms control to demands for SDI restrictions. While Moscow's flexibility in arms control talks willfacilitate However, Reagan won't budge on an INF accord between the two superpowers, Washington's the issue. Since its introduction in rigidity may block them from trying for another part. 1983, SDI has been a stumbling block in nuclear arms talks and the cause of the breakdown in the he Soviet Union and the United range missiles assured a meeting of Iceland summit a year ago. TStates have at last agreed on a the leaders of the two countries. Declaring that it is a defensive summit meeting which will be held Using the intermediate nuclear system capable of rendering in Washington on December 7 and force (INF) treaty as an "icebre• nuclear missiles obsolete, the again in Moscow in the first half of aker" to encourage talks on the Reagan administration has been 1988. The announcement was strategic arms reduction treaty pushing for an increased budget made after a lightning shuttling of (START), both Moscow and for SDI and seeking a broad US Secretary of State George Washington are preparing to interpretation of the ABM treaty Shultz and Soviet Foreign Mini• advance further with arms talks. which will free SDI of its yoke. ster Eduard Shevardnadze be• When Soviet leader Mikhail Furthermore, fears for the security tween Moscow and Washington. Gorbachev first proposed a 50 of the United States and its Their meetings centred on arms percent cut in strategic missile Western allies after the with• reduction, particularly limitations stockpiles, including interconti• drawal of INF weapons are on long-range strategic arms, and nental ballistic missiles, making it more difficult for the US Strategic Defence Initia• submarine-launched missiles and Reagan to concede to the Soviet Union over space weaponry. tive (SDI, also known as the "Star strategic bombers, he insisted that Wars" programme), which nearly the cut be linked to a winding crushed hopes for the coming down in the development and The Soviets, though not com• summit. However, Soviet fiexi- testing of Reagan's cherished SDI, pletely giving up their stance, have biiity and a shared need for the and that neither side withdraw now adjusted their policy towards final agreement on global elimin• from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic the "Star Wars" programme with ation of medium- and shorter- Missile (ABM) treaty for at least a view to achieving progress first in talks on offensive strategic Soviets Bite the Bullet in Arms Control Talks Shultz and Shevardnadze enjoy a chat arms. They consider cuts in before their meeting. strategic weapons the "key problem," and to this end they have bit the bullet on the question of SDI restrictions. A new Soviet proposal permits SDI technology in five areas — kinetic kill vehicles, particle and laser beams, electromagnetic weapons and space-based mirrors — to be tested in space, but the testing of other more powerful systems will be confined to ground laboratories. Refusing to budge on the 10- year adherence to the ABM treaty, Gorbachev has proposed that both sides cease violations of the treaty by consigning to mothballs the Soviet ABM radar installation in Krasnoyarsk and the US installation in Scotland. Washin• gton made no response to the suggestion. Sources say that the development, testing and manu-

10 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 facture of the extravagant SDI Congress to the White House's achieved, as is co-operation in package require seven years and broad interpretation of the ABM closely related areas such as Washington has been insisting on treaty, the possibility of the meteorology, transport, science compliance with the ABM treaty RCfigan administration yielding and technology. only for that time period. Since on this point is becoming more Thirdly, common aspirations to there is strong opposition in unlikely. Wan Di develop the economy and raise the standard of living in the region have united all seven countries; their common goal is a collective SOUTH ASIA self-reliance which will put an end to poverty, illiteracy and disease. The South Asian region, with a SAARC Continues Its Move Forward total area of over 4 million square kilometres and one-fifth of the world's population, only shares The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation is on about 2 percent of the world's the right track, hut stumbling under its heavy burden. gross national product. Ultimately, the SAARC sum- mil has provided an excellent he three-day third summit is UL'S of common concern in forum for state and government T meeting of the South Asian accordance with the Dhaka heads to meet regularly and Association for Regional Co• Charter adopted at the first exchange views on various issues, operation (SAARC) held in summit; early this year a SAARC including bilateral relations, to Kathmandu closed on November secretariat was set up as proposed ease tension and promote under• 4 after adopting the Kathmandu in Kathmandu, with Abul Ahsan standing. Declaration. In the declaration as its first secretary-general; Some difficulties and problems leaders emphasized strict adhere• SAARC has fostered regional co• remain for future consideration by nce to the principles of the United operation in 16 areas covering SAARC. Bilateral relations, Nations Charter and non- agriculture, rural development, which play a significant part in alignment, respect for sovereign transport, telecommunications, regional co-operation, need to be equality, territorial integrity, na• science and technology, arts, improved. For instance, the tional independence, rejection of sports and culture, etc. A total of relations between Pakistan and the use of force and the 11 working committees have been India, two major SAARC mem• interference in the internal affairs set up and the establishment of 16 bers, have been unstable for of other states, and peaceful institutions is proposed. several years due to long-standing settlement of disputes. All seven state or government disputes. In addition, a convention on the heads attending the third summit Though the seven member suppression of terrorism in the meeting expressed their satisfac• countries unanimously signed an region and an agreement on the tion over SAARC's achievements agreement condemning terrorism, regional food security reserve of and their desire that the associ• they failed to reach a common 200,000 tons were signed. The ation will continue to move ahead. definition of the term, Sri Lanka summit also agreed on the There are several reasons demanded the inclusion in the establishment of an agricultural behind the development of convention of a clause against the information centre in Bangladesh SAARC. To begin with, all the use of territory by terrorists, but and a meteorological research member states have in the past two India rejected the move. India centre in India next year. years abided by the Dhaka supported the admission of the All seven state or government Charter. Co-operation was based Kabul regime of Afghanistan into heads pledged to work towards by and large on respect for SAARC in opposition to all other carrying on the SAARC spirit of sovereign equality and mutual member states. co-operation. At the SAARC benefit, and decisions were made Although one cannot expect meeting two years ago, many on the basis of unanimity; bilateral miracles from the two-year-old people doubted that the associ• and contentious issues were group, as long as all the member ation could last long or make any excluded from deliberations. states continue to abide by the meaningful progress. Facts and Secondly, co-operation has SAARC Charter, to respect one experience have proved, however, been achieved systematically. It is another's sovereign equality and that the group has made progress. the common aspiration of every observe the principle of mutual The heads of the seven South member state to develop agricul• benefit, SAARC will have a bright Asian countries regularly meet ture and raise output. Thus co• prospect in developing regional once a year to discuss various operation in this area is easily co-operation by Li Jiasheng

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 II • INTERNATIONAL

SOVIET UNION but requires serious concern and the discarding of outdated or outmoded ideas and practices; and 70 Years After the October Revolution third, the initiative and creativity The Soviet Union has experienced tremendous growth as well of the masses are very important to promoting reform. as many problems since the October Socialist Revolution. The Soviet leadership looked on reform as a second revolution efore the October Revolution, full-scale reform campaign when following the October Revolution, BRussia's total industrial out• he assumed the post of the general recognizing that socialism cannot put constituted only 4 percent of secretary of the Soviet Communist guarantee against stagnation of the world's total. That figure has Party in 1985. social development and social or now risen to 20 percent, placing In a speech delivered at a rally political crises. Early this year the Soviet Union as the No. 2 commemorating the 70th an• Gorbachev pointed out that industrial nation in the world, up niversary of the October Socialist evaluation of the need for reform from No. 5 in 1914. Revolution, Gorbachev reviewed and the possibility of social crises According to the latest statistics the history of his country. He said should be given full considerafion. published in the Soviet Union, the root of today's problems lay in The Soviet Union is encounter• assuming a 1917 base figure of 1, the 1930s. From that point several ing more difficulties than expected the total social output for 1986 attempts to carry out reform were in the reform. The greatest would have been 132, the national made, but none were successful. obstacle lies in the thinking of the income 143, total industrial He spoke highly of the 20th people, particularly the rigid output 318 and total agricultural Congress of the Soviet Commu• theoretical circle. Resistance also output 5.4. The Soviet output of nist Party, convened in 1956, comes from some people whose more than 20 main products such saying that it greatly contributed interests may be jeopardized by as steel, coal, petroleum and to the theory and practice of reform. The new and old systems natural gas is the largest in the socialist construction. But he also are bound to co-exist and contend world today. The output of grain, criticized Nikita Khrushchev, for a time. In view of this, cotton, meat and dairy products then Soviet leader, for his Gorbachev recently stressed that has also increased considerably. "subjectivism" which crippled all people, from general secretary The Soviet Union has experien• major political, economic and to worker, should alter their way ced many ups and downs in the ideological reform measures of thinking and overcome conser• past 70 years. The revolution was adopted after the congress. vatism. Reform has become the rapidly followed by civil war and The Soviet leader concluded only option in the Soviet Union as armed intervention by foreign first that socialism proved itself the nation's leadership recognizes countries, and in the 1930s, many capable of solving the most that it is the only way to overcome innocent people were killed in the complicated issues in social possible stagnation in Soviet purge. In the field of agriculture, progress; second, the perfection of society. the Soviet Union practised socialism cannot be spontaneous. by Tang Xiuzhe coercive collectivization, which greatly damaged the economy. During the 1940s, the war against the German fascists cost the BALKAN PENINSULA country as much as 4,000 billion roubles in material losses, almost half of the nation's social wealth. After the war, the wounds were Multilateral Co-operation Urged gradually healed and the economy began to grow. But in the 1970s and '80s, the country entered a Balkan nations are scheduled to hold the region's first foreign period of stagnation and the ministers conference next February with an aim to promote growth rate of the economy effective co-operation. declined. In some areas the development of science and technology fell behind the West. ugoslav Foreign Minister Raif Andreas Papandreou recently Economic, social and political Y Dizarevic's call for a meeting pledged his government's support problems accumulated. Against of foreign ministers of all Balkan in the promotion of inter-Balkan this background the Soviet leader states has met with favourable co-operation in all areas. Mikhail Gorbachev launched a response. Greek Prime Minister The conference, the first of its

12 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 kind in the region, will be held in has been one of detente. Balkan recession in November 1982, the Belgrade next February, and countries have realized that they US economy has thrived with representatives from Balkan coun• can benefit from developing co- setbacks at intervals of several tries have agreed to attend. operafive relations by seeking a months. Emphasis will be placed on issues common ground on major issues. Another feature of the current of effective co-operation rather They have also recognized that growth is that it has coincided with than on bilateral concerns. confrontation would only a continuous reduction of the Str^ategically situated at the hub threaten their own interests and inflation rate. Inflation dropped of Europe, Asia and Africa, the leave them open to external from 12.4 percent in 1980 to 1.1 Balkan Peninsula has long been a interference. percent at the end of 1986. It is a focus of rivalry among major Over the past few years Balkan rarity in US economic history that European powers. As the scene of nations, except Albania, have held despite a drastic expansion in many wars, it has been ambassadorial conferences, init• domestic consumption, the infl• described as Europe's powder iating multilateral dialogues and ation rate, instead of soaring, has keg. The Balkan situation the process of co-operation. With fallen rapidly. has become even more complex the exception of Albania, the Some economists, however, since World War II due to the region's leaders have exchanged think that the industrial structural participation by some of the visits during which the discussions transformation of the United countries on the peninsula in the focused on regional trade, co• States should get the credit. They North Atlantic Treaty Organiz• operation, development of multi• maintain that tertiary industries, ation and by others in the Warsaw lateral relations and cultural such as financial institutions, are Pact. Balkan countries' different exchanges. playing an increasingly important policies and social systems, as well But political analysts point out role in a country's economy and, as issues of nationality and that comprehensive co-operation compared with the manufacturing territory add to the complexity. between the Balkan nations wilhbe industries, they are less vulnerable Disputes continually divide the six difficult to achieve due to existing to the economic cycle. In future Balkan nations, casting a shadow contraditions and various external economic cycles, they maintain, over security and stability in the influences. Given the political prosperity will last longer and region and severely limiting the differences within the region, co• recessions will become shorter. developmerit of multilateral co• operation will most likely centre Other economists cite the operation. on the areas of economics, trade following factors in explaining the and culture. current state of affairs. First, there The general direction in the has been a radical increase in region in recent years, however. by Zhou Xisheng consumption. Americans have been buying more commodities and services, even if they have to go into debt. Statistics show that the growth rate of consumption UNITED STATES has exceeded that of persoiial income and the individual savings Economy Continues to Grow deposit rate has decreased to the Despite the stock market crash in the United States and lowest level since 1949. elsewhere, recent figures show the US economy is still Second, the huge inflow of foreign capital had made up for - growing. But as investors realized, this does not mean all is the vacuum caused by the well. reduction of individual deposits, thus ensuring the supply of money needed for US economic he US economy grew at a rate months; the second, from Feb• expansion. Tof 3.8 percent in the third ruary 1961 to December 1969, Third, the lowering of the quarter of the year. October was during the Viet Nam War, 106 inflation rate and tax cuts have the 59th consecutive month of months. The previous peace-time spurred investment. And finally, economic growth. record was 58 months between the military industry has devel• There have been only two March 1975 and January 1980. oped rapidly under the Reagan longer periods of continuous One characteristic of the current administration's foreign policy. It economic growth in US history. period is that although the growth is estimated that in 1980-85, Both periods were during war• has continued for a long time, the employment in military-related time. The first lasted from June growth rate has fluctuated. Since industries rose by 45 percent. 1938 to February 1945, some 80 moving off the bottom of by Sun Yi

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 13 m ARTICLES

Profiles of Top Party Leaders

The newly elected Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held its first plenary session in Beijing on November 2. Among other things, it elected Zhao Ziyang its general secretary; Zhao Ziyang, , , and members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau; appointed Deng Xiaoping chairman of the Military Commission of the Party Central Committee and approved the election of Chen Yun as chairman of the Central Advisory Commission. Below we print the profiles of the seven top Party leaders.

Zhao joined in the revolutionary struggle led by the CPC in his hometown in north Henan Province when he was an 18-year-old student, and became a Party member in 1938. In the decade during the War of Resistance Against Japan and the war for China's liberation, Zhao served as a local Party leader at the county and prefectural levels in central China, and acquired a profound understanding of local conditions, especially in rural areas. In the early 1960s, he worked as first Party secretary of the south China province of Guangdong and member of the Secretariat of the Central-South Bureau of the Party Central Committee. During the chaotic "" (1966-76), he was persecuted and sent to work in a factory. From 1971 on, he served as a leading official in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Guangdong and Sichuan provinces, all important areas with distinctly different conditions. While working in Guangdong and Sichuan provinces, he served concurrently as the political commissar of the Guangzhou Military Command and first political commissar of the Chengdu Military Command of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). Zhao Ziyang Zhao's achievements in Sichuan, the most After serving as the acting general secretary of populous province in China with 100 million the Communist Party of China (CPC) for 10 people, gained nationwide attention in the late months, Zhao Ziyang has now been elected the 1970s. The province, known as China's "granary," general secretary and appointed first vice-chairman had suffered from food shortage for several years as of the Military Commission of the Party Central a result of the "cultural revolution." Under Zhao's Committee. leadership the province regained its self-sufficiency Zhao, 68, has been working in the core in grain. leadership for seven years. Now, at the head of a Zhao has been a member of the Party Central newly elected leadership he and his colleagues will Committee since the 10th Party Congress in 1973. work towards the success of the deepening He was elected Standing Committee member of the economic reform, and the political restructuring Political Bureau at the First Plenary Session of the which will soon be effected on a nationwide scale. 12th Central Committee in 1982. His team will continue to carry on the policies Zhao became one of the top decision-makers of adopted under Deng Xiaoping's leadership since the Party and government in 1980 when he began to the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Party Central serve as premier of the Slate Council, China's Committee in late 1978. highest governing body.

14 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 Zhao was appointed acting general secretary of the Central Committee, a post he has been holding the Party following student unrest in some Chinese since June 1981. cities at the end of last year. In the face of a deluge of Previously, Deng Xiaoping, Li Xiannian and bourgeois liberalization ideas, Zhao firmly carried Chen Yun had agreed among themselves that they out the guidelines laid down by Deng Xiaoping and would take the lead in withdrawing from the Party the Party Central Committee and took effective Central Committee to help the Party take a measures to ensure a firm and controlled struggle significant step towards the rejuvenation of its against bourgeois liberalization move. At the same leadership. time, he brushed aside interferences and persisted in At the age of 16, Deng left his hometown in economic reform and the open policy. Guangan County, Sichuan Province, for France on As the Chinese premier, Zhao delivered a a work-study programme. There, he took part in the speech on China's independent foreign policy for work of the Communist Party, joining the peace at the 40th General Assembly of the United Communist Youth League in 1922 and the Chinese Nations in October 1985. He was described by the Communist Party two years later. Western press as a composed leader with unusual He went to the Soviet Union to continue his confidence in diplomatic activities. study in 1926. On returning to China, he led two Zhao works over 10 hours a day and makes uprisings in south China's Guangxi, one in Bose in investigative trips around the country every year. 1929 and the other in Longzhou in 1930. The two He likes jogging, swimming and playing table uprisings led to the formation of the Seventh and tennis. Eighth Red Armies and the establishment of In their youth, both Zhao and his wife Liang revolutionary base areas along the Zuojiang and Boqi were active in the War of Resistance Against Youjiang rivers, two main tributaries of the Japan. Zhao enjoys dinner-table discussions with Zhujiang (Pearl) River. his children, whose views and debates remind him of what's going on in the society. Deng was secretary-general of the Party Central Committee during the epic Long March between 1934 and 1936. He became the political commissar of the 129th Division of the Eighth Route Army in 1938. He and Liu Bocheng commanded quite a number of major campaigns during the War of Resistance Against Japan. In 1947, the troops under the command of Liu and Deng, popularly called the Liu-Deng army, crossed the Huanghe (Yellow) River and advanced into the strategically important Dabie Mountains, signalling the start of the full-scale counter- offensive of the Communist-led PLA against the Kuomintang army. Deng Xiaoping, then secretary of the CPC General Front Committee, and Liu Bocheng and Chen Yi orchestrated one of the biggest campaigns in the War of Liberation — the Huaihai Campaign which dealt a telling blow to the KMT military forces by annihilating 550,000 of their troops. The trio then directed their troops in the campaign to cross the turbulent Changjiang (Yangtze) River, resulting in the capture of Nanjing, capital of the KMT government. The march of the Liu-Deng army was almost nonstop. The troops swept southwestward to liberate the vast southwestern part of China. In 1949, Deng became secretary of the Southwest Bureau of the Central Deng Xiaoping Committee, political commissar of the Southwest Military Area and vice-chairman of the Southwest China's senior leader Deng Xiaoping has China Military and Political Committee. managed to retire himself from the Party Central A revolutionary, statesman, strategist and Committee but has finally been persuaded to accept diplomat, Deng is most deserving of the the post of chairman of the Military Commission of compliment from the late Chairman Mao Zedong

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22. 1987 15 •1 ARTICLES who described him as a "rare talent." He is married to Zhuo Lin, and they have two sons and three daughters. His hobbies are jogging, In the war years, he served as political swimming and playing bridge. commissar of a field army, and after the founding of New China in 1949, he took up posts as vice- chairman of the National Defence Council, chief of the PLA General Staff, and vice-chairman and chairman of the Central Military Commission. He was elected member of the Party Central Committee in 1945, and member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee in 1955. At the Eighth National Party Congress in 1956, he was elected general secretary of the Party Central Committee, and he held the post until 1966. He fell victim to the disastrous "cultural revolution" together with the late President Liu Shaoqi. In 1973, he was reinstated. He lost all his posts again in 1976 and was restored to them in 1977. At the First Plenary Session of the 12th Party Central Committee in 1982, he was elected member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Party Central Committee and chairman of the Central Advisory Commission. And he was one of the vice-premiers of the State Council between 1952 and 1980. In 1953, he was concurrently minister of finance. Deng Xiaoping is a master trouble-shooter, noted for his courage and wisdom in solving knotty problems. He advocated the idea of using practice as the only criterion for judging truth, a key to the liberation of the people's chronic ossified thinking. The Sixth Plenary Session of the 11th Party Central Committee of 1981 adopted the Resolution on Chen Yun Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China, a Chen Yun, an 82-year-old veteran leader of the document drafted under his guidance. This Communist Party of China, has replaced Deng resolution completely negated the decade-long Xiaoping as chairman of the CPC Central Advisory "cultural revolution," and rectified the mistakes of Commission. Mao Zedong in his late years while affirming Mao's To accelerate the process of rejuvenating the great contributions to the Chinese revolution. Party's central leadership, Chen, together with He advanced the idea of "one country, two Deng and another veteran leader Li Xiannian, left systems" to solve the China-Britain Hong Kong the Party Central Committee. issue and the Macao issue between China and As one of the founders of the People's Republic Portugal. This formula serves as a reasonable of China and a't(% administrator in economic principle for solving the Taiwan issue and realizing affairs, Chen left indelible marks in China's the reunification of the motherland. revolution and its economic and Party construction. During the 1956-63 period, he headed many Born into a poor peasant family in Qingpu CPC delegations to Moscow to hold talks with County, Province in 1905, Chen lost both of Soviet Party leaders. his parents at the age of four. Because his family His high prestige in the Party and among the could not afford his further education, he left home Chinese people stems from his great contributions after his graduation from primary school in 1919 and high positions; a more important factor is the and went to work as an apprentice at the Shanghai decisive role he has played in effecting a historical Commercial Press. He began his revolutionary change in the policies of the Party. He is the general career there as an organizer of the labour designer of the reform and opening up to the outside movement. He was one of the organizers of the world; he set China on this course and now guides it. "May 30th Movement" in 1925, triggered by the Deng led China on a path to build socialism Japanese capitalist's kilHng of a Chinese worker, with Chinese characteristics, opening a new page in and a general strike launched by workers of the the history of the Party and the People's Republic. Commercial Press. He also took part in three armed

16 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 uprisings staged by Shanghai workers. Re• "cultural revolution," he was removed from leading commended by Zhou Enlai, Chen joined the posts. He was re-elected Standing Committee Communist Party in 1925. He became secretary of member of the Political Bureau and vice-chairman the Party Group of the National Federation of of the Central Committee and first secretary of the Trade Unions in 1932 and for many years after the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of founding of the People's Republic served as the Party at the Third Plenary Session of the 11 th president of the All-China Federation of Trade Central Committee in 1978. In 1982, he was re• Unions. elected a Standing Committee member of the Chen sat on the seven CPC Central Political Bureau and first secretary of the Central Committees from the Fourth Plenary Session of the Commission for Discipline Inspection at the First Sixth Central Committee in 1931 until the 13th Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee after Party Congress. He first bacame a member of the the abolishment of these posts of chairman and Party's Political Bureau in 1934. vice-chairman. In 1933, Chen was transferred from Shanghai As a Party member, Chen has set an to work in the Central Revolutionary Base in south outstanding example for following the principle of Jiangxi and west Fujian provinces. He participated seeking truth from facts. He was highly praised by in the world-famous Long March of the Red Army the Party for his advocacy of "no blind faith in in 1934. At the historic Zunyi Meeting, an enlarged superiors or books, but in truth" in the 1940s and one held by the Political Bureau of the CPC Central his later maxim "all successes start with seeking Committee in January 1935, Chen was one of the truth from facts." He stated that one should spend enthusiastic supporters of Mao Zedong's correct 90 percent of his time investigating and less than 10 ideas. After the meeting, Chen was sent back to percent making decisions. Shanghai to restore the Party's underground work Chen has made a series of brilliant expositions and in the same year he left Shanghai for Moscow on Party construction. and worked there as a member of the CPC As a veteran revolutionary, Chen pays great delegation to the Communist International until the attention to the rejuvenation of cadres at various winter of 1937. levels. At the 12th National Party Congress in 1982, On his return to Yanan, the centre of a he warned that there was a serious shortage in revolutionary base in northwest China, he served as successors to leading cadres. "If we do not tackle head of the Organizational Department of the CPC this problem or fail to solve it now, the communist Central Committee for years, rendering outstand• cause may suffer setbacks in China," he said, urging ing services for Party construction and the work to promote new cadres "in the number of concerning Party cadres. He was also in charge of thousands." the financial and economic affairs of the Shaanxi- As first secretary of the Central Discipline Gansu-Ningxia border area, the headquarters of Inspection Commission of the Party, he has made the CPC Central Committee, as deputy head of the great efforts to rectify the Party's style of work, Northwest Financial and Economic Affairs Office which was seriously damaged by the "cultural of the CPC Central Committee. During that period, revolution," and restore the fine traditions of the which marked the start of his long career in Party. economic work, Chen carried out many policies for Chen is a lover of Suzhou pintan, storytelling economic development and the ensured supply in and ballad singing in Suzhou dialect, a performing the revolutionary base. art popular in his hometown. His wife Yu Ruomu is also a veteran Party offical. After the War of Resistance Against Japan, Chen went to northeast China and served as one of the principal leaders of the Party, government and Li Peng army there, contributing greatly to PLA's victory and economic recovery in northeast China. Li Peng was born in 1928 in Chengdu city, After the founding of the People's Republic, Sichuan Province. In 1948, a year prior to the Chen was appointed vice-premier and minister in founding of the People's Republic, he was sent to charge of the central government Financial and study in the Moscow Power Institute and became Economic Commission, leading the country's chairman of the Association of Chinese Students in financial and economic work and serving as first the Soviet Union during his study there. After assistant to the late Premier Zhou Enlai. He entered returning to China in 1955, he worked as chief the powerful five-member Secretariat of the CPC engineer and director of two large power plants in Central Committee in 1950, thus becoming one of northeast China and as deputy chief engineer in the the top decision-makers of the Party. Northeast China Electric Power Administration. Chen was elected vice-chairman of the CPC After 1966, he was director of the Beijing Central Committee at the First Plenary Session of Electricity Power Administration. Thanks partly to the Eighth Central Committee in 1956. During the his efforts, Beijing and Tianjin were ensured of a

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 17 m ARTICLES

Hinggan Mountains. He also appeared on the construction sites of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant in Zhejiang Province and the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in Guangdong Province. He studied the location of the plants and worked out the computer programmes for evaluating cost, profit, waste recovery and life span of Qinshan, China's first nuclear power station. Once asked by a Western journalist whether he was "pro-Soviet," Li said, "I am Chinese and a member of the Chinese Communist Party. I act only according to the Party's line and in the interests of my country." Li Shuoxun, the vice-premier's father, was one of the members who joined the Party in its primary stage and was one of the participants in the Nanchang Uprising on August 1, 1927, an armed rebellion led by the Communist Party. He was killed in Hainan Island by the Kuomintang when Li Peng was three. In 1939, the late Premier Zhou Enlai sent 11- year-old Li Peng to Chongqing to study. Li Peng joined the Communist Party in 1945 at the age of 17. According to people close to him, Li Peng is an avid reader. He speaks good Russian and has taught himself English. His wife is an electrical engineer. They have two sons and a daughter. normal supply of electricity despite the turmoil of the "cultural revolution." In the 1979-1983 period, he served as vice-minister and minister of Power Industry and first vice-minister of Water Resources Qiao Shi and Electric Power. Li was elected a member of the Party Central Qiao Shi, a Party affairs expert, is also in Committee at the Party's 12th National Congress in charge of government administration and legal 1982 and a member of the Political Bureau and the affairs. Secretariat of the Party Central Committee in the As a member of the Political Bureau and Fifth Plenary Session of the Party's 12th Central Secretariat of the 12th Central Committee of the Committee in 1985. Chinese Communist Party and vice-premier, he was Since 1983, he has been serving as vice-premier also one of Premier Zhao Ziyang's five able aides in and a member of the Leading Gpoup under the the State Council. Party Central Committee in Charge of Finance and He joined the Chinese Communist Party in Economy, supervising such industrial sectors as Shanghai in 1940 at the age of 16 where he served as energy, transportation and raw material supply. the secretary of a district students committee under There has been rapid development in recent years in the local underground Party organization. After those economic sectors vital to the national 1945, he was one of the organizers of the students' economy. movement in Shanghai. After the founding of People's Republic in Li has concurrently served as minister in 1949, Qiao first did Party and political work, then charge of the State Education Commission since technical work and then returned to Party work. In 1985. the post-liberation years, he was secretary of the Li has often appeared at the scene of disasters. youth subcommittee under the city Party committee In the summer of 1982 when the Huanghe (Yellow of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, while in charge of River) rose, threatening the safety of the the youth work in the East China Bureau of the surrounding area, Li was in Qinghai Province CPC Central Committee. directing the battle to prevent the high tide from From 1954 through 1962, Qiao worked on the damaging the Longyangxia Dam, the largest in the industrial front. He was technical division chief of upper reaches of the river. He went to Heilongjiang the construction company under the Anshan Iron Province, northeast China, to participate in and Steel Works, then the largest iron and steel directing the forest fire fighting in the Greater enterprise in China, and later served as director of

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 the Design Institute of the Jiuquan Iron and Steel Hu Qili Company, a new iron and steel enterprise in northwest China's Gansu Province. Hu Qili, 58, was elected a member of the Qiao was transferred to the International Party's Central Committee at its 12th National Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Congress in 1982. He became a member of the Party Central Committee in 1963 and worked there Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee later. In until 1982. During this period, he served as deputy 1985, he was promoted to the Political Bureau. bureau chief, bureau chief, deputy head and head of As standing member of the Secretariat, Hu Qili the department. has taken part in decision-making on important After 1982, he was an alternate member and a Party issues in recent years. He now supervises member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central ideological education, theoretical research and Committee, director of the General Office of the publicity. CPC Central Committee, head of the Organiz• At a national meeting of leading publicity ational Department of the CPC Central Committee officials last October, Hu Qili called for perfecting a and secretary of the Political Science and Law system of consultation and dialogue with Committee under the CPC Central Committee. intellectuals, students, workers and farmers so that Qiao was elected member of the Political people can actively participate in major state affairs. Bureau of the CPC Central Committee in 1985 and Like other leaders, Hu spends much time appointed vice-premier of the State Council in 1986. conducting investigations at the grass-roots level to In the past three years, Qiao has been in charge gain first-hand information. of the Central Leading Group for Improving the Born in 1929 in Yulin, Shaanxi Province, Hu Party's Style of Work. Qili joined the Communist Party in 1948 and Those who have worked with Qiao Shi see him graduated from the Mechanical Engineering as attaching great importance to investigating, Department of Beijing University in 1951. After hearing and soliciting various opinions, particularly graduation, he started a career connected with different ones, on all types of issues. youth work, serving as president of the All-China Qiao Shi is familiar with the history of the Students' Federation and alternate member of the Communist Parties in various countries. He Secretariat of the Communist Youth League sometimes reads books in English. Central Committee. Qiao Shi gets up before six and then jogs and walks for nearly an hour — this has become a During the "cultural revolution," he was morning routine for him. A non-smoker and non- persecuted and sent to work in Xiji County and drinker he works more than ten hours a day. Guyuan Prefecture, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22. 1987 19 •i ARTICLES

Region, one of the poorest areas in China. This experience developed in him a strong sentiment for people in underdeveloped regions. In the summer of 1986, Hu Qili spent a month conducting investigations in a dozen poor counties in Gansu, Ningxia and Hubei, where he discussed with local officials and peasants on ways and means to boost local economic development. He praised the intellectuals who had dedicated themselves to the development of these areas, and described their efforts as "writing research papers by re-shaping mountains and rivers." Hu Qili served as vice-president of Qinghua University from 1977 to 1978, and as a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Youth League Central Committee and president of the All-China Youth Federation from 1978 to 1980. He was mayor of Tianjin Municipality from 1980 to 1982 and director of the General Office of the Communist Party Central Committee from 1982 to 1983.

Yao Yilin

As one of the young ministers of the central government in the early 1950s, Yao Yilin's name has been linked to many important economic activities in China. He is still concurrently minister in charge of the State Planning Commission. People Economy under the Party Central "Committee. He believe his expertise is important to the ongoing also served as deputy secretary-general and director reform of China's economic structure. of the General Office of the CPC Central Early in 1980, Yao put forth a series of Committee and was appointed a vice-premier in proposals for accelerating the reform of the 1978. economic management system. These included Born in 1917 in Guichi County, Anhui greater decision-making power for state-owned Province, east China, Yao is a graduate of Qinghua industrial enterprises, extensive competition among University. He joined the Chinese Communist enterprises, and more channels for commercial Party in 1935. As secretary of the Party Group in the distribution, independent banking operations, Beiping (today's Beijing) Students' Federation, he taxation system reform and a market-regulating was one of the organizers of the then Beiping system under the guidance of state planning. students' patriotic movement against Japanese Yao's career as an economic planner dates aggression and for democracy. back to the country's Liberation War period from During the War of Resistance Against Japan 1946 through 1949 when he was the deputy director (1937-45), Yao went underground working as of the Financial and Economic Office of the Shanxi- secretary of the Communist Party City Committee Chahar-Hebei Border Region Government and in Tianjin and secretary-general of the Shanxi- head of the Department of Industry and Commerce Chahar-Hebei Bureau of the CPC Central of the North China People's Government. Committee. After the founding of the People's Republic in Yao was elected an alternate member of the 1949, Yao was vice-minister of trade and then vice- Central Committee at the Party's Eighth and Tenth minister and minister of commerce and deputy National Congresses held in 1956 and 1973 director of the Office in Charge of Finance and respectively. He became a full member of the 11th Trade under the State Council. Central Committee in 1977 and a member of the Like many other veteran cadres in China, Yao Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee at the was dismissed from office during the "cultural Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central revolution," which began in 1966. Since 1973, Yao Committee late in 1978. He was elected an alternate has served successively as first vice-minister of member of the Political Bureau of the 12th CPC foreign trade, minister of commerce, minister in Central Committee at the committee's First Plenary charge of the State Planning Commission, head of Session in 1982 and then a full member at the the Leading Group in Charge of Finance and committee's Fifth Plenary Session in 1985.

20 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 DELIBERATIONS ON CHINA'S 2ND REVOLUTION (II) Breaking the Ossified IVIentality by Luo Rongxing, Zhu Huaxin and Cao Huanrong

At an important Party meeting lieid in Beijing on December 13,1978, tlie then 74-year- oid Chinese ieader Deng Xiaoping told a large group of senior cadres, who had all taken part in the Long IVIarch, the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Liberation War and socialist construction, "If we do not reform now, our modernization and socialism will be ruined."

he international 'communist Zheng Hongqing of the Beijing productive forces in socialist Tmovement came into being 140 Young Economist Society says, countries. Since Leftism generally years ago when Karl Marx and "According to the founders of forces practice into the mould of Frederick Engels published their Marxism, the inevitability of its stereotyped concepts, the Manifesto of the Communist Party socialism lies in the fact that reform must begin with breaking in 1848. Seventy years later, the socialism suits the development of the ossified Leftist mentality. 1917 October Revolution took the productive forces after capital• place in Russia and the proletariat ism can no longer accommodate Yang Jianwen, an associate for the first time became the them. Therefore, they predicted research fellow at the Economics masters of society. Still another 70 that the socialist revolution would Institute under the Shanghai years have elapsed and the first succeed in the few capitalist Academy of Social Sciences, is economy of most socialist coun• countries with the most developed now studying economic reforms in tries is mired in sluggishness, productive forces. But, due to the Soviet Union and other East following the early periods of complicated social and historical European countries. He says these rapid growth. As socialism has not factors, the socialist system was countries began to conduct properly exhibited its superiority, first established in countries where economic reforms on a trial basis the socialist cause worldwide is productivity was relatively back• in the late 1950s and early 1960s. subject to severe tests. It is ward. This was a big historical If the workers' self- therefore necessary, in Deng's leap. However, the inexorable management system introduced opinion, to reform. This is the only logic revealed by the founders of by Yugoslavia in 1950 were way out for the socialist countries. Marxism remained — that the considered a separate, unique The socialist economy, as relations of production must keep case, the gathering of economists envisaged by the founders of in step with the development of the in Poland in 1956, the so-called Marxism, has one salient charac• productive forces. Hence, social• "Warsaw Spring," can be counted teristic, i.e., it can generate much ism established on the basis of as the earliest cry for reform. higher productivity than capital• backward productive forces can Although many complicated fac• ism. In practice, however, what be nothing but immature and tors were behind the "Poznan has emerged has been highly incomplete socialism. To improve Incident" in June 1956 and the centralized planned economies it, one must first of all develop the events in Hungary in October the based on state ownership. productive forces." same year, they both highlighted Although the model has Nevertheless, in the develop• the contradiction between the eliminated the chronic capitalist ment of socialism. Leftist ideas, traditional centralized system and malady of "accumulation of born of an insufficient under• economic development. They wealth at one end and accumul• standing of the prevalent con- motivated Poland and Hungary to ation of poverty at the other, it has didons in the country, of the laws take the lead in trying partial failed to produce the efficiency governing the development of reform by giving enterprises more and development envisaged by the world economy and history and of autonomy. founders of Marxism, and the the basic tenets of Marxism, have In September 1962, the propo• advantages of socialism have thus been a long-standing problem sitions of a Soviet economist not been brought into full play. holding back the development of triggered off a national debate on

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22. 1987 21 the theory of the commodity China's socialism did not arise can play their roles effectively. economy and planning and from the capitalist model en• In other words, China's reform incentive mechanisms. In 1965, visaged by Marx. Nor did it grow has a double challenge: To tackle the Soviet Union introduced a out of a capitalist society with the question of development along "new economic policy" within its initial industrialization such as with restructuring the economy. state-owned enterprises, which those in Russia and other East Cao Yuanzheng, an economist centred around material incen• European countries. It came out says that while China's reform has tives. During the middle and late of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal to overcome the problems preva• 1960s, a wave of economic reform society, with a semi-natural lent in all socialist countries, such swept the Soviet Union and economy where the commodity as bureaucracy, low efficiency and Eastern Europe. economy, the prevalence of money ossification; it must also tackle the These attempts at reform in the and the socialization of produc• chronic maladies of developing Soviet Union and the East tion were all at a very low level. countries, such as feudal vestiges, European countries from the late China is still in the primary incompetent administrators, a 1950s to the mid-1970s were in stage of socialism, and this is generally low cultural level, lack of general characterized by "decen• China's starting point in observing fund, rapid population growth tralization" and the introduction and tackling every issue. He and shortage of materials. This of certain market mechanisms. Jiacheng, an associate research combination constitutes a unique They represented the first assault fellow at the Economics Institute challenge. against Leftist centralized plann• under the Chinese Academy of This is where the special ing. But these reforms — Social Sciences,believes that un• significance of China's reform lies. extending over two decades — like the Soviet Union, and Eastern If poor and backward China can were stop-go affairs, interrupted Europe, the tasks facing China's achieve modernization and join by wavering and retrogression. economic reforms are not just to the advanced countries through They were therefore far from solve the contradictions between reform, this may provide more being complete and comprehens• "centralization and decentraliz• convincing proof of the superior• ive. In general, they were only ation" and between "planning and ity of socialism over capitalism experimental. market," but to create the than can the successful reforms of prerequisites for a commodity socialist countries which had After Deng Xiaoping raised the economy so that both the inifial industrialization before curtain on thorough economic planning and market mechanisms their revolutions? reform in China in 1979, and especially following the successes of the reforms in China's rural areas, a new tide of reform once again surged through the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe — the most conspicuous being the series of reform measures adopted by the Soviet Communist Party this year. BROADCAST TIMES & FREQUENCIES It is clear that reform has FOR RADIO BEIJING ENGLISH LANGUAGE become an irreversible trend in SERVICE socialist countries. If the victory of the October Revolution is thought (Beginning November 11, 1987) to have ushered in a new epoch for socialism, the current reform, if it continues through to final success, GMT Local Standard Time Meter Bands kHz will pave the way for another new North America (East Coast) era in which the productive forces 00.00-01.00 19.00-20.00 (E.S.T.) 31 9665 under socialism will surpass those 11.00-12.00 06.00-07.00 (E.S.T.) 31 9665 in capitalist countries. By then, 12.00-13.00 07.00-08.00 (E.S.T.) 40,31,31 7335,9635,9665 historians may well see the reform North America (West Coast) as a second "October 03.00-04.00 19.00-20.00 (P.S.T.) 1,25,19 9645,11980,15455 Revolution." 04.00-05.00 20.00-21.00 (P.S.T.) 31,25 9645,11980 13.00-14.00 05.00-06.00 (P.S.T.) 40 7335 China's reform, which has proceeded for eight years, holds great promise. At the same time, however, it has had its own difficulties. 3a®S3H3a[*aa[iiiaisSsagiaia[i;'3s|»:..

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 Open Policy and Cultural Ferment (III) by Duan Liancheng*

In Qufu, the hometown of Confucius, In "Penglal fairyland," a tourist attraction, and at Xinmouli Village where peasants set up a General Corporation of United international Enterprises, the author sees a tangle of interacting cultural phenomena, foreign and Chinese, modern and ancient. "The hubbub," he says, "is a necessary process of metabolism."

he Yantai area has many places not more, are annoyed by a cold or expense of consumer goods and Tof historic interest. A complex rude reception. Why is service so services caused the quaHty of of temples and pavilions first built often so grudging? services to slide. 1,000 years ago on cliffs In 1949, when I returned to the The fatal blow was dealt by the overlooking the sea is so lovely newly liberated Beijing from the "cultural revolution."While pos• that it has come to be known as the United States, peer pressure ters calling for "wholehearted "Penglai Fairyland," and it is said prompted me to change into what service to the people" went up that visitors can see mirages above Westerners call a "Mao suit." everywhere, a "counter-culture" the water once in a while. Concerned about price, I shopped which opposed all social norms What makes the Penglai visit around. The salesmen, many of came into vogue. Rudeness was memorable for me was the young them still wearing the old-style tacitly accepted as proletarian — woman guide. Always wearing a long gowns, would smile and bow for workers should be blunt and smile, she told the story of every and even insist on serving me a cup boorish. Obscenities were casually site with clarity and humour and of tea. Excellent service it was, but exchanged by Red Guards and answered stupid questions with not really pleasant. Their servility other "revolutionary rebels." patience and wit. Chatting after was a clear reminder of the low Even day-to-day polite language, the hour's tour, I discovered she social status working people had such as "sorry" and "thank you," had been in the business for six in China's long feudal history and was regarded by them as years, repeating the same narr• also an expression of their hallmarks of bourgeois refinement ation six times a day, six days a constant fear of "losing their rice or hypocrisy. In that decade, many ujek in peak season. Getting bowl." people were thrown into cultural bored? No. she says: "Aren't we confusion and a whole generation serving the people? It's not easy was brought up in a topsy-turvy for them to find the time and save PENGLAI PAVILION: "Serve world of values. The cable the money to come here. We the People" Tradition Is messenger appeared to be one of should make it enjoyable for Being Challenged, But It Is the victims who had not learned them." better. As I write, outside my window, Fighting Back. Great efforts have been made in a telegram boy shouts to the With the revolution, service recent years to restore civic virtues woman above the courtyard. The people and other manual workers and professional ethics. Witness old woman is slow in coming were honoured as the leading class the posters often seen in Beijing down for the cable. The messenger of society, and were given an "iron shops admonishing the staff to say cries: "What's up? you waiting for rice bowl." In the meantime, the "twelve courteous words" beginn• me to deliver it to your room?" socialist spirit of "serving the ing with "please." But education people" was propagated with full alone seems inadequate. The As I see it, the guide and the force. A new style of service soon scarcity of goods and services for messenger represent two conflict• emerged, unceremonious but the huge population, though it is ing social attitudes in the changing warm. Tips were voluntarily gradually easing, will persist for China. Many foreign visitor^ like rejected in all service trades. some years yet. The institution of Chinese hospitality, but many, if In the late 1950s, however, the the "communal rice pot" (earning pressure of the uncontrolled the same regardless of perfor• population growth began to be felt mance), will take a long time to * Duan Liancheng is a veteran as public places became increas• reform. High-pressure campaigns journalist and former senior editor of to "remould people's thinking" Beijing Review. The first and second ingly crowded. Meanwhile, the installments of this series were carried in national development strategy and change their behaviour are no issues No. 43 and 44. stressing heavy industry at the longer acceptable to the public

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 23 ARTICLES

and have been repudiated by the According to my observations, short articles by Mao Zedong government. service people of the Penglai- (Serve the People, the Foolish The inflated material expect• guide-type are few as are the Little Old Man Who Moved Moun• ations engendered by exposure to Beauty and messenger type. On tains and In Memory of foreign lifestyles, have added the whole, however, I would say Norman Bethune) gave char• asperity to the problem. Liu that mercenary trends are eroding acter and inspiration to the Xlnwu, a noted novelist and editor the "serve-the-people" tradition. efforts of the people as they of the prestigious People's Litera• It would be simplistic though to struggled to create a socialist ture, wrote a piece called Bus conclude that the tradition is society.... Arias, (published in 1985), on the dying. On the eve of my Penglai In post-1978 China the woes of both the employees and visit, I saw a television report of three articles have fallen into customers of Beijing's public the forest fire in northeast China obscurity and are repudiated transport. He appeals for mutual last May, and was impressed by (sic!). "Serve the People" is tolerance and describes one reason the fire-fighters, particularly the replaced by "serve self and for the problem. young soldiers. They rolled on the "Getting Rich Is Glorious." Xia Xiaoli (Xia the Little ground to put out the flames Instead of sharing and Beauty, a bus conductress) which their clothes had caught, collective effort, individual• never cared about dress and jumped up and charged forward ism and personal gain are makeup. But so many fash• again. There are plenty of what we fostered. ionable things are tempting call good people and good deeds her now. No sooner has the which the sensation-seeking fore• Huazi cosmetics series ign media does not report. MOUPING COUNTY: Can become established than tele• I was therefore distressed to Poverty Foster Socialist vision advertisements begin to read a pamphlet compiled by IVIorality? The Peasants promote the Weinabo series. Maud Russell, a long-time Little Beauty buys her American friend of China. Know Best. eyebrow pencil and immedi• Entitled "Profiles of Two Chinas: ately eyelash clip appear in the Post-1978 and Pre-1978," it is a Mouping, a rural county under shops. Recently many Hong selection of Chinese short stories Yantai's jurisdiction, includes a Kong-style hair-dressers have purporting to show that values "necklace" of 100 offshore started up, claiming that their have completely changed. It islands. One of them is "Stable beauticians are specially in• concludes thus: Island," so named becjiuse vited from Guangzhou and In the pre-1978 period three Qinshihuang, the first emperor to calling themselves "Mini- Paris," "New Wave," and "Charm You." The fancy Penglai Pavilion in Yantai. names alone make Xiaoli's heart pound with excitement. She has seen several fashion shows and come to know what the current "intern• ational colour" is. She has just bought a pair of sleek high- heeled shoes but people are saying that the latest fashion is for flat shoes. Passengers should under• stand Xiaoli's feelings. Though not a great beauty, she is young, and what young lady doesn't care about her looks? But the problem is that Xia Xiaoli feels increasingly fed up with the low paying conductor's job.... Then the writer vividly repro• duces her sharp-tongued con• frontations with her customers.

24 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 unify China in 221 BC, stabled his managed to muddle through, but I saw one of the industrial horses (immortalized as the Xinmouli became a headache for plants which is in a compensatory famous terra-cotta horses) there. the county authorities. Seven trade venture with foreign busi• With its mild climate and fine sand work teams, recruited primarily nesses. Young women, who at this beaches, the island has many from the security agencies, were time of the year would have been sanatoria and more are being sent to the village, not to suppress dripping with sweat in the fields a built. A large national recuper• but to help. Nothing much came few years ago, are now attending ation centre for disabled people is of it. sophisticated machines, in air- being planned there. It is also a site conditioned workshops. With raw Then rural reform began. An for equestrian tournaments. materials and equipment supplied important reversal of the rules was by British and Italian firms, the Of particular interest to me here to encourage peasants to increase plant produces semi-finished is a rural community that their income by any means as long woollen products, and is doing "miraculously" (as the locals say) as it was honest. Chang Zongling, very well. Last year, Chang, the prospered in the economic reform. a young man with a middle school corporation's president, flew to Xinmouli — a production brigade education, was elected the village Europe to explore new in the commune days, now a leader. Hard-working and re• possibilities. village — has a population of sourceful, he led a team of 1,500 in 485 households. During Xinmouli's strongest lads to work In the corporation headquar• the "cultural revolution," Xin• at the docks as casual labourers. ters' spacious reception room, a mouli peasants were required to Ready to accept the heaviest loads large placard is prominently grow food grains only. Any and the dirtiest jobs, they soon displayed carrying the words attempt to diversify the economy, accumulated some money and which Chang Zongling often said to grow cash crops or shift to bought a few obsolete machinery, throughout this rags-to-riches handicraft and trade, was strictly forge hammers and the like, from story: "If we don't get something forbidden. The reasons seemed a factory. Then Chang led his men great started, we will be burdens plausible. The populous country in collecting scrap iron from the on society and the deadwood of would go hungry if peasants left dumps of big factories and our times. Our lives will be their fields and went after money. knocked them into slabs and superfluous!" It seems that his Besides, money-seeking per se was ingots for sale. The women left career is not merely motivated by a capitalistic trait. But there was a behind worked the land. Chang an urge to improve his own lot but problem: the exteme scarcity of launched many other ventures a sense of social obligation. arable land. True to the Chinese which are now indulgently Xinmouli's entire work force of peasant tradition of great pa• referred to as Xinmouli's "process 800 men and women is fully tience, Xinmouli's farmers obe• of primitive capital accumul• employed and only three percent diently tilled their land year after ation" (a Marxist term referring to are tilling the land. Hardpressed year. They received a meagre food the onerous early stage of for labour, the corporation has ration from the common harvest, capitalist development). hired 2,000 people from outside. and cash income was next to nil. In In nine years, Xinmouli has Xinmouli's peasants (by now a 1976 they earned 10 yuan per transformed its mono-crop misnomer) have free nurseries and head, enough to buy 25 packs of economy into 24 industrial, primary schools, and receive medium-grade cigarettes. commercial, catering, crop- medical care at half the cost in the An obvious advantage of that growing and pig-farming enterpr• local clinic and completely free in way of life was equality. Every ises. The headquarters of the hospitals outside the village. A family was about as poor as the conglomerate are housed in a dozen youngsters have gone on to next. Venality ceased because it multi-storey building sporting a higher education. was too risky. Trying to acquire handsome nameplate "Xinmou Eight blocks of flats have been money could mean a fine or, in General Corporation of United built, equipped with central extreme cases, being branded a Internatonal Enterprises." heating, running water and "nascent bourgeois" and "class Grandiloquent, but not entirely cooking gas. A flat has four rooms enemy" (such events depicted in unmerited. with a kitchen and bath-room, the popular film A Town Called The corporation's newly built and some have five rooms. I was Hibiscus were no artistic exagger• Unicorn tourist hotel on Stable invited to look around some of the ation). But the equality did not Island is quite up to international homes and saw well-furnished breed morality. Misdemeanours standards. It is carpeted, air- sitting rooms and bedrooms and like thefts and burglaries, family conditioned, equipped with a tiled bathrooms with a tub and a feuds and neighbourhood fights, refrigerator in each guest room, shower. By Chine'se standards were commonplace. and managed by a well-dressed, they are luxury apartments. I was As the villages differed from one suave 26-year-old Xinmouli told that per-capita income last another, a few did quite well, most peasant. year was 2,500 yuan (peasants'

FiFl.llN(i RI VIHW. NOVFMBFR 16-2:. 1987 ARTICLES

same measure. What of Xinmouli's morality now? I was told that public order was good and nobody has been gaoled. The guide said: "Grown• ups are busy working, youngsters studying and loafers are few. Village life is no longer drab. Entertainment and recreation facilities are increasing. Our neighbouring Xiguan village is doing better in this respect. They have built an illuminated basket• ball court, a swimming pool, a skating rink, a chess and games room, a theatre, a dance hall, a library, an exhibition centre and on top of all a small zoo. People from other villages and the county town flock to Xiguan for their The Confucion Mansion. leisure. Xiguan has done all this without government funds and they are getting a return through national average: 424 yuan). set up in recent years by the admission tickets and refreshment I should caution readers that peasants themselves without state sales.'" not all Chinese villages are as well subsidy or investment. As a result, Xinmouli's experience is that off, or soon will be. Pockets of 79.48 million farmers have, in poverty and asceticism did not poverty still exist. In Mouping press parlance, "left their soil but foster socialist morality and the County, one-third of the villages not their land." It means that a new quest for wealth has not have only just managed to ensure large part of the surplus rural undermined it. But it is true that full bellies and warm backs for labour has been channelled into materially affluent societies can be their inhabitants. In the Yimeng industry, commerce, transport beset with grave social maladies Mountain area in Shandong and service trades in their own just as poor ones can. China too Province, latest reports say that 57 localities preventing them from could suffer if it loses sight of the percent of the villages have no swarming into the already pitfalls of a single-minded pursuit motor road leading to them, 45 overcrowded cities. Chinese of material gain. percent have no electricity and 33 leaders have called this the percent face shortages of drinking greatest achievement of the rural water. "If you go to those reform. QUFU: Confucius Once mountains and ask people the jn such a drive for better Again Raises a Storm of way," said a friend, "they will ask income, it is inevitable that the 'you 'the man's way or the ass' "evil wind," as we call it, of money Controversy. way?' The footpaths are shorter fetishism and a hunger for profit but the animal paths easier." has buffeted many people. The Shandong Province has two Though massive programmes to slogan "it is glorious to be rich," unrivalled historical monuments. aid poor areas are underway, it the invention of some zealots, did One is Mt. Taishan, worshipped as will take some time yet to lift Put in an appearance, but it was a sacred mountain since ancient everywhere above the poverty line, soon replaced by "achieve pros• times. Through the past two perity through diligence." Official millenia, numerous emperors, Xinmouli is one of the pace- policy has always been to allow a dignitaries, scholars and poets setters. In a nationwide selection section of the population to get came to pay homage and left of the "100 best peasant ahead in a general drive for behind a wealth of relics forming a entrepreneurs" last summer, common prosperity. I believe this condensed panorama of ancient Chang Zongling was in the top 10. is a practical approach. However Chinese history. The open policy These successful peasants, firmly a government is dedicated has brought to the majestic though still few, do represent a to common prosperity and mountain streams of overseas trend. All across the country, ah opposed to social polarization, tourists, paved roads, a cable way, enormous number of small prosperity cannot come to every hotels and restaurants, numerous "township enterprises" have been citizen at the same time and in the stalls selling elixir mushrooms

26 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22. 1987 {lingzhi) and tiger bones for Guest House, a new hotel subsequent centuries, Confucian• treating arthritis, pop music on the combining traditional architech- ism was reinterpreted, revised and once serene Jade Emperor's ture with modern facilities, has stretched to become the ideology Summit, and much else. inscribed on its lintel the first rationalizing and upholding the The other historical treasure is sentence of the Confucian Ana• feudal order. in Qufu, Confucius' birth-place lects: '"What a pleasure it is to Times were bad again for the and two hours' drive from Mt. have friends coming from afar!" ancient philosopher in recent Taishan. It houses a complex of times. The May Fourth New ancient architecture, which with They are coming and having a Culture Movement in 1919 the Forbidden City in Beijing and good time. I saw a grand birthday advanced the slogan "smash the the imperial summer resort in party held by a Hong Kong Kong shop." Confucianism, Chengde are the three largest in businessman for his daughter in though not necessarily Confucius China. the plush restaurant. Waitresses himself, deserved it because at the The complex consists of the brought in a huge cake, and time the doctrine had become a Confucian Mansion, a huge estate Happy Birthday to You was belted shield in the hands of the first built 1,000 years ago and now Out as the girl blew out the candles. monarchists and conservatives kept as it was in the 1930s when You would not find that in the against "Mr. De and Mr. Sai" Confucius' 77th lineal descendant, rigorous Confucian Book of Rites! (democracy and science in the Kung Decheng, married there. Confucius (Kong Qiu, to be jargon of that period) whom There is also the Confucius exact) lived a life of frustrations progressive Chinese wanted to Temple, first built in 487 BC, from 551 to 479 BC. His ideal of invite in from abroad. where the sage was worshipped by "Great Harmony" unfulfilled, his emperors of successive dynasties. trips to various ducal kingdoms Another nationwide campaign Then the Confucius Forest is his unrewarding, the great thinker to criticize Confucius was mausoleum and his descendants' and educator died in sorrow and launched by the Gang of Four in cemetery which is planted with poverty. His death did not bring 1974. They portrayed Confucius 100,000 old trees. peace. In 212-213 BC, the as a die-hard opponent of In spite of Confucius' fame, powerful Emperor Qinshihuang, revolutionary change though their Qufu had few visitors a decade fed up with the "political gossip" propaganda barrages against ago. The buildings were left of Confucian scholars, ordered Confucius were thinly-veiled at• uncared for. Crows thrived on their books burnt and 460 tacks on opponents of the roofs and trees. The ground was garrulous academics buried alive. "cultural revolution." Qufu sud• littered with animal droppings and The tables turned when in 136 denly became a bustling town as wild grass. It took some courage to BC another powerful emperor, thousands of people were spurred stroll around the empty, dreary Wudi of the Han Dynasty, to come for "on-the-spot criti• sites. Tourists have been increas• elevated Confucianism to the cism." The poor old man must ing fast in recent years. Queli status of official creed. In the have turned in his grave as hack writers and naive young zealots called him names — an arch- Tourists waiking aiong tiie Confucian Forest. reactionary, a money-grubber, and even an old letcher. The dust had barely settled when a new wind came with the open policy. Exposure to foreign cultures led Chinese scholars to start a new round of critical examination of traditional Chinese culture contrasting it with foreign counterparts. They want to determine its impact, positive or negative, on the country's moder• nization drive. As the most important component of tra• ditional Chinese culture, Con• fucianism has once again become a controversial subject. Some say it's an asset, some say it's a liability, and others hold it is a mixture of both.

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 27 m ARTICLES

In September an international Chinese culture have a glorious decadent aspects of capital• seminar on Confucianism was past and still retain many fine ism. Nevertheless we should held in Qufu, attended by 120 features. The socialist spirit do our utmost to learn from scholars from 14 countries. It is injected into it in recent decades all countries (including the apt that the new statue of have given it a new lease of life and developed capitalist coun• Confucius in Qufu, replacing the rid it of much of the inertia it tries).... as a basic, unalterable one smashed during the "cultural accumulated over many centuries. state policy, opening to the revolution," shows him sitting and But in the current changes it is outside world applies to our meditating. He surely has much acknowledged that the Chinese efforts to achieve cultural and soul-searching to do because the culture is nevertheless hamstrung ideological progress as well as doctrine attributed to him was by two bonds—feudal dross and to our work for material partly responsible for China's modorn psudo-socialist dogma. progress. cultural backwardness in recent These must be broken if the In actual application, however, centuries. nation's modernization is to it is often difficult to decide what Outside the Confucius Temple I succeed. "Running water is never part to accept and what part to saw a graphic example of cultural reject, since they often come as ferment. The stalls offer cheap two sides of the same coin. Hong Kong-made necklaces side Material incentives and material by side with austere-looking fetish, for instance. In his Bus Buddhist beads; funny Micky J^he task facing China is Arias Liu Xinwu contemplates Mouse and Donald Duck toys the problem. prancing in front of statuettes of gigantic and difficult to Confucius, and hundreds of blaze a new trail of How to reconcile them? cassette tapes of pop music as well development and build a Propagate the lofty spirit of as of ancient melodies. better disregard for personal inter• There are also elementary ests and remuneration, of Confucian readers like the Three- society for one-fifth of the being content with a simple Word Rhyme and Women's world's people. A justly and austere life? This is Commandments which were the named social experiment of undoubtedly a praiseworthy staple texts for beginners in the old great historical importance! effort. days and vanished in the post- But if it is overdone, doubts revolution years. The command• about the reform will arise. ments are quite clear. "Sit with For the motivation in the mother in the morning and after stale," as the old Chinese adage economic reform lies in dusk, and don't go outdoors goes. As I see it, the current linking personal interests with without proper reason," "women stirrings under the impact of enthusiasm for work.... are not on a par with men, and foreign cultures are a necessary The core of truth lies at a hens must not usurp the cock's process of digestion and special point on a sensitive role of crowing the coming of metabolism. scale. The key to the success of dawn." Guidance is of course needed in the endeavour is a delicate this process of cultural transform• balance of these conflicting Next to these books is a slick ation. The guidelines are there in factors. local magazine. Modern Film, with the form the Communist Party's It's difficult! its "cheese-cake" cover and a resolution on building "spiritual The task facing China is colour centre-spread showing a civilization" (read "ideological, gigantic and difficult — to blaze a popular Japanese movie actress in moral and cultural develop• new trail of development and her swimming suit lying in a man's ment"). The document has notbuil d a better society for one-fifth arms! Then there are Sherlock attracted the international atten• of the world's people. A justly Holmes stories, Chrysler president tion it deserves, perhaps because it named social experiment of great Lee lacocca's autobiography and is very abstract. With regard to the historical importance! • William Kotzwinkle's E.T., all open policy, it states: translated into Chinese. Closing one's country to The wide array (or disarray) of external contact results only goods and ideas are an open in stagnation and backward• Pandora's box, some puritans ness. We resolutely reject the lament. But I see no cause for capitalist ideological and alarm. The Chinese culture needs social systems that defend stirring and transformation. oppression and exploitation, The traditional components of and we reject all the ugly and

28 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22. 1987 Causes and Impact of the Stock Market Crash Huan Xiang, director-general of tlie Centre of international Studies of the State Council, said in an interview with journalists on November 2 that the recent stocl< marltet crash indicates a turning point In Western economy. The following are the main points of his speech.

he worldwide stock market activity is only US$60 billion. markets will remain unstable. Tcrash in October has a very Speculation has been in vogue for The stock market crash is an ill complicated economic and polit• a long time and a collapse was omen for the economic future of ical background. Since 1948, the inevitable. the West. It will produce a Western stock market has ex• — In the past year, the US negative psychological impact on perienced 10 declines, but the dollar has been continuously investors and consumers, reduce recent drop in stock prices is very devalued, and there have been no the power to motivate Western different from these. The crash signs of expected US deficit economic development, increase was abrupt and overwhelming. reductions. Figures released in the unemployment rate and throw The New York Stock Exchange August this year showed an the world economy into decline. It lost more than US$500 bilUon on increase in the deficit, and people is also likely to increase the October 19 alone. Stocks fluc• saw little hope of an improvement friction between developed coun• tuated over a particularly wide in the US economy. Moreover, tries and encourage protection• range, exceeding the 1929 stan• President Ronald Reagan's po• ism. International co-ordination dard. In only one day the crash sition has been weakened, and he will become more difficult. produced immediate worldwide is now unable to take any forceful A psychological fear of holding effects. measures. Confidence is down and US dollars is spreading over the Several basic factors led to the there is much doubt in the present world markets. The stock plunge sudden decline: government's abiUty to manage has aroused further drops in the — The long-term accumulation of the economy. There is fear that a exchange rate for the US dollar, the two major imbalances in the new recession will occur earlier which will undoubtedly have world economy: (1) the economic than expected. repercussions on the world stock imbalance in developed countries — Economic friction between market. With no proper controls, manifested in the United States' the United States, Japan and the a vicious circle could begin. Stock budget and foreign trade deficits, Federal Republic of Germany has prices and the US dollar exchange and the large trade surpluses sharpened in recent times. More rate will decline in turn. Floating enjoyed by Japan and the Federal difficulties in international capital will also infiuence the Republic of Germany; and (2) the economic controls have come up, securities, gold and raw material South-North economic imbalance raising doubts about the existence markets and create instability, represented by the debt crisis and a of any co-ordination on an even chaos, in the world economy. flow back of capital in developing international level. When US Under such conditions, an countries. These imbalances led to Treasury Secretary James Baker economic recession in the US is an abnormal flow of floating voiced threathening comments on probable and worldwide capital which has flooded the the increasing of interest rates by economic depression will be international financial market. the Federal Republic of Germany, difficult to avert. As to the Profiteering reached an unpre• a storm of sell offs hit the stock political impact, it is difficult to cedented level. At the same time, market in New York, creating a make any forecasts. specific measures adopted in slump which rapidly extended to The stock market crisis will recent years by Western countries world stock markets. probably have some unfavourable to stablize exchange rates have — The US involvement in the influences on China. For example, also contributed to the situation. Gulf conflict is another concern. although our country has not been — Stock prices have been People fear the US mihtary- move hit directly, we have made great overvalued for five years. And for may escalate and the oil prices efforts to stablize the Hong Kong a long time the market has been may go up. stock market. We hope Western "overheeated," that is, growth of The major developed Western countries, especially the United stock prices has significartly countries have held consultations, States, will make concrete efforts exceded economic growth. The intending to intervene in the to correct economic imbalances, current total stocks value is at matter and reach some solution. halt feverish speculation and US$10,000 billion, while the But while the causes of the crash restore the stability of the world's actual capital backing the market are still present the world stock finances and economy. •

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 29 DOCUMENTS

Revision of Some Articles of tlie Constitution Of tlie Communist Party of Cliina

(Adopted at the 13th CRC National Congress on November 1, 1987)

he 13th National Congress of the Chinese investigation, study and exchange of opinions TCommunist Party has decided to make the followed by another vote. Under special following revisions of some articles of the circumstances, the controversy may be reported to constitution of the Communist Party of China: the next higher Party organization for ruling."

1. In the first paragraph of Article 11, the 3. The following paragraph Is added to the sentences, "There may be a preliminary election in end of Article 19: "The powers and functions of the order to draw up a list of candidates for the formal National Conference of the Party are as follows: to election. Or there may be no preliminary election, in discuss and make decisions on major questions; to which case the number of candidates shall be replace members and elect additional members of greater than that of the persons to be elected," are the Central Committee, the Central Advisory replaced by "the election procedure of nominating a Commission and the Central Commission for larger number of candidates than the number of Discipline Inspection. The number of members and persons to be elected may be used directly in a alternate members of the Central Committee to be formal election. Or this procedure may be used first replaced or newly elected shall not exceed one-fifth in a preliminary election in order to draw up a list of of the respective totals of members and alternate candidates for the formal election." members of the Central Committee elected by the 2. In the first paragraph of Article 16, the National Congress of the Party." sentences, "Party organizations must keep the principle of subordination of the minority to the 4. In the first paragraph of Article 21, the majority in discussing and making decisions on any sentence, "The Political Bureau, the Standing matter. Serious consideration should be given to the Committee of the Political Bureau, the Secretariat differing views of a minority. In case of controversy and the General Secretary of the Central over major issues in which supporters of the two Committee of the Party are elected by the Central opposing views are nearly equal in number, except Committee in plenary session," is replaced by "The in emergencies where action must be taken in Political Bureau, the Standing Committee of the accordance with the majority view, the decision Political Bureau and the General Secretary of the should be put off to allow for further investigation, Central Committee of the Party are elected by the study and exchange of opinions followed by Central Committee in plenary session." another discussion. If still no decision can be made, The third paragraph of Article 21, "The the controversy should be reported to the next Secretariat attends to the day-to-day work of the higher Party organization for ruling," are replaced Central Committee under the direction of the by "When discussing and making decisions on any Political Bureau and its Standing Committee," is matter. Party organizations must keep to the replaced hy "The Secretariat is the working body of principle of subordination of the minority to the majority. A vote must be taken when major issues the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and are decided on. Serious consideration should be its Standing Committee. The members of the given to the differing views of a minority. In case of Secretariat are nominated by the Standing controversy over major issues in which supporters Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central of the two opposing views are nearly equal in Comrriittee and are subject to endorsement by the number, except in emergencies where action must Central Committee in plenary session." be taken in accordance with the majority view, the The fifth paragraph of Article 21, "The decision should be put off to allow for further members of the Military Commission of the Central

30 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22. 1987 Committee are decided on by the Central practised, the primary Party committee or, where Committee. The Chairman of the Military there is no primary Party committee, the general Commission must be a member of the Standing branch committee or branch committee provides Committee of the Political Bureau," is replaced by leadership in the work of its own unit." "The members of the Military Commission of the Central Committee are decided on by the Central 8. In the third paragraph of Article 43, the Committee." sentences, "The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection elects, in plenary session, its standing 5. In the second paragraph of Article 22, the committee and secretary and deputy secretaries and sentences, "The Central Advisory Commission is reports the results to the Central Committee for elected for a term of the same duration as that of the aproval. Local commissions for discipline Central Committee. It elects, at its plenary meeting, inspection at all levels elect, at their plenary its Standing Committee and its Chairman and Vice- sessions, their respective standing committees and Chairmen, and reports the results to the Central secretaries and deputy secretaries. The results of the Committee for approval. The Chairman of the elections are subject to endorsement by the Pa'rty Central Advisory Commission must be a member of committees at the corresponding levels and should the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau," be reported to the higher Party committees for are replaced by "The Central Advisory Commission approval. The First Secretary of the Central is elected for a term of the same duration as that of Commission for Discipline Inspection must be a the Central Committee. It elects, at its plenary member of the Standing Committee of the Political meeting, its Standing Committee and its Chairman Bureau," are replaced by "The Central Commission and Vice-Chairmen, and reports the results to the for Discipline Inspection elects, in plenary session, Central Committee for approval." its standing committee and secretary and deputy secretaries and reports the results to the Central 6. The first paragraph of Article 30, Committee for approval. Local commissions for "Primary Party organizations are formed in discipline inspection at all levels elect, at their factories, shops, schools, offices, city neighbour• plenary sessions, their respective sla.iding hoods, people's communes, co-operatives, farms, committees and secretaries and deputy secretaries. townships, towns, companies of the People's The results of the elections are subject to Liberation Army and other basic units, where there endorsement by the Party committees at the are three or more full Party members," is replaced corresponding levels and should be reported to the /jv "Primary Party organizations are formed in next higher Party committees for approval." factories, shops, schools, offices, city neighbour• hoods, co-operatives, farms, townships, towns, 9. In Article 46, the sentence, "A leading villages, companies of the People's Liberation Party members' group shall be formed in the leading Army and other basic units, where there are three or body of a central or local state organ, people's more full Party members." organization, economic or cultural institution or 7. The following paragraph is added before other non-Party unit," is replaced by "A leading the first paragraph of Article 33: "In an enterprise Party members' group may be formed within the or an institution where the system of administrative leading body elected by the national or a local leader assuming full responsibility is practised, the people's congress, the national or a local committee primary Party organization guarantees and of the Chinese People's Political Consultative supervises the implementation of the principles and Conference, people's organization or other non• policies of the Party and the state in its own unit. party unit." Such a primary Party organization should concentrate on strengthening Party building, doing 10. Article 48, "The Central Committee of effective ideological and political work and mass the Party shall determine specifically the functions, work, support the administrative leaders in fully powers and tasks of the leading Party members' exercising their powers and functions according to groups in those government departments which regulations, and offer views and suggestions on need to exercise highly centralized and unified major issues." leadership over subordinate units; it shall also determine whether such groups should be replaced In the first paragraph of Article 33, the by Party committees," is replaced by "The Central sentence, "In an enterprise or institution, the Committee of the Party shall determine specifically primary Party committee or the general branch whether Party committees should be formed in committee or branch committee, where there is no those government departments which need to primary Party committee, gives leadership in the exercise highly centralized and unified leadership work of its own unit," is replaced by "In an over subordinate units; it shall also determine institution where the system of administrative specifically the powers, functions and tasks of such leader assuming full responsibility has not yet been committees." •

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22. 1987 31 m ARTICLES

director of the foreign affairs bureau of the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry; Biographical Notes After 1980, served as vice-chairman, and Newly Elected Members and Alter• concurrently as secretary-general and member of the leading Party members' group of the State nate Members of the Political Bureau of Administration Commission on Import and Export the CPC Central Committee Affairs and State Administration Commission on Foreign Investment; After 1982, served as first vice-minister, minister, deputy secretary and secretary of the leading Party members' group of the Ministry of Electronics Industry; After 1985, served as deputy secretary of the Party committee and Mayor of Shanghai; was a member of the 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

Jiang Zemin

Jiang Zemin, born in July 1926, a native of Yangzhou city, Jiangsu Province. Joined the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) and began working in April 1946, graduated from the electrical machinery department, Jiaotong University, in Shanghai in 1947; After 1949, served as first deputy director of the Yimin No. 1 Foodstuffs Factory in Shanghai, first deputy director of the Shanghai Soap Factory, Li Tieying, born in September 1936, in chief of the electrical machinery section of the Changsha city, Hunan Province. Shanghai No.2 Designing Division of the First Joined the CPC in April 1955 and started Ministry of Machine-Building Industry; working in September 1961; Worked as a trainee at the Stalin Automobile Studied physics in Czechoslovakia from 1955; Factory in Moscow in 1955; After returning to China in 1961, worked as a After returning to China in 1956, worked as technician and deputy head of a research section of deputy chief of the power division and deputy chief the No. 13 Institute of the No. 10 Academy of the engineer for dynamic mechanics of the Changchun Ministry of National Defence and after 1965 as No. 1 Automobile Plant, director of the power deputy head of a research section of the No. 1413 factory under the plant, deputy director of the Institute of the Fourth Ministry of Machine- Shanghai Electrical Equipment Research Institute Building Industry; under the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry, director and acfing secretary of the Party After 1970, worked as head of a research committee of the Wuhan Power Machinery section of the No. 1424 Institute of the Fourth Institute under the ministry, deputy director then Ministry of Machine-Building Industry;

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 After 1978, worked as chief engineer and Building Materials and concurrently as secretary of deputy director of the No. 1447 Institute of the the general branch of the company's timber plant; Fourth Ministry of Machine-Building Industry, After 1971, worked as secretary of the Party and concurrently deputy director of the science and committee of the Beijing Construction Timber technology committee and permanent secretary of Plant, deputy secretary of the Party committee of the CPC committee of Shenyang city, Liaoning the Beijing Bureau of Building Materials, vice- Province; chairman of the Beijing Capital Construction After 1983, worked as secretary of the CPC Commission and concurrently director in the Liaoning Provincial Committee and concurrently headquarters in charge of Beijing's capital secretary of the Haicheng County Party Committee construction, vice-chairman of the city's trade (1984-85); union federation. Member of the Standing After 1985, worked as minister of Electronics Committee of the Fifth National People's Congress, Industry and secretary of the leading Party permanent member of the All-China Federation of members' group in the ministry; Trade Unions; After March 1987, worked as minister in After 1979, worked as member of the charge of the State Commission for Restructuring secretariat of the Central Committee of the Chinese the Economy and secretary of the leading Party Communist Youth League and vice-chairman of members' group of the commission while the All-China Youth Federation; continuing to serve as minister of Electronics After 1981, worked as member of the Standing Industry and secretary of the leading Party Committee of the Communist Party of Tianjin, members' group of the ministry; and was a member deputy mayor. Party secretary, acting mayor and of the 12th CPC Central Committee. mayor of Tianjin; After 1984, worked as deputy secretary of the Party committee and Mayor of Tianjin; After August 1987, worked as Party secretary and concurrently Mayor of Tianjin; was member of the 12th Party Central Committee.

Li Ruihuan , born in September 1934, native of Baodi County, Tianjin. Joined the Chinese Communist Party in September 1959; graduated from a spare-time university; started working as a construction worker in the Beijing No. 3 Construction Company Li Ximing, born in February 1926, in Shulu in July 1951; County, Hebei Province. After 1965, served as deputy secretary of the Joined the CPC and started working in March Party committee of the Beijing Company of 1948; after 1946, studied at a preparatory course,

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 3.'! ARTICLES the construction department and civil engineering education equivalent to senior middle school; department of Qinghua University; Started working in January 1950, and served After 1949, was sent by the youth work sub• successively as a functionary in Fujia District, committee of the CPC Beijing city committee to the Renshou County and then as staff member in Shijingshan Power Plant to set up an organization charge of organization work, deputy head and head of the Communist Youth League there and worked of a work group, head of a work team of the as a member of the plant's CPC general branch in county's land reform work, deputy leader of charge of propaganda work; after 1952, served as Fangjia District and deputy secretary of the Party deputy, acting secretary and secretary of the CPC committee of the district; general branch and secretary of the CPC committee After 1954, served as deputy director of the of the Shijingshan Power Plant; after 1970, assisted organizational department, deputy secretary and in the work of the production group of the secretary of the county Party committee; Shijingshan Power Plant and then became vice- After 1970, served as vice-chairman of the chairman of the revolutionary committee, deputy county's revolutionary committee and Party secretary and secretary of the CPC committee, and secretary of Renshou County; chairman of the revolutionary committee of the plant; After 1977, worked as secretary of the Party committee of Leshan Prefecture and vice-chairman After 1975, worked as vice-minister and of the prefectural revolutionary committee; member of the leading Party members" group of the After 1978, worked as vice-chariman of the Ministry of Watefr Conservancy and Power Sichuan Provincial Revolutionary Committee, Resources, and vice-minister and member of the deputy governor, secretary of the Provincial Party leading Party members' group of the Ministry of Committee, secretary in charge of day-to-da\k Power Industry; after 1982, worked as minister of of the Provincial Party Committee; Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental After 1983, worked as secretary of the Sichuan Protection and secretary of the leading . Party Provincial Party Committee; was a member of the members' group of the ministry; 12th Party Central Committee. After 1984, worked as secretary of the CPC Beijing City Committee, was member of the 12th CPC Central Committee.

Yang Rudai

Yang Rudai, born in December 1926, a native Song Ping, born in April 1917, a native of of Renshou County, Sichuan Province. Juxian County, Shandong Province. Joined the CPC in August 1952; received an Joined the Chinese Communist Party in

34 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 December 1937 and started working in Spring of 1936; After 1934, studied in the Agricultural College of Beiping University, and Qinghua University; After 1938, worked as assistant at the Central Party School in Yanan, chief of the organization section, head of the education bureau of the Yanan Institute of Marxism-Leninism, secretary of the Central Institute of Party Affairs, secretary in charge of studies in the Party's South-China Bureau, director of the library, chief of the secretarial office, and secretary-general of the editorial department, of the Chongqing-based Xinhua Daily, chief of the Nanjing branch and Chongqing general branch of the , and political secretary to Zhou Enlai; After 1947, worked as deputy secretary of a district Party committee, political commissar of the garrison brigade in Harbin, director of the public enterprises department of the Harbin Federation of Trade Unions, head of the propaganda department, secretary-general and vice-chairman, of the Northeast China Federation of Trade Unions; After 1952, worked as member of the State Planning Commission, director of its Labour, Ding Guangen Wages and Planning Bureau and concurrently vice- minister of Labour, and vice-minister of the Ding Guangen, born in September 1929 in commisssion, member of the Party's Northwest- city, Jiangsu Province; China Bureau and minister in charge of its planning Joined the CPC in July 1956; commission, deputy director of the headquarters in Graduated from the transport department of charge of defence construction projects in inland Jiaotong University in Shanghai in August 1951 areas, deputy head of the office in charge of national and then worked as trainee in the ocean shipping defence industry in the Lanzhou Military bureau of the Ministry of Communications, as Command Area; technical staff, engineer in the transport bureau and After 1972. worked as secretary of the Party freighter transport bureau, engineer in the general committee and vice-chairman of the revolutionary transport bureau, and secretary in the minister's committee, first secretary of the Party committee, office, of the Ministry of Railways; chairman of the revolutionary committee, of Gansu After 1975, worked as engineer and deputy Province, second political commissar of the section head of the foreign affairs bureau, assistant Lanzhou Military Command Area, and First to the director of the planning bureau, and director Political Commissar of the Gansu Provincial of the education bureau of the Ministry of Military Command Area; Railways; After 1981, worked as vice-minister and After 1983, worked as deputy secretary-general minister in charge of the State Planning of the Standing Committee of the National People's Commission and deputy secretary and secretary of Congress and member of the Party leading the Party leading members' group in the members' group in the congress; commission, state councillor, head of the After 1985, worked as minister of Railways Organizational Department of the Party Central and secretary of the Party leading members' group Committee, and was a member of the 11 th and 12th in the ministry; and was a member of the 12th Party Party Central Committees. Central Committee.

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 35 m FROM THE CHINESE PRESS I

The product is up to national New Trends in Private Economic Sector quality standards and has found a good market. But the owner cannot expand the factory in the absence of a definite government "ZHONGGUO XINWEN" pay close attention to their shops' layout and atmosphere. The policy. Many private businesses (China News) streets are lined with increasingly wish to expand their business modern private fashion shops, scope through co-operation with rivate businesses in Guang• boutiques, hairdressing salons and overseas contractors, such as P zhou have evolved in the past restaurants. producing with materials supplied eight years. They have expanded Today's private business people by Hong Kong or Macao clients. into new fields. have different backgrounds from But their requests for government No longer limited to industry their predecessors. Retired permission has so far gone and commerce, the private Sector workers and unemployed people unanswered. is involved in culture, preschool- have been replaced by young The private sector in Guang• child care, medical treatment, people waiting for jobs. Most zhou began to develop after the scientific research, information young business people have junior Third Plenary Session of the 11 th services and many other areas. For or senior middle school education Party Central Committee in example, Fu Tu, a private and some working skills. December 1978. In 1979, 5,666 businessman in the Baiyun The changes in the private people were employed in 5,022 District of this major metropolis economic sector have led to new private enterprises. The numbers in southern China, held an have increased annually and by exhibition of his paintings in problems. For example, the state lacks a clear policy for the people the end of 1986 Guangzhou had Oklahoma in the United States. more than 100,000 private busi• His works are highly appreciated who want to expand their businesses by employing more nesses employing more than by US artists and have been 150,000 people. Their total bought by art collectors from the workers. A trader in the Liwan registered capital amounted to 190 United States. Japan, "Australia District has opened the only million yuan. and other countries. enterprise in China to produce light electric welding equipment. (Aug. 19, 1987) Other individuals have taken up scientific research and have applied for patent rights to the State Patent Administration. He Five IHistoric Human IVIigrations Guobin's application has been accepted and the administration is promoting his invention of a of the Neolithic Age. Meanwhile device to prevent explosions of "SHIJIE ZHISHI" another tribe on the Malay leaking gas tanks, as well as his (World News) Peninsula moved southward to the' safety and lifting equipment for he tropical and subtropical island of Java in Indonesia and people working on tall construc• then to Oceania. In Europe, the tion sites. Tzones in southern Asia and eastern Africa were the birthplaces Greeks inhabiting the islands in of human beings. From these the Aegean Sea started moving to The city's private sector has places people began to move in Italy around the 10th century BC. expanded with the establishment search of water and forests. About During the 4th century BC, the of 1,641 large individual enter• 40,000 years ago, mankind spread Romans migrated on a large scale prises. Of these, 78 employ more across the continents of Asia, to the hinterland of Europe and than 30 people. The Dangshengji Africa and Europe. This can be the Middle East. Two centuries Restaurant has 100,000 yuan regarded as human beings' first later, the Germanic people went (about US$27,000) in capital and major migration. eastward to the lower reaches of 40 workers. Its business volume the Danube. reached 1.4 million yuan and the The second migration began about 35,000 years ago. Some The discovery of America by restaurant handed over more than people left the original three Christopher Columbus at the end 34,000 yuan to the state as taxes in continents for America and of the 15th century set off the third 1985. Oceania. A Mongolian tribe in historic migration, related close!\ Outdoor businesses are being Asia moved northward and to the primitive accumulation of replaced by indoor ones. The city's crossed the Bering Strait to Alaska capital. Starting in the i7ih four districts currently boast in North America. From there it century, a large number of 12,498 private indoor businesses. moved gradually southward and Europeans rushed to America. Their owners seek to decorate finally reached the southern tip of And up to the 19th century, about their shop fronts tastefully and South America at the early stage 20 million black slaves were sold

36 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 to America and Oceania. Valour Gate), and the eastern and when we travelled by bus for four The process of industriaUzation western gates are Donghuamen days not long ago. We saw only promoted the fourth migration, and Xihuamen. Within the vast scattered brick or clay houses and which took place from the mid- area, row upon row of buildings a number of small towns 18th century to the beginning of with carved beams and painted surrounded by trees, which have the 20th century. About 50-60 rafters, looking splendid in green sprung up on the vast pastureland million Europeans moved to and gold, constitute the largest dotted with numerous sand dunes. America during this period. To a and most complete surviving A large number of yu'rts still great extent, this migration ensemble of traditional Chinese resulted from colonial expansion. remain on the eastern grasslands architecture. of the Inner Mongolian Autonom• The fifth migration occurred There are 9,999.5 rooms in the ous Region, in the Xilin Gol area, after World War II and lasted Forbidden City. Why not a round for example. The white yurts, red until the 1960s. Among the 10,000? brick houses and yellow clay various forms it took, the first was structures complement and en• It is said that, the Palace of the through the migration of intern• hance one another. ational refugees. For instance, Jade Emperor (the supreme deity more than 6 million Japanese of Taoism) consists of 10,000 During the 1950s, iron stoves prisoners of war and civilians in rooms. But the emperor in the began to be used in Mongolian Korea, China and Southeast human world was the son of the yurts, eliminating the problem of Asian countries returned home to emperor in heaven. He could not smoke. In the 1960s, the herdsmen Japan. The second form of this have the same treatment as the started to buy radios, enabling migration resulted from changes Jade Emperor. The so-called half- them to hear about major world in national boundary lines. The room was constructed on the events without leaving their yurts. third was brought about by the ground floor of the Wenyuange In the 1970s, they began to sleep export of labour as "overseas Pavilion (Imperial Library). The on plank beds, slashing the workers." small room, which accommodates incidence of arthritis. And in the (No. 13, 1987) only a staircase, was built solely 1980s, television entered the yurts. for aesthetic layout. If you want to Today the Mongolian herdsmen know whether it should be called a can see the whole world from the The Many Rooms of room or a half-room, you should grasslands. go and decides for yourself if you The coming of television has The Forbidden City have the chance to visit the greatly reduced the distance Forbidden City. between the yurts and the rest of the world. Formerly, the gra• "ZHONGGUO KEJI SHILIAO" With so many rooms in the Forbidden City, if a person sslands were like one big yurt. The (Science and Technology Data) changed rooms each night from herdsmen were ill-informed and the day of his birth, he would be 27 their lives were at a standstill. hina's former Imperial Palace, years old before he had stayed in They saw only blue sky, white Cknown to Westerners as the every one. To guard against clouds, grasslands, oxen and Forbidden City, is the biggest assassins, no one knew in which sheep. Now conditions have palace in the world. An American room the emperor slept at night changed. architect said it may also be the except his trusted eunuchs. New life-styles and aspects of world's best planned and executed (No. 4, 1987) culture have also been introduced structure. to the grasslands. Teenaged girls From the mid-14th to the early wear nylon dresses" and electronic 20th century, 24 emperors of the wrist watches. Young women Ming and Qing dynasties resided Lives Improved for wear fur-lined jackets and high- in the Forbidden City, which is heeled shoes. Besides Mongolian located behind Tiananmen (the IVIongoiian People dancing, they like disco and Gate of Heavenly Peace), in the ballroom dancing. Eerdunbilige, a centre of Beijing. "GUANGMIN RIBAO" herdsman from Abag Banner (an The entire palace area, rectan• administrative area of the county (Guangmin Daily) gular in shape and 720,000 square level), is the first person from the metres in size, is surrounded by he yurt has been the Mongolian Xilin Gol League to run a walls 10 metres high and a moat 52 Therdsman's home from time restaurant in Beijing. metres wide. The southern gate, immemorial. The yurt and fine The world has penetrated the main entrance to the horses symbolize the Mongolian Mongolian yurts and the yurts are Forbidden City, is called Wumen people and their nomadic life. moving towards the world. (the Meridian Gate), the northern However, we did not see one gate is Shenwumen (the Spiritual yurt on the Erduosi Highlands (July 30. 1987)

BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 37 m BUSINESS/TRADE

Items whose exit is restricted include gold, silver and other rare New Association for Joint Ventures metals and their products; foreign currencies and their negotiable securities; transceivers and secure communications devices; rare he Chinese Foreign-Funded , State Councillor and traditional Chinese medicinal TEnterprises Association was head of the Foreign Investment materials and their preparations; founded on November 5 in Work Leading Group under the general cultural relics. Beijing. It will work to promote State Council, was elected honor• Items included in the revised list the legal rights and interests of ary president at the first meeting of of prohibited goods include laser enterprises involving foreign the council, Wei Yuming, former video discs and computer storage investment. vice-minister of Foreign media containing information He Qu, deputy secretary- Economic Relations and Trade, harmful to China's politics, general of the association, says president; permanent members economy, culture' and morals; that since China introduced the include Don St. Pierre, general marijuana and other addictive open policy in 1979 it has manager of the Beijing Jeep Corp.; psychotropic drugs. • approved the establishment of Nakai Sensho, general manager of over 8,940 foreign-funded enterpr• the China Otsuka Pharmaceutical ises and 4,000 have already gone Co. in Tianjin; Martin Posth, Cilina Hurt by into operation. Most of them have assistant general manager of the achieved good economic results, Shanghai Volkowagen Automa- 'Toshiba incident' but some have had trouble which tive Co., and four other foreign they were powerless to escape. The managers. association should help improve e "Toshiba incident," which Some similar associations have has nothing to do with China, the understanding between the been set up in Chengdu, Sichuan r has, however, caused substantial Chinese and foreign partners, Province, and Xian, Shaanxi provide information, help im• damage to China. Japan's Toshiba Province, and are planned for Machinery Co. has signed with prove their management and other provinces and cities includ• promote their development. China 25 contracts valued at 2.4 ing Shanghai, Liaoning, Hebei, billion Japanese yen (about US$ 16 Anhui, Guangdong and Guangxi. The main tasks of the million) but cannot fulfil them Over 500 foreign-funded enter• association are: since the Japanese government has prises have already Joined the — To introduce China's policies prohibited all exports of certain association. The association will and principles, economic rules and machinery and equipment. The hold its first congress next year regulations, and basic intentions prohibition has also affected other and sponsor a national exhibition for development to the foreign Japanese companies, which have of members' products. investors, in an effort to attract been prevented from carrying out more foreign investment; by Yao Jianguo their obligations under US$900 — To help draw up and million worth of contracts signed implement production and man• with China because they lack agement plans and help consoli• approval or licences from their date their development; New Customs Ruies government. — To investigate complaints of Japan tightened up its export foreign-funded enterprises and For import & Export laws after Toshiba was accused by report their opinions to the the United States of violating the government and departments eginning on November 1, Provisions of the Co-ordinating concerned, and help solve them; B1987, Chinese customs imple• Committee for Export Controls — To hold meetings, training ments new restrictions on goods by selling four sophisticated classes, lectures and symposia to for import and export according milling machines to the Soviet allow such enterprises to learn to newly stipulated and revised Union. from each other and from lists. The Japanese government has specialists; Articles whose entry is re• said repeatedly that "the sanctions — To establish contacts with stricted include transceivers and related to the 'Toshiba incident' foreign economic entities; secure communications devices; are not directed against China," — To sponsor exhibitions in alcohols and cigarettes; animals and that "the Chinese problem and outside China; and and plants (including specimens) will be handled in a way different — To provide consultancy ser• which are rare or on the verge of from that of other countries." It vices for Chinese and foreign extinction, and seeds and propag• has also said, "The contracts for investors. ation materials of such plants. exports of goods which are not

38 restricted by the COCOM can thened its export embargoes and Darco will become the sole agent be implemented." But the sanctions. China, which has been for Lanzhou on the American government has talcen no substan• closely following Japan's moves, market. Sales are expected to tive action. On the contrary, it has hopes that the Japanese govern• reach US$10 miUion by 1990. tightened its restrictions on ment should adopt practical LPCMW is one of the main exports to China. It has even measures to relax its restrictions. petroleum machinery manufac• demanded a second Ucence for the turers in China. Its output of export of machinery and equip• drilling machines makes up 80 ment which were exported to percent of the nation's total and its China before and refuses to Lanzhou Exports other products also loom- large. approve the Ucence. Between 1981 and 1986 the A spokesman for China's Pumping Units factory's pumping units carrying Ministry of Foreign Economic the US API label were sold for a total of US$21 million. In the first Relations and Trade pointed out he Lanzhou Petroleum and eight months of this year, other that the Japanese sanctions in the Chemical Machinery Works T contracts for exporting pumping wake of the "Toshiba incident" (LPCMW) recently signed a units were signed, 10 units were have affected normal development marketing agreement with the sold to the United States, and one of economic and trade relations Darco Company of the United to Singapore. between China and Japan and States. Under the agreement, the have seriously damaged China's Lanzhou works will provide 10 Currently Lanzhou is discussing economic construction. Some key pumping units for eight oil co-operation with Sinotek Intern• projects to be built during the companies in the United States for ational Inc. Regina Canada for Seventh Five-Year Plan period testing in their oilfields. If they are marketing the factory's pumping (1986-90) are stalled because approved by four of the com• units. The agreement is expected contracts signed with Japan have panies the sales within one year to be signed by the end of this year. not been implemented, including may total US$3 million, and by Yao Jianguo the Hangzhou Cassette Tape Factory, the Anyang TV Screen Glass Factory in Henan Province, the second-stage construction A drilling rig made by the Lanzhou Machinery Works. projects of the Baoshan Iron and Steel Co. in Shanghai, and the Dalian and Fuzhou power plants. The Chinese ministry official reaffirmed following points: — The Japanese government must approve the implementation of the contracts valued at 2.4 billion Japanese yen which China signed with Toshiba, even if the contracts have expired. China does not agree to delay the implementation of these contracts or the replacement of Toshiba products by those of other companies.

— The Japanese government should allow US$900 million worth of contracts which have been held up by the incident to be fulfilled as quickly as possible, and should compensate China for the economic losses it has suffered as a result of Japan's delay in granting approval. — After the incident, the Japanese government streng•

BE1.IING REVIEW. NOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 .19 m CULTURE/SCIENCE

Zhang Ding and His Artistic Achievements

gressors. Jn 1935, he and his colleagues held a caricature exhibition. Later, he made his living by creating caricatures in Shanghai and Nanjing. In 1938, he went to Yanan, the centre of revolutionary anti-Japanese activ• ity, where he served as a teacher in Lu Xun Academy of Arts and trained one group of revolution• ary artists after another. In 1942, he was invited to take part in the Yanan Forum on Literature and Art. Comrade Mao Zedong's talks at that forum outlined what were to become the guiding principles for China's revolutionary art movement. After China's victory against Japan, Zhang went to northern China with an army unit, and then to the northeast, where he worked as editor-in-chief of Northeastern n exhibition of 125 traditional In the early 1930s, Zhang was Pictorial. He created a large A Chinese paintings and 11 already a noted satirical painter. number of picture posters and calligraphic works by Zhang Ding He used his brush as a weapon to New Year pictures during this was held in Beijing in mid-fight against traitors and ag- period. His poster Marching September. The show featured the artist's work since the early 1950s. The mural "Ne Cha Stirs Up the Sea."

Zhang is a former head of China's Central Institute of Applied Arts. His works, especi• ally burnt-black ink ones, are highly thought of in art circles. The famous artist Liu Haisu praised Zhang for his exquisite and powerful strokes, his vision and the sentiment he conveys, while Li Keran said his works are magnificently yet meticulously composed which is unprecedented. Traditional Chinese painting is only one of Zhang's talents. He is famous among artists for his versatility. Zhang loves traditional Chinese painting and folk arts. At the same time, he absorbed Western artistic techniques and uses non- traditional colours, blending multiple techniques of expression into a single entity.

40 BELIINCi REVIF.,W. NOVEMJ^CR 16-22, 19X7 Zhang's "Scenery of Guilin," a traditional Chinese painting. One of Zhang's traditional Chinese painting.

Forward Under the Banner of Mao many decorative paintings after works have been displayed dozens Zedong was seen all over Beijing his return, including Pastoral of times both in China and when it was being liberated. The Songs at Cangs/ian Mountain and abroad. Many of them are in the original is now in the Oriental Dai Minority Girls at a Country collections of the China Museum Museum of the Soviet Union. Fair. He used multiple colours, of Fine Arts and the Research In 1949, Zhang was in charge of traditional Chinese and Western Institute of Traditional Chinese artistic design for the inauguration painting techniques as well as Painting in Beijing. Five albums of ceremonies to mark the founding exaggerated composition to enrich his paintings have been published. of New China and the convening the expressiveness of these pic• As one of China's major leaders of the Chinese People's Political tures, thus creating a new artistic in fine and applied arts, Zhang has Consultative Conference. He also conception. Later, he drew several been busy with the administrative designed and drew the national hundred decorative pictures, work for many years. But he has emblem and New China's first set which were regarded as examples never stopped seeking beauty of souvenir stamps. of formalism and were destroyed while contributing to the cause of during the "cultural revolution" the Chinese people's liberation After designing the China hall (1966-76). and socialist construction. His art at the Paris international fair in is a rich world and his style is 1956, Zhang studied the works of In 1979. Zhang was put in natural and powerful. modern art on display in France. charge of the fresco work at by Shao Jianwu He saw many paintings by Beijing's Shoudu International impressionists, cubists and fau- Airport. He painted a large mural, vists and visited Pablo Picasso. Ne Clui Stirs Up the Sea, based on Zhang first encountered Picasso's a Chinese fairy tale. Just like his work early in 1934, and Picasso cartoon film of the same title, the had a great influence on him. He mural painting was warmly and Picasso shared a common love received by the public. It is of folk arts and a thirst for new regarded as a masterpiece in artistic forms and creations. blending Eastern and Western art In 1958, Zhang took some techniques. postgraduate students sketching Three exhibitions of Zhang's in Yunnan Province. He created paintings have been held and his

BRIJING REV'tESv. MOVEMBER 16-22, 1987 41 DRAGON AND CHINA

— Television "Contentment Cup" International Calligraphy and Seal Cutting Competition —

To marlc the Year of Dragon (1988), this grand calligraphy and seal cutting competition, co-sponsored by Hunan TV Station and the Changsha Refrigerator Factory, is open to competitors throughout the world. Since September when entries were invited, a steady stream of works has been received. In view of the good response, the organizing committee of "Contentment Cup" decided to add 600 prizes for excellence on top of the original two special-class prizes, 20 gold prizes, 80 silver prizes and 300 bronze prizes. All prize winners will t>e given certificates, medals, and a list of the winners. Gold, silver and bronze prize winners will receive material rewards in addition to their cups. Each of the two special-class prize winners will receive a Zhongyi (contentment) brand 230-litre four-star refrigerator. The deadline for entries remains December 20, 1987.

Hunan TV Station Changsha Refrigerator Factory

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42 BHIJING REVIEW. NOVEMBER 16-22. 19X7 ART PAQE

On the way home.

Traditional Chinese Paintings On a winter's morning. By Wu Liangfa

Wu Liangfa, born in Hanyang County, * Hubei Province, now works at the Hubei Fine - -''^ ^ . • Arts Studio. These are his traditional paintings.

A boat. Vines. Good News for Sterile Men

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