Giorgio Galli

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Giorgio Galli 1 GIORGIO GALLI HITLER E IL NAZISMO MAGICO Dallo storico Giorgio Galli, il capostipite degli studi scientifici sul magma esoterico che ha influenzato e governato la storia del nazismo. INDICE Premessa 3 Introduzione 5 CAPITOLO I Tra Germania e Inghilterra 17 CAPITOLO II La dottrina segreta 35 CAPITOLO III Astrologia e geopolitica 54 CAPITOLO IV Hitler a Vienna e a Monaco 72 CAPITOLO V Da Thule al partito 87 CAPITOLO VI Il Führer e il vertice 107 CAPITOLO VII Il potere e la guerra 129 CAPITOLO VIII Volo in Inghilterra 156 CAPITOLO IX Dalla Mesopotamia al Volga 178 CAPITOLO X Il crepuscolo di Rienzi 199 CAPITOLO XI Per non concludere 216 2 Giorgio Galli, docente di Storia delle dottrine politiche presso l'Università degli Studi di Milano, è uno dei maggiori politologi italiani. Oltre a classiche indagini di scienza politica, incentrate soprattutto sulla recente storia politica italiana, come Storia del partito armato (1986), Storia dei partiti politici europei (1990), I partiti politici italiani (1991), Mezzo secolo di Dc (1993), tutti pubblicati da Rizzoli, e a un'intensa attività di commento giornalistico svolta in varie sedi e in particolare attraverso il settimanale "Panorama", Galli ha intrapreso ricerche più complesse e originali sull'intreccio fra vicende e dottrine storico-politiche e una serie di tradizioni e culture che il moderno ha più o meno relegato nel grande contenitore dell'irrazionale o del pre-razionale. Dopo il grande affresco storico di Occidente misterioso. Baccanti, gnostici, streghe, i vinti della storia e la loro eredità (Rizzoli 1987, ripubblicato aggiornato nel 1995 da Kaos Edizioni col titolo Cromwell e Afrodite. Democrazia e culture alternative), Galli ha prodotto lavori più delimitati ma non meno suggestivi come Hitler e il nazismo magico. Le componenti esoteriche del Reich millenario (Rizzoli 1989), Politica ed esoterismo alle soglie del 2000 (con Rudy Stauder, Rizzoli 1992), Le coincidenze significative. Dalla politologia alla sincronicità (Solfanelli 1992), Noi e le stelle. L'astrologia verso il 2000 nelle lettere ad "Astra" (con Rudy Stauder, Rizzoli 1994), La politica e i maghi. Da Richelieu a Clinton (Rizzoli 1995), fino ad Alba magica. Le elezioni italiane e il New Age della scienza politica (con Giuliano Boaretto, Edizioni della Lisca 1996). PREMESSA Questo libro è volto a verificare come frammenti di una cultura che sembrava scomparsa in Occidente dopo la rivoluzione scientifica del Cinque-Seicento e l'illuminismo razionalista dell''Enciclopedia, siano riemersi alla fine dell'Ottocento. Questi frammenti sono stati ricomposti in una sorta di nuova dottrina che risaliva alle più remote origini dell'uomo per ritrovarvi poteri e sapienza andati dispersi. Diffusa da pubblicazioni e da associazioni esoteriche negli Stati Uniti, in Inghilterra e in Francia, questa cultura ha trovato un terreno particolarmente fertile in Germania, ove si collegava allo storicismo romantico da Herder a Schlegel. Una «occulta philosophia» alla Agrippa di Nettesheim ha così prosperato nel paese della filosofia di Kant, di Hegel, di Marx e dello scientismo positivista. Questa filosofia ha contribuito in misura rilevante alla formazione culturale di Hitler e di una parte dell'elite nazista. Ha così esercitato una notevole influenza politica nella crisi tedesca del primo dopoguerra, anche se i suoi sbocchi sono stati determinati da eventi e situazioni ben noti e sostanzialmente chiariti dalla storiografia. Senza la frustrazione seguita alla sconfitta; senza la crisi economica del 1929, che interruppe un periodo di ripresa; senza le debolezze strutturali del liberalismo tedesco già analizzate da Max Weber; senza la disoccupazione di massa e senza gli errori politici in primo luogo dei comunisti della III Internazionale (la teoria del «social-fascismo»), ma in parte anche della socialdemocrazia (la sottovalutazione dei propositi reazionari dei militari), il nazismo non sarebbe giunto al potere. 3 Una volta giuntovi, la sua ideologia politica, comprese le componenti razziste che venivano collegate all'«occulta philosophia», lo portavano sulla via non solo della revisione di quanto vi era di ingiusto nel trattato di Versaglia ma della ripresa di una politica espansiva ed imperiale, implicante la possibilità e quasi l'inevitabilità di un nuovo conflitto. Trovatesi ad affrontare la più grande coalizione militare e industriale della storia col debole sostegno italiano e il lontano e strategicamente non coordinato alleato giapponese, il Terzo Reich, che avrebbe dovuto essere nei propositi dei suoi fondatori «millenario», fu travolto, in soli undici anni, dopo una disastrosa sconfitta militare. Di entrambe queste fasi della storia del nazismo — la conquista del potere e l'avvio alla catastrofe — migliaia di libri hanno illuminato praticamente tutti gli aspetti; sembrerebbe dunque che poco o nulla vi sia da aggiungere. Ma le caratteristiche di questa «occulta philosophia» e la sua influenza sul processo decisionale di Hitler e di alcuni dei suoi più stretti collaboratori non sono state sufficientemente studiate. Ne deriva che in questa storia complessivamente nota sono rimasti aspetti che gli stessi storici definiscono « enigmi »; e concernono precisamente questioni di fondo: perché Hitler attaccò la Polonia, convinto che l'Inghilterra non sarebbe intervenuta? Perché Hess andò in Inghilterra alla vigilia dell'attacco all'Urss? Perché questa aggressione che fu la premessa della catastrofe, quando lo stesso Hitler aveva affermato, dal Mein Kampf in poi, che mai si sarebbe impegnato in quella guerra su due fronti che già era costata alla Germania la sconfitta nella prima guerra mondiale? La discussione su queste decisioni è parte integrante della storiografia sul Terzo Reich. Ma se molti enigmi sono rimasti tali — e se si è voluta trovare una risposta nella pazzia di Hess o nell'aberrante razzismo biologico di Hitler, cioè nel puro irrazionale — è perché non è stata adeguatamente presa in considerazione la relazione esistente tra una cultura pur vista nel suo enuclearsi (si pensi a Le origini culturali del Terzo Reich di Mosse) e il processo decisionale di Hitler e degli uomini che al vertice del nazismo erano permeati da quella cultura (Hess, Rosenberg, Himmler, Frank, forse Darre, e Bormann). È questa relazione che il libro si propone di descrivere e spiegare. Questo studio è perciò speculare a quello sulle culture alternative ribelli che ho sviluppate in Occidente misterioso. La rivoluzione scientifica e il razionalismo illuminista hanno schiacciato ed emarginato modi di conoscenza che hanno antiche radici nella storia umana e che sono state di volta in volta variamente definite come magia, stregoneria, occultismo, esoterismo, ermetismo, astrologia, alchimia: espressioni di modi di essere e di tentativi di approccio alla realtà che hanno caratteristiche differenziate, 4 ma che la cultura egemone classifica sotto il comune denominatore dell'irrazionalità. Queste culture tentano costantemente di riemergere. Quelle libertarie ed egualitarie si sono manifestate nei termini che ho descritto in Occidente misterioso. Quelle volte a far acquisire un'eccezionale potenza e a stabilire ferree gerarchie, sono riapparse come componenti di quei fenomeni complessi che sono stati il movimento nazista e il Reich hitleriano. Con questo lavoro ho così tentato di chiarire alcune situazioni e di soddisfare alcune curiosità relative a episodi specifici della storia di tali fenomeni e nello stesso tempo di capire in quali forme le antiche culture o frammenti di esse tendano a riproporsi dopo la loro apparente scomparsa. Come altre volte, nell'affrontare un tema, mi si sono presentati nuovi problemi e sono stato sollecitato da altre curiosità: mentre scrivevo, l'esplodere del caso Heidegger e del revisionismo storiografico in Germania mi inducevano a considerazioni che ho accantonato per mantenere lo studio nei limiti che mi ero proposti. Ma la supposizione che il nazismo sia stato una cultura «altra», i cui rapporti con la nostra vadano meglio chiariti, mi pare confermata, e forse meriterà ulteriori investigazioni. INTRODUZIONE La prima edizione di questo libro è della primavera del 1989. Coincideva con due anniversari: il centenario della nascita di Hitler (aprile) e il bicentenario della rivoluzione francese (luglio). In autunno, quel 1989 sarebbe entrato nella storia per la rivoluzione all'Est: esattamente un secolo dopo la nascita del führer, cadeva il muro di Berlino, premessa di una Germania nuovamente unita, potenza egemone in Europa. Si tratta di coincidenze significative, per un testo che prende in considerazione gli elementi di cultura esoterica che hanno concorso al formarsi dell'ideologia nazista. Coloro che vivono l'esoterismo come approfondimento della conoscenza e sviluppo della personalità, dubitano che si possa abbinare al nazismo o ne ritengono distorta l'eventuale o parziale presenza nel movimento hitleriano. Non sono in grado di valutare l'esoterismo dall'interno. Percepisco la tematica dell'iniziazione e della contro-iniziazione solo da quanto ne scrivono i cultori e gli specialisti. La posizione nella quale mi colloco è quella di uno storico e di un politologo il quale ritiene che la cultura esoterica si intrecci con le discipline che pratica in misura maggiore di quanto sia stato sinora valutato dalla storiografia e dalla scienza politica. Il libro è solo un «case-study» a dimostrazione di questo assunto, al quale sto facendo seguire altre ricerche. È in questo quadro che rifletto, a quattro anni di distanza, su alcuni aspetti
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